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A tendency towards growing life expectancy in old age can be clearly observed in most countries of the world over the past number of decades. This tendency is also seen in our country. Despite the fact that people started living longer, which would seem to be a good indicator of the country’s socio-economic development, the doctors have encountered a rather difficult challenge to overcome. The question at issue is that health specialists are faced with many somatic diseases due to the fact that people started living longer. When life expectancy was much less, many of them have never encountered such a volume of diseases. Today, the share of the elderly in the population has significantly increased and they live longer, which, accordingly, has an impact on the number of nosological units in the clinical practice of almost any health specialist. This article is focused on the issue of non-decreasing incidence of urinary tract diseases; in particular, the challenges of bladder stone disease (BSD) are considered. According to the latest data, the disease prevalence does not tend to decrease. Moreover, the incidence of BSD in women has increased significantly, although this pathological condition is more typical for men. In light of the fact that female patients spend about a third of their lives in the postmenopausal period, it is worth paying special attention to some features of the woman’s body functioning during this time period due to the likelihood of the formation of an inflammatory process, which often mediates the development of the BSD. Older female patients are often concerned about inflammatory bladder diseases, which can lead to the development of BSD by ascending infection in the future. Therefore, it is crucially important to know what therapeutic capabilities doctors have today to effectively fight the BSD.

Tissue engineering technology and tissue cell-based stem cell research have made great strides in treating tissue and organ damage, correcting tissue and organ dysfunction, and reducing surgical complications. In the past, traditional methods have used biological substitutes for tissue repair materials, while tissue engineering technology has focused on merging sperm cells with biological materials to form biological tissues with the same structure and function as their own tissues. The advantage is that tissue engineering technology can overcome donors. Material procurement restrictions can effectively reduce complications. The aim of studying tissue engineering technology is to find sperm cells and suitable biological materials to replace the original biological functions of tissues and to establish a suitable in vivo microenvironment. This article mainly describes the current developments of tissue engineering in various fields of urology and discusses the future trends of tissue engineering technology in the treatment of complex diseases of the urinary system. The results of the research in this article indicate that while the current clinical studies are relatively few, the good results from existing animal model studies indicate good prospects of tissue engineering technology for the treatment of various urinary tract diseases in the future. Key words: Tissue engineering, kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent heterogeneous population of the microparticles liberated by almost all live cages which are widely investigated recently in various biological and medical areas. They usually consist of two basic types (exosomes and microvesicles) and recently draw the increasing attention in quality mesenges of the cellular alarm system. Really, these vesicles can influence on cages-recipients, transferring and delivering difficult complexes of biomolecules (the lipids, proteins, coagulation factors, antigene, nucleinic acids), protected from enzymatic to degradation in environment. Importance EVs has been shown in pathophysiology several bodies, in particular, in kidneys where various types of cages нефрона allocate EVs which mediate their communication with underlaying cages urinogenous ways. By numerous researches it is established that EVs are involved in cellular communications during the regenerative and pathological processes occurring in a kidney. During the last years also it has been proved that vesicles play an important role in normal physiology of kidneys. Though many mechanisms EVs at illnesses are still studied insufficiently, in particular, in kidneys, opening of a role of additional mechanisms can help to throw light on the biological processes proceeding in kidneys. Eventually, extracellular vesicles, allocated with nephritic cages, collect in urine, becoming, thus, the big resource as markers of illnesses urinogenous a path and the perspective noninvasive diagnostic tool at nephritic illnesses. In the present review we discuss the latest data about a role EVs in pathophysiology of kidneys and their potential prospects in diagnostics and therapy of nephritic illness.

The branch of historical science of numismatics (from the Latin "numisma" - coin) originated in the 19th century and became closely connected with economics, politics, culture and law, it includes a thematic study of coins, medals and plaque. Best of all, the history of uronephrology is illustrated by various forms of medalist educational art (exonum or paranumismatics), and the medal became the prototype of the memorial coin. This work presents a catalog of more than 400 numismatic materials (including some unique, first cited), reflects the stages of development of the study of the structure and function of the kidneys, methods for diagnosing and treating diseases, there are links to significant historical events, brief biographies of physicians who have made an invaluable contribution are mentioned into the formation of this scientific discipline. The work presents a role in the origin of the study of kidney and urinary tract diseases of ancient physicians (Aretea, Aristotle, Galen, Hippocrates, Rufus, Sushruta, Empedocles) and doctors of the Middle Ages (Avicenna, Da Carpi, Panaskerteli, Paracelsus, Sun Simiao).

