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This research is intended to answer questions. As a result, micro finance must be maintained. The population in this study is 232 customers. Siharsimi Arikunto estimated sample size was 25, thus producing a sample of 58 respondents and sampling samples using the purposing sampling. His data collection methods with the spread of questionnaires interviews, and documentaries. And the data analysis uses simple regression. Research has shown that independent variables in the micro-wakaf bank are arbitrarily affected by people's increased economic well-being. It's based on the results of the calculations obtained value. T account > the table is ( 9.23 > 2.0025) with a value signifikansi 0'05. Thus the h1 hypothesis was accepted. According to data analysis, micro business flanking institution must be conducted as micro finance institution. The amount, the level of funds given. Has an influence on the business run by customers in their daily economic needs. So that in the increase in the business it self is still increasing, limites to additional capital. To add merchandise and try new businesses only used for consumptive purposes should be used as productive funds.

I explore the ANC government's cadre-based (BBBEE/Broad-based Black economic empowerment) narrative in restructuring the economy amidst the pandemic, as an ideological vehicle to achieve an unstated nefarious purpose. The narrative that I aim to capture through the lenses of Naomi Klein's disaster capitalism read with Reiman's "pyrrhic defeat theory," is built around the fictitious idea of Black economic empowerment. Ultimately it serves as a vehicle for fraudulent personal enrichment by politicians and well-connected tenderpreneurs. This double theoretical vision is meant to augment and explain the opportunity that the Covid-pandemic provided for its exploitation as an example of disaster capitalism. I traverse the events which led to the current global pandemic as well as the way or ways in which a faction within government and its institutions has generally colluded with Big Business to profit from it. I consider the South African government's initial response to the pandemic as well as the ways in which such a response morphed into a self-enrichment scheme under the guise of BBBEE. This remains plausible even if one concedes that this purpose was not by original design or is solely driven by a faction within the ruling party. This discussion is preceded by an overview of the VBS Mutual Bank fraud scandal, foreshadowing my demonstration of how the pandemic proffers an opportunity for the RET-group within government to transform into a criminal shadow state as a going concern. In conclusion, I draw on the Covid-19 experience to suggest lessons for the future economic management of pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay serves as a response to Kurt Smith, who wrote a philosophical and historical commentary on my 2018 essay entitled ‘Crises, confidence and animal spirits: exploring subjectivity in the dualism of Descartes and Keynes’ in The Journal of Philosophical Economics. It also provides a rejoinder to my original commentary on the role of animal spirits in relation to dualism in the work of Descartes and Keynes. I address Smith’s historical-philosophical response to my work in three ways. First, I revisit Gilbert Ryle’s concept of the intellectualist legend with respect to understanding the Cartesian tradition of thought and expand upon my own exegetical approach in order to clear up the thorny issue of determining and asserting authorial intention. Second, I address the problem of establishing analogies between texts and disciplines. In order to do so I will revisit my earlier critique of the concept of ‘the Economy’ and show that, contra to Smith’s reading, it is not in fact analogous to Descartes’ ‘human being.’ Finally, I open up a fresh exploration of the nature of the relationship between economic rationality and economic system, looking at the broader economic vision of Keynes and some of his notorious opponents – Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek.

Subject of research is public debt. The purpose of this article is to analyze the status of public debt of Ukraine, its dynamics and structure. Methods which were used in course of research: the method of systemic structural analysis and synthesis, method of comparative analysis, generalization, statistical, General, special methods of scientific knowledge and other research methods. Study results.The article described the views of scientists on the essence of economic category «public debt». Analyzed the periods of the formation of government debt, the dynamics of the budget deficit of Ukraine over the past 10 years, public and publicly guaranteed debt of Ukraine from 2012 to 2019 Indicated the negative effects of the impact of public debt on the economy and forward-looking indicators of public debt in the years 2020-2024. Application of results.Тhe results of the study can be used in the activities of the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, as well as in institutions of higher education in teaching economic disciplines. Conclusions.The state budget of Ukraine is performed by increasing the volume of its deficiency and the use of borrowing to Finance it. The result is an increase in government direct and guaranteed debt, and this is what causes the increased pressure on the public finances, on the development of our country, which negatively affects economic growth. During the years of independence, there were fluctuations in government and government-guaranteed debt, but never reached zero values. The main objective of the government is to stabilize the economy, and hence in the medium term, he needs to resolve the question of reducing public debt because it poses a threat to financial and economic security of the country.