Les patologies del tracte urinari son freqüentes en conills de companyia. La radiografia i la ecografia abdominal son les principals probes diagnòstiques que es realitzen, encara que l’anatomia peculiar del tracte digestiu dels conills limita la seva capacitat diagnòstica per la superposició d’òrgans. Les modalitats d’imatge amb contrast incrementen la visualització de les estructures del tracte urinari, millorant la categorització de les patologies renals, uretrals i de la bufeta de la orina. La urografia excretora (UE) es una de les tècniques mes utilitzades en medicina de gossos y gats. La UE es basa en realitzar una seqüència d’imatges després de la administració d’un medi de contrast iodat, estèril, soluble en aigua, iònic o no iònic, normalment per via intravenosa. Aquesta proba ens permet avaluar la mida, forma, posició i opacitat del ronyons, urèters y bufeta de la orina. Es poden diferenciar diferents fases durant la UE en funció de la distribució del contrast: la fase vascular, la nefrogràfica (amb les seves subfases corticomedular y medul·lar), la pielogràfica i la cistogràfica. La UE es pot realitzar utilitzant diferents modalitats d’imatge com la radiologia (RUE), la tomografia computeritzada (TCUE), la fluoroscòpia (FUE) o la ressonància magnètica. Existent alguns estudis sobre el seu us en conills en l’àmbit de la experimentació, encara que no s’ha establer el protocol exacte per la seva realització, la dosis recomanada o l’inici de les diferents fases de la UE en aquesta espècie. Els objectius de la present tesis doctoral inclouen: - Estudi 1: avaluar la utilitat i efectivitat de la RUE y TCUE en la visualització de les estructures del tracte urinari, determinar el temps d’inici de les fases de la UE, comparant la sensibilitat de detecció amb les diferents modalitats d’imatge, i determinar la duració de les fases nefrogràfica i pielogràfica amb la RUE en conills sans, utilitzant una dosis de 850 mgI/kg de iopamidol. - Estudi 2: avaluar la utilitat i efectivitat de la FUE en la visualització de les estructures del tracte urinari i determinar el temps d’inici de les fases de la UE en conills sans, utilitzant una dosis de 850 mgI/kg de iopamidol. - Estudi 3: determinar l’efecte de la dosis en l’inici de les diferents fases del urograma, i determinar la mínima dosis necessària per obtenir un urograma de una qualitat diagnòstica excel·lent en conills sans, utilitzant dosis de 200, 400 i 600 mgI/kg de iopamidol. aunque la TCUE ofreció un mayor detalle anatómico, especialmente de los riñones. Se pudo determinar el inicio de las fases del urograma y su desaparición. En l’estudi de REU i TCUE es van utilitzar 13 conills sans, obtenint una qualitat diagnòstica excel·lent en totes les UE realitzades, independentment de la tècnica utilitzada, encara que la TCUE va oferir un millor detall anatòmic, especialment del ronyons. Es va poder determinar l’inici i la desaparició de les fases de la UE. En l’estudi de FUE es van utilitzar 12 conills sans, tots els estudio realitzats van oferir una qualitat diagnòstica bona, podent determinar l’inici de les fases del urograma. En l’estudi comparatiu de dosis, es van utilitzar 6 animals sans, realitzant-se en cada individu tres estudis orogràfics (dosis 200, 400 i 600 mgI/kg), de forma creuada i aleatòria. La opacitat de cada fase va ser variable en funció de la dosis utilitzada i temps en el qual es va realitzar, sense observar-se diferencies significatives en l’inici de les fases del urograma. Les dosis estudiades no van proporcionar una opacitat d’una qualitat diagnòstica excel·lent, considerant-se que la dosis mínima necessària per realitzar urografies en conills sans es de 850 mgI/kg. Las patologías del tracto urinario son frecuentes en conejos de compañía. La radiografía y ecografía abdominal son las principales pruebas realizadas para su diagnóstico, aunque la anatomía particular del tracto gastrointestinal de los conejos limita su capacidad diagnóstica debido a una superposición de órganos. Las modalidades de imagen con contraste incrementan la visualización de las estructuras del tracto urinario, mejorando la caracterización de las patologías renales, uretrales y de la vejiga de orina. La urografía excretora (UE) es una de las técnicas más utilizadas en medicina de perros y gatos. La UE se basa en la toma secuencial de imágenes después de administrar un medio de contraste yodado, estéril, soluble en agua, iónico o no iónico, normalmente por vía intravenosa. Nos permite evaluar el tamaño, forma, posición, y opacidad de los riñones, uréteres y vejiga de la orina. Se pueden diferenciar diferentes fases durante la UE en función de la distribución del contraste; la fase vascular, nefrográfica (con su subfases corticomedular y medular), pielográfica y cistográfica. La UE se puede realizar utilizando diferentes modalidades de imagen, como radiografía (RUE), tomografía computarizada (TCUE), fluoroscopia (FUE) o resonancia magnética. Existen algunos estudios sobre su uso en conejos, aunque no se ha establecido el protocolo exacto, la dosis recomendada o el inicio de las diferentes fases de la UE en esta especie. Los objetivos de la presente tesis doctoral incluyen: - Estudio 1: evaluar la utilidad y efectividad de la RUE y TCUE en la visualización de las estructuras del tracto urinario, determinar el tiempo de inicio de las fases de la UE, comparando la sensibilidad de detección con las diferentes modalidades de imagen, y determinar la duración de la fase nefrográfica y pielográfica con la RUE en conejos sanos, utilizando una dosis de 850 mgI/kg de iopamidol. - Estudio 2: evaluar la utilidad y efectividad de la FUE en la visualización de las estructuras del tracto urinario y determinar el tiempo de inicio de las fases de la UE en conejos sanos, utilizando una dosis de 850 mgI/kg de iopamidol. - Estudio 3: determinar el efecto de la dosis en el inicio de las diferentes fases del urograma y determinar la mínima dosis necesaria para obtener un urograma de excelente calidad diagnóstica en conejos sanos, utilizando dosis de 200, 400 y 600 mgI/kg de iopamidol. En el estudio de RUE y TCUE se utilizaron 13 conejos sanos, obteniendo una calidad diagnóstica excelente en todas las UE realizadas, independientemente de la técnica utilizada, aunque la TCUE ofreció un mayor detalle anatómico, especialmente de los riñones. Se pudo determinar el inicio de las fases del urograma y su desaparición. En el estudio de FUE se utilizaron 12 conejos sanos, todos los estudios realizados obtuvieron una calidad diagnóstica buena, y se pudo determinar el inicio de las fases del urograma. En el estudio comparativo de dosis de contraste, se utilizaron 6 animales sanos, realizándose en cada individuo 3 estudios urográficos (dosis 200, 400 y 600 mgI/Kg), de forma cruzada y aleatoria. La opacidad fue variable en función de la dosis utilizada y tiempo, sin observarse diferencias significativas en el inicio de las fases. Las dosis estudiadas no proporcionaron una opacificación excelente, considerándose que la dosis mínima necesaria para obtener un urograma de excelente calidad diagnóstica es de 850 mgI/kg en conejos sanos. Urinary tract diseases are common in pet rabbits. Abdominal radiography and ultrasound are useful diagnostic techniques, although the rabbits’ gastrointestinal tract anatomy can limit its diagnostic capacity due to superimposition. Contrast imaging modalities increase visualization of urinary tract structures, improving characterization of renal, ureteral, and urinary bladder pathologies. Excretory urography (UE) is one of the most used contrast techniques in dogs and cats. Excretory urography is based on sequential imaging after the administration of sterile, water-soluble, ionic or non-ionic iodinated contrast media, usually intravenously. It allows evaluation of size, shape, position, and opacity of the kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder. Different phases can be observed during EU based on contrast distribution: vascular phase, nephrographic phase (with its corticomedullary and medullary subphases), pyelographic phase and cystrographic phase. Excretory urography can be performed using different imaging modalities, such as radiography (RUE), computed tomography (CTUE), fluoroscopy (FUE), or magnetic resonance. There are few experimental studies on its use in rabbits, although the exact protocol, the recommended dose, or the initiation of the urographic phases have not been established in rabbits. The objectives of this thesis include: - Study 1: evaluate the usefulness and effectiveness of RUE and TCUE in visualization of the urinary tract anatomy, determine the time of initiation of the UE phases, comparing the sensitivity with the different imaging modalities; and determine the duration of the nephrograhic and pyelographic phases with RUE in healthy rabbits, using a dos of 850 mgI/kg of iopamidol. - Study 2: evaluate the usefulness and effectiveness of FUE in visualization of the urinary tract anatomy, determine the time of initiation of the UE phases in healthy rabbits, using a dose of 850 mgI/kg of iopamidol. - Study 3: determine the effect of the dose with the initiation of urographic phases and determine the minimum dose required to obtain an urogram of excellent diagnostic quality in healthy rabbits, using doses of 200, 400 and 600 mgI/kg of iopamidol. In the RUE and CTUE study, 13 healthy rabbits were used, obtaining an excellent diagnostic quality in all the UE performed, regardless of the technique used, however CTUE studies provided a better detail of the renal parenchyma. The initiation and disappearance of urographic phases could be determined. In the FUE study, 12 healthy rabbits were used, obtaining a good diagnostic quality, and determining the urographic phases initiation. In the comparative study of contrast doses, 6 healthy rabbits were used, performed 3 urographic studies on each (200, 400 and 600 mgI/kg) in a crossover and random fashion. Opacity was variable depending on the dose used and time, with no significant differences observed at the phases’ initiation. The doses studied did not provide an excellent opacification, considering that the minimum dose required to perform an REU in healthy rabbits is 850 mgI/kg. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Medicina i Sanitat Animals

The results of a study of cats with signs of urocystitis are presented. The general principles of diagnostics based on clinical, laboratory and additional research methods are established. Clinically acute urocystitis was manifested by disorders of urination – pollakiuria, dysuria, stranguria. Some of the animals showed an increase in body temperature, pain in the bladder and tightness of the walls of the abdominal cavity. According to the results of urine study, it was observed that 43.7% of the cats with urocystitis showed an increase in relative density of the urine, a change in urine pH towards higher alkaline levels, urine residue – erythrocytes, leukocytes and microorganisms were indicated. Impurities of salt and sand were found in 58.4% of the cats. In 31.4% of the cats, urocystitis was a complication of urolithiasis. Early diagnosis, especially differential diagnosis of acute and chronic, secondary urocystitis presents difficulties. Therefore, in cases of suspected inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract, a complex examination using ultrasound of the kidneys, bladder, prostate gland (in males) and the uterus (in females) is recommended.With therapeutic purpose, sick cats (two groups of 8 animals/group) were administered: anti-microbial agent (5% solution of Enrofloxacin), spasmolytic medicinal agent – Riabal®. Animals of the second group were additionally administered the drug Cystocure (Candioli Farmaceutici). According to the instructions, the plant basis of the powder Cystocure is presented by extracts of cranberries and orange peels. These substances provide the main properties of the drug – help in resisting the bacterial colonization of the lower urinary tract and change in urine pH to the acid side. The applied therapy positively influenced the clinical condition of the cats. Their general health was improved, painful sensations during the act of urination disappeared, the quantity and frequency of diuresis normalized. On the seventh day of treatment, according to the results of the study, the urine became transparent, no microorganisms were detected. In cats of the second group, which additionally used the drug Cystocure, the amount of salts and sand decreased significantly, the pH of the urine did not exceed the recommended value of 6.4, in contrast to animals of the first group.