In the English-speaking world, the history of Joseon is underrepresented on library shelves displaying books on East Asian history. Academic works in English on early modern Chinese and Japanese history greatly outnumber academic studies of Joseon. Moreover, even within the field of Joseon history, much more attention has been paid to political history and the history of war than to most other areas. Several studies of Joseon-era religion and philosophy, especially Confucianism, have also been published. However, only a small part of the scholarship on Joseon produced by scholars in the West deals with social or economic history. There is even less published on the history of science, medicine, and technology. Similarly, few monographs have been published that focus on Joseon’s cultural history. This lack of breadth in English-language scholarship may be the reason there is as yet no comprehensive one-volume survey of Joseon history, and why there are not as many books on Joseon in libraries as there should be. Fortunately, there are signs that the scholarship on Joseon is starting to multiply and diversify. That gives us hope that, in that not-too-distant future, Joseon may be able to claim the space it deserves on library shelves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the important events we should mention signed the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA). TPPA is a platform that covers the some economies in the Asia-Pacific region. Creating Trans-Pacific Partnership determined by the desire of national economies to intensify trade and economic relations with other countries in the region, to the liberalization of trade in goods and services, investment processes, unification of regulation of economic activity. At the same time the analysis of the open published information about the negotiation process and the content of the signed Agreement leads to the conclusion of ambiguity and contradiction as the possible consequences for the economic development of the Asia-Pacific region, and for the entire world economy. The article analyzes the economics of integration processes in the Asia-Pacific region, an evaluation of the economic situation and the main trends of development of TPPA-countries.

The political relations between Budva and Dubrovnik from 1358 until the end of the 14th century were very intense. During 1359, they were in hostile relations, because of the Budva pirates' attacks on Dubrovnik merchants. With their skilful diplomacy, the citizens of Dubrovnik successfully resolved these misunderstandings. The following year, a peace agreement was concluded, followed by the friendly relations between the two towns. During the conflict between Dubrovnik and the prince Vojislav Vojinović and Kotor 1361-1362, Budva was Dubrovnik's ally. St. Blasius city authorities granted citizenship to lord Površko (1361-1364) at the end of October 1361, for alliance and military support. This diplomatic gift expresses gratitude, respect, and friendship. When Površko was killed in November 1364 by Kotor, the citizens of Dubrovnik sent a galley to save his family. The city authorities showed hospitality and provided material support to Površko's family. Duke Nikola Zakaria (1364-1388) replaced the deceased Površko as castellanus in the town of Budva. During the war between Venice and Genoa from 1378 to 1381, Dubrovnik needed a military ally in the southern Adriatic. The great Dubrovnik diplomacy again won Budva over to their side in the fight against the Venetians who ruled in Kotor. This was the motive for granting citizenship to Nikola, the master of Budva, at the end of July 1379. The concept of granting citizenship and friendship to Budva's masters included helping Dubrovnik in the fight against Kotor. Budva had the task to attack Kotor and block the communes, to control the commercial import and export of goods. In return, the masters of Budva were given shelter for themselves and their family in the town, assistance in weapons, food, money, and gifts. In chronological order, we processed the diplomatic missions of deputies from Dubrovnik in Budva and their basic guidelines. The documents show that the deputies' goals were different: support the Castellan of Budva in the fight against Kotor (1361-1362), mediation in the conflicts of Đurađ II Balšić over Budva with Radič Crnojević in 1395 and Duke Sandalj Hranić in 1398, etc. Gifts played an important role in diplomatic relations between Dubrovnik and Budva. The most frequent gifts to Budva's masters were textiles that Dubrovnik gave to gain concrete and long-term political benefits. Budva was economically underdeveloped and the traders from Dubrovnik were bypassing Budva, because there was not enough opportunity for business and profit. In search of a job and a better life, a small number of people from Budva came to study various crafts in Dubrovnik or were engaged as servants and maids. Based on the analysis of the sources in the reported period, we came to the conclusion that Budva and Dubrovnik had very good political relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opportunism is primarily identified with the policy. However, in the economic sphere is now quite often manifests this concept, which negatively affects the position of the owner of the resource. The opportunism in a prism of economic science is considered in Oliver Uilyamson’s works the Nobel Prize laureate on economy in 2009 with the formulation “for researches in the field of the economic organization”. O. Uilyamson understood as opportunism “following to the interests, including fraudulently, including such obvious forms of deception as lie, theft, fraud here…”. Market relations, this phenomenon does not cause such a violent public backlash, as the market is the market. However, in the field of public participation, namely public procurement market opportunistic behavior of agents is often a public outcry, which requires the development of specific preventive measures. The urgency of this problem is justified considering the constant tightening measures to combat corruption in the state order. In connection with what in this article on the basis of methods of analysis, deduction and systematic approach is considered opportunistic aspect of public procurement in the Russian Federation. The author gives a classification of opportunistic behavior in the current contract system of Russia in accordance with the position of the founder of the concept in economics O.Williamson.The dynamics of the positive economic effect of public procurement market, as well as the dynamics of opportunistic behavior identified by public authorities supervising the observance of the legislation in this area. Proposed focus of reducing the influence of negative trends on the operation of the contract system of the Russian Federation.