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the most common infectious diseases, primarily caused by bacteria present in the intestinum, affecting the entire urinary tract or only a part of it. If the urinary bladder and urethra are affected then they are considered ?lower? urinary tract infections, and the affected kidneys and ureter are considered ?upper? urinary tract infections. There is a division into uncomplicated and complicated UTIs. Approximately 15% of all prescribed antibiotics in the United States are prescribed as therapy of UTIs. The UTI data from other countries are similar. The costs incurred in the treatment of these infections are significant - in the United States, the direct costs of UTI treatments are estimated at $ 1.6 billion per year.

La urolitiasis es una enfermedad del tracto urinario que afecta a ovinos y caprinos siendo más frecuente en producciones intensivas y semi-intensivas. Clínicamente se caracteriza por depresión, letargia, rechinar de dientes, inapetencia, oliguria, goteo de orina en casos de obstrucción parcial, deshidratación, hinchazón prepucial, distención abdominal, renuencia a moverse y muerte. Los cálculos más comunes son los de sílica, estruvita, oxalatos y fitoestrógenos y en su génesis se involucra a factores nutricionales, ambientales, de manejo y los de tipo fisiológicos y relacionados al animal, como la edad, la raza y la castración. Existen tratamientos médicos a base de sedantes y relajantes musculares, antinflamatorios, antibióticos, diuréticos y acidificantes de la orina, que aplicados en etapas tempranas de la enfermedad son efectivos. Es necesario profundizar la investigación en cuanto a la patogenia de la enfermedad y los factores de riesgo, ya que son herramientas clave en el diagnóstico temprano, el control y prevención de la urolitiasis en pequeños rumiantes. Urolithiasis is a disease affecting the urinary tract of sheep and goat, being most frequent in intensive and semi-intensive breeding systems. Clinically, it is characterised by depression, lethargy, teeth grinding, inappetence, oliguria, leakage of urine in cases of partial obstruction, dehydration, prepucial swelling, bloating, reluctance to move and death. The most common calculi are those of silica, struvite, oxalates and phytoestrogens, and their genesis involves nutri-tional, environmental, management factors and physiological factors related to animals, like de age, breed and castration. There are medical treatments based on sedatives, muscle relaxants, anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, diuretics and urine acidifyiers, that in early stages of the disease are effective. It is necessary to deepen research regarding the pathogenesis of the disease and risk factors, since they are key tools in the early diagnosis, control, and prevention of uro-lithiasis in small ruminants. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche Fil: Ramirez Soria, María Angélica. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Mexico Fil: Martinez, Agustin. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Área Producción Animal. Grupo Sanidad Animal; Argentina Fil: Robles, Carlos Alejandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Area de Produccion Animal. Grupo de Sanidad Animal; Argentina