The present article sets out the scientific approach of Dmitry Sergeevich Chernavskii to the modelling of economic processes. It recounts the history of works of Dmitry Sergeyevich on the economic front, its milestones and achievements. One of the most important advances in the economic analysis was the prediction by a team of scientists headed by D. S. Chernavskii, the major crises that have occurred in our country over the last 20 years, namely, the default of 1998, the crisis of industrial production in the second half of the 2000s, the 2008 crisis and the ensuing recession. As an example, the dynamic analysis of the global macroeconomic processes shows the model of functioning of the dollar as the world currency. On this particular example shows the possibility of seigniorage due to the issue of the dollar and the calculated "window of opportunity" that allows you to issue dollars as the global currency, without prejudice to its own economy. A model for the development of a closed society (without external economic relations) in the one-product approach is considered as an example of dynamic analysis of the economy of a separate state. The model is based on the principles of market economy, i.e. the dynamics of prices is determined by the balance of supply and demand. It is shown that in the general case, the state of market equilibrium is not unique. Several steady states with different levels of production and consumption are possible. Effect of addressed emission of money in underproductive state is considered. It is shown that, depending on its size it can lead to the transition to a highly productive condition, and just cause inflation without transition. The relationship of these results with the "Keynesian" and "monetarist" approaches is discussed.

The article describes in chronological order the accumulated «negative» entropy indices of the Russian people from 1900 to 1917, which led to the 1917 revolution. The revolution in Russia was caused by the negative change of the society’s internal energy and inadequate regulation actions of the tsarist autocracy. The government swiftly destroyed the patriarchal structure that was built for centuries and did not offer any better solutions, which led to the deterioration of the economic state of the nation. People, tired of war, did not accept slogan of the elite - «fight to the finish». Even the military elite conspired to overthrow the autocracy, while the part that backed the government - White movement - was unsuccessful both in the revolution and the civil war. The February Revolution of 1917 is not the result of the Bolsheviks’ victory, but the conspiracy of generals. Analytical calculations of the entropy indices as a «chaos» theory proves the incontestability of these events.

The subject of research is theoretical and practical issues of development and implementation of marketing information as a tool to influence economic development. The study aims to determine the details of the national information marketing modern conditions of education and study areas of improvement. Research methods. The paper used a set of scientific methods and approaches, including systemic, structural, comparative, factorial, allowing realize conceptual integrity of the study. The results of the work. The features information implementation of national education policy. A priority directions of improvement of information marketing the medium term. Range of application results. The sphere of education. Conclusions. Information Marketing sets and continually supports not only trade but also exchange of information between potential participants of market relations. Need it the better, the more manufacturers of similar products opposed to those in need in her subjects. Typically, before the conclusion of the agreement, the employer is trying to explore the smallest detail nuances consumer preferences and buyer, in turn, operational and economic characteristics of the proposed goods. With channel marketing communications network information about the state of supply and demand are the property of both parties. The act of sale is only if the producer and the buyer agree on a mutually beneficial contract. The result of the agreement - the transition from producer to consumer rights to use goods in exchange for other goods or money.

With the help of the international research literature, and the legislative framework of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Armenia in the article reveals the basic concepts and the essence of the real estate market, as well as given the classification of real estate. Thoroughly explains the difference between the concepts of "real estate" and "real property". In the article considered the main elements which includes the structure of the real estate market.

The article describes the evolution of the real estate market of the Republic of Armenia. It presents the emergence and development of real estate market after the collapse of the USSR. The main influence on the impact of the global financial crisis on the real estate market in Republic of Armenia. Discusses some of the important issues for long-term development of the real estate market.

Terrorism is a constant companion of history and today has become an inevitable part of every country's economy, both in theory and in practice. This paper will analyze and examine the economic implications of terrorism, links between the incidence of terrorism and the state of a country's economy, as well as to present the basis for the analysis of terrorism within the economic framework. Terrorism has multiple roots and produces multiple effects, which can contribute to the significant decline in the economy of a state, and in some cases may be affected even in countries that are not included in the act. Although attention to the threat of terrorism is often focused on the death and injury caused by the terrorist attacks, acts of violence can also cause significant economic damage. Economic considerations come on the agenda in any discussion on this subject, but it certainly was difficult for scientists and policymakers to achieve a consensus on what is the role of the economy in fostering terrorism and how economic analysis can be useful for understanding terrorism and in creating strategies and specific policies to fight it.

Torts of economic crime, especially torts of bribery as elements of corruption, are not only extremely serious, but also insufficiently visible and incompletely explored social phenomena. For effective prevention, essentially important is reliable knowledge of their characteristics, in order to develop appropriate mechanisms and measures to fight against them. The paper discusses certain aspects of the problem of economic criminal acts and corruption in the Republic of Serbia. It especially emphasizes the problem of criminal acts of economic crime in the economy, as one of the most dangerous and damaging forms of this negative social phenomenon. It also covers certain forms of criminal activity in some sectors of the economy and discusses the most important aspects of fight against them, in accordance with the provisions of the National Strategy for Combating the Corruption, the Action Plan for the implementation of the National Strategy for Combating the Corruption, and the Law on the Agency for Combating the Corruption. In addition, there is a brief review of the legislative framework, activities and results achieved by the police force in fight against these acts. Torts of economic crime and corruption, as severe forms of criminal activity, cannot be completely eradicated. However, they must be suppressed through appropriate forms of counteraction, with the ultimate aim of effective suppression with adequate resources and, if possible, eradicated in those areas in which they inflict maximum damage. Harmfulness of these offenses, and especially of corruption, is reflected primarily in their destructive action on the most important social values and goods: democratic institutions and a market economy.

This study seeks to identify factors affecting the Iranian economy underdevelopment and the ranking. The method applied, due to the nature of the research, is descriptive. The population of the study was experts in the field of economy. First, by deployment of experts using the Delphi technique, we identified 20 factors affecting underdevelopment in the Iranian economy, in five categories. Then using statistical methods and fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making techniques these factors were rated. The results show of the use of techniques such as multi-criteria decision DEMATEL and ANP. Among the five factors affecting economic underdevelopment, human factors and management have the greatest impact on underdevelopment, and are followed by cultural factors, political factors, social factors, and financial and economic as those with the most impact.

This paper discusses contemporary social and political processes which characterize the town of Zaječar in eastern Serbia: 1. Autocracy, showbiz-like public policy and crime-linked local authorities, 2. a very bad economic situation and a high unemployment rate, 3. Depopulation, 4. The increase in the number of tourist visits, 5 Ethno-cultural and identity diversity and “the Vlach issue.” These processes are closely related to difficult transitional times in Serbia, but also to local and regional particularities which are largely determined by provincial and border position of this town. The present conditions in Zaječar are considered in a context determined by the terms: small town, transition, provinces, bordering area, cultural heritage and multi-ethnicity. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 179013: Održivost identiteta Srba i nacionalnih manjina u pograničnim opštinama istočne i jugoistočne Srbije]

The topic of this seminar paper are techno economic specification and analysis of systems with renewable energy sources. Necessary technological innovations in the manufacturing of renewable energy and economic control to produce enough energy and that this has a negative impact on the ecology and economy.