BackgroundUrinary tract stones are the third most common urinary tract diseases after urinary tract infections and prostate pathological conditions. An accurate assessment for appropriate medical treatment and lifestyle changes is important in reducing the recurrence of urinary stones.ObjectivesThe present study aimed to determine nutritional habits of patients with urinary tract stones referring to the Imam Reza Hospital.MethodsThis descriptive study was performed on 150 patients referred to the Urology Clinic who had been given a definite stone diagnosis. The data collection tool was a three-part questionnaire.ResultsThe mean age of patients was 41.34 (± 11.98) years. The history of kidney stones in the first-degree relatives of patients was 65.3%. One-third of the patients had fewer than 4 hours of physical activities. Forty per cent of patients drank 3 - 5 glasses of tea daily, 65.3% of them consumed at least one glass of carbonated drinks per week and a quarter of them added salt to food before tasting it.ConclusionsDietary habits of patients with urinary tract stones seems to be not appropriate prior to the diagnosis of the diseases. Therefore, the diet should be given more attention to prevent kidney stones.

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate and quantify the changes in neurological status in cats after perineal urethrostomy performed in dorsal and ventral recumbency. Methods This was a prospective, randomised study. Twenty male castrated cats with feline lower urinary tract disease presented for perineal urethrostomy were enrolled in this study. Surgery was performed in either dorsal recumbency (group A) or ventral recumbency (group B). Motor response of patellar tendon, gastrocnemius muscle, pelvic limb withdrawal and perineal reflexes, as well as the presence of spinal pain in the lumbosacral region, motor function of the tail and faecal continence, were examined before surgery, and 24 h and 14 days after surgery. Results The animals had a mean weight of 5.07 ± 1.08 kg, with a mean age of 6.12 ± 1.85 years. Weight and age were not significantly different between groups A and B (both P = 0.897). All tested parameters of the neurological examination performed prior to surgery were considered normal in both groups ( P = 1). The comparison between neurological examinations (perineal reflex and spinal pain) before and 24 h after surgery revealed a significantly decreased briskness of the perineal reflex and an increased occurrence of spinal pain 24 h after surgery ( P = 0.043 and P = 0.031, respectively). However, the changes of aforementioned parameters were statistically insignificant ( P = 0.249 and P = 0.141) between groups A and B. The other parameters (patellar tendon, pelvic limb withdrawal and gastrocnemius muscle reflexes, motor function of the tail and faecal continence) were statistically insignificant ( P = 1) before surgery and 24 h after surgery, as well as between groups A and B 24 h after surgery. Results of all tested parameters were statistically insignificant ( P = 1) before surgery and 14 days after surgery, as well as between groups A and B 14 days after surgery. Conclusions and relevance The briskness of the perineal reflex was significantly decreased and the occurrence of spinal pain significantly increased 24 h after surgery. A parallel with a low-grade positioning-dependent nerve injury as described in human medicine may be drawn. However, no positioning method was proven to be superior to the other.

Calisma, Hasmer koyunlarinda renal arterlerin varyasyonlarini arastirmak amaciyla yapildi. Arastirmada alti adet hayvan kullanildi. Renal arter ve segmentleri standart korozyon kast teknikleri kullanilarak hazirlandi ve incelendi. Renal arterlerin uzunluk ve cap olcumleri icin elektronik kalibrator kullanildi. Arteria renalis’lerin, aorta abdominalis’ten sagli ve sollu olarak orijin aldiktan sonra dorsal ve ventral iki dala ayrildigi tespit edildi. Sol renal arterin, sag renal arterden daha uzun oldugu belirlendi. Renal arterler dorsal ve ventral iki dala ayrilmaktaydi. Dorsal ve ventral dallar sirasiyla; interlobar, arcuate ve interlobuler arterlere ayrildigi gozlendi. Ayrica, her iki bobregin ventral kolundan orijin alan bir interlobar arterin, bobregin hem dorsal hem de ventral yuzunu besledigi belirlendi. Materyallerin hicbirinde anastomoz gorulmedi. Sonuc olarak; Bu tur calismalar bobrek transplantasyonlari, bobreklerin cerrahi operasyonlari ve uriner hastaliklar gibi arastirmalara isik tutabilir.