In today's economy, which is burdened by problems such as non-productive economy, high unemployment rates, constant inflationary pressures, great attention is paid to the interaction of monetary and fiscal policies in order to achieve macroeconomic stability. There is no universal model of economic policy even in countries around the world, nor in the Serbian economy, and policy makers are looking for the optimal design of monetary and fiscal strategies and their synchronization with other non-negligible specific economic policy objectives (in terms of balance of payments, objectives related to foreign currency course, the distribution of income), implemented stage of market reforms of the nineties, and then phase of reforms in the first decade of the 21st century. How good coordination of monetary and fiscal measures can be no qualitative basis, or as it is not possible to reconstruct and degrade previous economic structure, and that there is no definition of the new strategy, and continued the process of reforming and in the period from the time of deepening global financial crisis in 2008 . The Republic of Serbia, a country whose economy in the long process of reforming, seeks better use of comparative advantages, encouraging production and employment, adequate planning and allocation of available resources of its own and charge, absorption of new technologies, intensifying exports, encouraging investment, and with a constant potential danger which increase the vulnerability of small economies. The solid foundations of macroeconomic stability and discipline must be in production, proper allocation of resources, which will run the economy, and then increase the employment rate, and therefore national income. of crucial importance of good projections of macroeconomic aggregates, because of them depend on public revenue and public expenditure.

Every state is interested in improving the quality of life of the population. One of the indicators reflecting the living standards is GDP of the country in its general understanding, and in per capita terms. Therefore, increasing the country's GDP is the main goal of any state. GDP growth is limited by many factors. In developing countries with export-oriented and commodity-based economy the main factor is the price of resources in international market prices and the central rate. In this article, we addressed the issue of Russia's GDP, depending on oil prices, as well as the impact of exchange rate of the US dollar to the Russian Federation rouble. We tried to answer the question whether Russia's economy is export-oriented at the commodity sector, and whether it is possible to grow GDP excluding exchange rates.

The article presents the problem of the impact of ratings issued by credit rating agen­cies in the macroeconomic dimension, in particular considerations referring to the Polish national economy in the year 2016. Ratings issused by major agencies have a very significant impact on investors. In tum, the assessment issued by the agency is influenced by the political situation in the country to a large extent.

Mega-sport events such as Olympic Games or Football World Cup are always presented as providing the hosting nation and/or city with huge benefits. Supporters of such events quote economic, social and cultural impacts for the region as well as contributions to scientific and technological progress and innovation. obviously, they need to politically justify the impressive and growing financial investment required by organizing Olympic Games or World Cup. The article aims at looking at a quite abundant academic literature with the objectives of defining the various potential impacts and the methods used for their assessment. It concludes that there is no universal and scientifically valid model for evaluating the benefits of mega-sport events and that organizers should be very cautious when arguing in favor of deciding to host such events.

The article reveals the problems of antitrust regulation activities of processing enterprises. The necessity of improving the activity of enforcement to prevent the emergence of monopolistic market structures chlor-alkali industry.

В статье автор анализирует становление малого предпринимательства в Украине в период перехода от плановой экономики к рыночной. Делается сравнительный анализ развития и места малого бизнеса за рубежом. Исторический анализ опирается на статистические данные и наративные источники, используются как первичные так и вторичные данные. Обобщаются теоретические и практические основы предпринимательской деятельности, достижения и пробелы в этой работе. Делается вывод, что предпринимательская инициатива в системе малого бизнеса способна существенно ускорить структурные преобразования в народном хозяйстве, стимулировать цивилизованную конкуренцию, дополнительные поступления в бюджет. При этом открываются новые рабочие места, создаются условия: для повышения социально-экономического положения населения.Материалы могут быть полезны при написании обобщающих трудов, учебников и учебных пособий по истории развития малого бизнеса, в практике законодательной деятельности в этих вопросах.Purchase on Elibrary.ru > Buy now

Venture capital investments are one of the most important factors in the development of the global economy. Revolutionary change channels of communication, information flows, business principles on a global scale, and interaction with consumers that has occurred over the past decade, it would be impossible without a breakthrough innovation. In turn, the innovations are the result of the efforts of entrepreneurs and the state in the field of forecasting areas of scientific and technological progres s and identify ways of achieving goals.