The conducted analysis of modern literature shows that most of the establishednormative parameters of the placement of kidneys in healthy people have not beensufficiently studied, with researchers practically do not take into account the constitutionalfeatures of the organism. The purpose of the study was to determine the topographicanatomical position of the kidneys in the frontal, sagittal and horizontal planes on thebasis of MRI in patients of different somatotypes without any kidney and urinary tractdiseases. Complex examination of 65 patients of the first and second mature age ofdifferent somatotypes, which did not have kidney and urinary tract diseases, wasperformed. To determine the somatotype, we used the mathematical scheme forB.Heath and J.Carter (1990), with the definition of the endomorphic, mesomorphic andectomorphic components of the somatotype. The renal topography was conducted ona Philips Intera-1.5T magnetic resonance imaging (standard magnetic resonance protocolincluded scanning in sagittal, frontal, and axial projections to obtain T1 weighted imaging).The angles of inclination were measured in the frontal, sagital and horizontal planes tomeasure spatial position of the kidneys. The statistical analysis of the obtained resultswas carried out using the "STATISTICA 5.5" program, using parametric and non-parametricmethods for evaluating the obtained results. It was established that the angle ofinclination of the kidney on the right side in the frontal and sagittal planes was greater in1.23-1.41 times than in men and in women of representatives of all somatotypes. Theangle between the axis and the line drawn through the middle of the vertebral bodiesdid not statistically significantly change, depending on the somatotype, sex and on theside of the study in a horizontal plane. The angles of inclination of the kidney axis aredefined in three planes: the frontal, horizontal, and sagittal in the patients, with thekidney axis directed downwards outward and forward. Representatives of allsomatotypes differed statistically significantly the angles of inclination of the left axisfrom the right kidneys in the frontal and sagittal planes

WOS: 000416989900011, The aim of this study was to evaluate lower urinary tract diseases of cats with plain radiography, ultrasonography and contrast cystography retrospectively and assess the most appropriate imaging method for each disease. In the study, 134 cats with different age, sex and breed were presented with one or more clinical signs of lower urinary tract diseases (LUTD). All cats were evaluated by radiography and ultrasonography, and contrast radiography had been performed on cats, in which plain radiography and ultrasonography were inadequate for diagnosing LUTD. LUTD included cystitis (n=20), urinary crystals (n=35), urinary crystals with cystitis (n=51), bladder calculi (n=6), bladder polyps (n=8), blood clots (n=9), bladder rupture (n=1) and idiopathic obstructions (n=4). The present study confirms that ultrasonography is an efficient imaging method for examination of lower urinary tract, but radiography and contrast cystography are still useful for diagnosing calculi, bladder ruptures, suspected urethral obstructions, and chronic cystitis which can not be evaluated by ultrasonography.

OBJECTIVETo study the pattern of general surgery cases and their management in Bacha Khan Medical Complex Shahmansoor Swabi.METHODSThis descriptive cases-series study was conducted prospectively in general surgery department Bacha Khan Medical Complex Shahmansoor Swabi form jan, 2013 to Dec, 2015. There were 1200 patients in the series who were managed either conservatively or operated upon. All patients with symptoms suggesting a surgical disease and managed as a surgical case were included, while cases that were referred to other departments and those that left against medical advice were excluded.RESULTSMost of the patients had alimentary tract diseases 361(30%) followed by urinary tract diseases 264 (22%),superficial lumps 142 (11.8%), hernia 140 (11.7%), hepato-biliary-pancreatic diseases 116 (9.7%), breast diseases 55 (4.6%), scrotal diseases 41 (3.4%), thyroid diseases 28 (2.3%),salivary gland diseases 15 (1.3%), vascular diseases 8 (0.7%), thoracic diseases 2 (0.2%) and miscellaneous 28 (2.3%). A total of 604 (64.5%) patients were treated as elective cases and333 (35.5%). were treated as emergency cases. As many as 937 (74.08%) patient were treated by operations and 263 (21.92%) patients by conservative treatment, while 41 (3.41%) patients were referred. Seven patients expired, giving a mortality rate of 0.58%.CONCLUSIONThe commonest cause of seeking surgical care was alimentary tract diseases, followed by urinary tract diseases, superficial lumps, hernias, hepato-biliary-pancreatic diseases, breast diseases, scrotal diseases and thyroid diseases. Bacha Khan Medical Complex Shahmansoor Swabi is a newly established hospital catering to the needs of population of district Swabi and adjoining districts and areas.

This review reported notable advances in pediatrics that have been published in 2018. We have highlighted progresses in allergy, cardiology, critical care, endocrinology, hereditary metabolic diseases, gastroenterology, infectious diseases, neonatology, nutrition, respiratory tract disorders and surgery. Many studies have informed on epidemiologic observations. Promising outcomes in prevention, diagnosis and treatment have been reported. We think that advances realized in 2018 can now be utilized to ameliorate patient care.

RESUMO O stent endovascular autoexpansível pode ser utilizado como forma de tratamento para estenose uretral em cães. O stent de nitinol é composto por uma liga de níquel e titânio que permite mudanças em suas estruturas sob a influência da temperatura corporal e tem excelente biocompatibilidade na uretra canina. Este estudo relata o caso de um cão, sem raça definida, 14 anos de idade, com histórico de disúria há duas semanas, diagnosticado com grande quantidade de cálculos e microcálculos na bexiga, no colo vesical e na uretra prostática, também cistite e hiperplasia prostática. Depois de tratamento para cistite, orquiectomia e cistotomia para retirada dos cálculos, porém sem melhora clínica após 30 dias de acompanhamento, com o paciente apresentando disúria, foi realizada uretrocistografia retrógrada, que evidenciou estenose da uretra prostática. Esse paciente foi encaminhado para procedimento de implantação de um stent de nitinol na uretra prostática. Imediatamente após o procedimento e até o presente momento, o paciente apresenta micção espontânea, sem qualquer sinal de disúria, sendo este o primeiro relato no Brasil do uso dessa técnica. ABSTRACT The endovascular stent is used for treatment of urethral stricture in dogs. The nitinol stent is composed by nickel and titanium alloy that allows changes in its structures under the influence of body temperature and has excellent biocompatibility in the canine urethra. This study aims to report a case of a 14 - year - old male dog without defined breed with dysuria for two weeks. Ultrasonographic evaluation revealed microcalculi and calculi in bladder, prostatic urethral obstruction and prostatic hyperplasia. Cystotomy was performed to remove uroliths, but after 30 days of hospitalization there was no clinical improvement. A double-contrast retrograde urethrocystography was performed and showed persistence of prostatic urethral obstruction. The pacient was submitted to a new surgery to place a self-expanding nitinol stent and presented spontaneous urination after the procedure. This is the first report of this technique in Brazil.

The final Master's thesis was prepared \"Feline urinary tract diseases variety in x veterinary clinic and possible pathological factors\". Purpose: to evaluate feline urinary tract diseases variety in x veterinary clinic and possible pathological factors. Study consist: 48 pages, 3 charts, 14 pictures, 62 literature sources. Study was performed in one small animal Vet clinic located in Vilnius. 86 cats were investigated and evaluation of their diseases performed. Season specific diseases were estimated, pros and cons of their diagnostic evaluation were submitted in 4 methods. Different condition influences in cat urinary tract diseases were analysed and submitted to 5 graphs. Variety of medicaments used in treatment were evaluated, also prophylaxis principles were submitted on 4 treatment schemes. In Vilnius veterinary clinic, it was established that the incidence of feline urinary tract disease was seen 1.9 more in mixed breed cats ( 66% or 57 occasions, p

Microscopic examination of urine sediment is necessary for evaluation of renal and urinary tract diseases. In this study, we evaluated and compared analytic and diagnostic performances of DIRUI FUS-200 and a new image-based automated urine sediment analyzer Urised 3.A total of 440 urine samples, submitted to our laboratory, were evaluated by two automated urine sediment analyzers and a standardized manual microscopy. Precision, linearity and method comparison studies were performed according to CLSI guidelines.Considering the red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts, strong correlations existed between FUS-200 and manual microscopy (r=0.993 vs 0.861), Urised 3 and manual microscopy (r=0.962 vs 0.818), FUS200 and Urised 3 (r=0.961 vs 0.961). Clinical non-concordance ranged from 7% to 14.16% among all methods.The concordance between the analyzers and manual microscopy for WBC was better than that of RBC. The concordance between the two analyzers was better for WBC and RBC, with respect to the manual microscopy. Although the Urised 3, FUS-200 and manual microscopy counts were in agreement; confirmation of the results of automated analyzers with manual microscopy is particularly helpful, for pathological samples with near cut-off values.Böbrek ve idrar yolu hastalıklarının değerlendirilmesinde idrar sedimentinin mikroskobik analizi gereklidir. Bu çalışmada, DIRUI FUS-200’ün ve yeni bir görüntü tabanlı otomatik idrar sediment analizörü olan Urised 3’ün analitik ve diagnostik performanslarını değerlendirdik ve karşılaştırdık.Laboratuvarımıza gönderilen 440 idrar örneği her iki otomatik idrar sediment analiz cihazı ve standart manuel mikroskopi ile değerlendirildi. Kesinlik, linearite ve yöntem karşılaştırma çalışmaları CLSI kılavuzlarına göre yapıldı.Eritrosit (RBC) ve lökosit (WBC) sayımları düşünüldüğünde; FUS-200 ile manuel mikroskopi arasında (sırasıyla r=0,993 ile 0,861); Urised 3 ve manuel mikroskopi arasında (sırasıyla r=0,962 ve 0,818); FUS200 ve Urised 3 arasında (sırasıyla r=0,961 ve 0,961) güçlü korelasyon vardı. Klinik uyumsuzluk tüm yöntemler arasında 7% ile 14,16% arasında değişmekteydi.WBC için analizörler ve manuel mikroskopi arasındaki uyum, RBC’den daha iyiydi. Analizörler arasındaki uyum WBC’de ve RBC’de, manuel mikroskopiye göre daha iyiydi. Her ne kadar Urised 3, FUS-200 ve manuel mikroskopi sonuçları belli bir uyum içinde olsa da, otomatize yöntemlerin sonuçlarının manuel mikroskopi ile teyit edilmesi, özellikle de kesme değerlerine yakın patolojik örnekler için faydalıdır.