Taxes had one of the most important economic levers which the state affects to a market economy. Taxes are a powerful tool for managing the economy, as well as the whole tax system. Under current conditions it is very important to optimize the effective taxation of businesses and individuals in Ukraine, as non-optimal size of the tax rates is the main reason for doing accounting fraud and exist enterprises in the “shadow” economy. Therefore, it is important to follow basic principles of taxation, such as the promotion of entrepreneurship, innovation, investment, and ensure conditions for voluntary fulfillment of tax obligations and the gradual reduction of the tax burden for the tax payers. In the article compares the Ukrainian tax rates with developed countries and the problem of shortage of funds in the state budget are represented. Also imperfect of depreciation of policy is considered relative to other developed countries, which limits the growth in business cash flow by updating the fixed assets, which could be guided to further investment of the company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to assess innovation in enterprises in the province of Podkarpackie. The scope of work included in particular the determination of the factors initiating the process of implementing innovations and to present barriers perceived by their implementation. Innovation plays an important role in business management. It determines not only the pace, direction of development, competitiveness but also the forms and international structure of the business cooperation. The study shows that improving service quality, cost reduction and innovation have the greatest impact on improving the competitive position. The biggest impact on the introduction of innovation have customer requirements, the need to achieve a competitive advantage, ahead of competitors' actions (being a leader). The biggest barrier to the implementation of innovation is too long time to implement innovation and excessive bureaucracy associated with fundraising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic Outlook / Ekonomski Pogledi is the property of Ekonomski pogledi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mirko Bogović was not only a poet, politician and writer, but also played a significant role from 1840 to 1875 in the economic sphere due to his work on the construction of roads, railway lines and water works. He became a land surveyor after graduating from military school, as well as a lawyer after finishing public schools. This enabled him to partake in economic committees and commissions and to cover in detail and influence the transportation and water works policy in Croatia. Bogović knew that politics is the art of the possible. Thus, encouraged by the needs of the people and the wish to ensure normal economical development of the area where he was born, he used economic committees and commissions to promote the building of roads, canals and railways in order to connect the Danube Basin with the Adriatic Sea. He was our first politician and public worker that understood the importance of that connection and route which was so important in the 19th century because he either studied or worked in Varaždin, Križevci, Zagreb, Szombathely, Kamenica and Pest, as well as Rijeka. His economic activity in that field, which can be traced until 1881, is somewhat underrepresented in our historiography. This is why his biography needs to be significantly updated, especially because interventions in the economy compelled Bogović to become a Unionist despite being a supporter of Ban Jelačić and the People's Party. In the end he not only fell out of favor with Vienna and Pest, but also the People's Party. His economic suggestions are generally rarely mentioned because they lacked support. Mirko Bogović is represented in Croatian literature only as a poet and dramatist, which significantly diminishes his importance in our historiography, especially the one dealing with economic matters. As an independent social critic from 1875 until his death in 1893, he did not live to see the desired connection of Križevci and Bjelovar, as well as Dugo Selo and Novska. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies in Adult Education & Learning / Andragoška Spoznanja is the property of Andragoska Spoznanja and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Adult Education & Learning / Andragoška Spoznanja is the property of Andragoska Spoznanja and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnography of the Serbian Academy of Sciences & Arts / Glasnik Etnografskog Instituta SANU is the property of Institute of Ethnography, SASA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Past studies have overlooked the joint effects of economic and customer experience factors on service purchase behaviors. Furthermore, service firms tend to make substantial investments in enhancing customer experience, mitigating the negative effects of service failures through recovery efforts and increasing overall customer satisfaction. Yet, largely due to a paucity of data, we know little about how the state of the economy influences the way in which customers use past service experiences to make future purchase decisions. We hypothesize that the state of the economy moderates the effects of customer experience factors on customers' service purchase behaviors. In addition, we examine how personal income influences the degree to which the aggregate economy influences service purchase decisions. We test the proposed model using panel survey and transaction data from an international airline carrier. Our findings demonstrate that, contrary to wisdom in the popular press, customer experience matters more when the economy is doing better, not worse. Furthermore, lower income consumers are more sensitive to changes in the economy than higher income consumers. We validate the hypothesized model using a controlled experiment and establish that aggregate measures of the economy can be used to predict individual perceptions and purchase intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this paper is to compare present migration situation, history, economy and migration regulation in an European Union country (Finland), and, an EU accessing country (Hungary) and a major non - EU country (Russia). Our material and methods base on literature survey, policy analysis and analysis of the existing statistics and legislation. The results show that even in the era of globalisation that is often claimed to erode states' regulatory power over the flows of capital and people, some regulatory power still exists. Instead of developing their policies in accordance with the largely self-regulating migration process, according to our data, the countries sought to regain political control through reproducing economic, ethnic and national hierarchies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]