INTRODUCTION: en Afrique, la vie sexuelle apres la menopause reste un domaine mal explore du fait de son caractere tabou. L'objectif de cette etude etait d'apprecier la qualite de la sexualite du couple au cours de la menopause. METHODES: il s'agissait d'une une enquete transversale concernant un echantillon representatif de 320 femmes menopausees. Les criteres d'inclusion etaient la menopause naturelle. N'etaient pas incluses de l'etude les patientes ayant fait l'objet d'une menopause precoce ou iatrogene. La fiche d'enquete etait divisee en 4 chapitres : les caracteristiques socio-culturelles de la femme, les donnees cliniques, les donnees psycho-sexuelles et les donnees therapeutiques. Nous avons utilise la comparaison des proportions et le test du Chi 2 avec un seuil de signification inferieur a 0,05. RESULTATS: l'âge moyen des femmes etait de 60 ans. L'âge moyen de survenue de la menopause etait de 48 ans et l'anciennete de la menopause etait de 11,3 ans. Aucune femme de notre etude n'etait epargnee par les manifestations du syndrome climaterique. Les bouffees de chaleur etaient presentes dans 85,9%, la secheresse vaginale dans 62,8% et les troubles urinaires dans 52,5%. Seules les femmes mariees declaraient avoir des rapports sexuels avec leurs conjoints (62,1%). Ces rapports sexuels etaient occasionnels dans 68,9% des cas alors que 18,1% des femmes n'avaient plus d'activite sexuelle. La diminution de l'activite sexuelle etait due aux troubles de l'erection du conjoint (62% des couples) et au manque de desir sexuel (83,5% des femmes). Une absence d'excitation sexuelle et d'orgasme etaient egalement retrouvee respectivement dans 92% et 100%. Cependant, 93,5 % des femmes mariees jugeaient supportable leur vecu. CONCLUSION: le statut marital, la dyspareunie, la secheresse vaginale et les troubles erectiles du conjoint ont un impact reel sur la sexualite de la femme menopausee au Senegal.

Psidium guineense Swartz is a bush used in urinary tract diseases, diarrhea, and dysentery. The present study aims to perform the anatomical study of the leaves and evaluation of the chemical composition of the volatile oils from Psidium guineense Swartz leaves and fruits. The botanical material was collected in Hidrolândia, Goiás. Anatomical characterization and phytochemical screening of the leaves were performed by conventional methods. Leaf and fruit (green fruits, immature fruits, and ripe fruits) powders were submitted to hydrodistillation in the Clevenger apparatus and the identification of the chemical components of the volatile oils obtained was done by GC-MS. The leaf blade is hypoestomatic with paracytic and anisocytic stomata. Secretory cavities are observed in the central vein, mesophyll, petiole, and young stem. The powder moisture content was 7.4%. The total ash content of the leaf powder was 6.3% and the acid-insoluble ash content was 0.8%. The presence of tannins, flavonoids, and saponins in the leaves were identified. Leaves volatile oil’s majority compounds were 2Z,6E-farnesol (23.1-25.4%), α-copaene (17.7-20.3%), muurola-4,10(1.4) dien-1-β-ol (5.8-6.7%), epi-α-cadinol (5.5- 6.3%), and δ-Cadinene (5.0- 5.9%). Fruits volatile oil’s majority compounds were 2Z,6E-farnesol (31.9-41.4%), α-copaene (13.3-26.6%), δ-cadinene (5.4-9.8%), γ-himachalene (3.8-6.1%), and cubenol (2.6-6.1%). This is the first report on anatomical study of the leaves, and chemical composition of volatile oils from leaves and fruits of P. guineense collected in Hidrolândia, Goiás. Psidium guineense Swartz es un arbusto utilizado en enfermedades del tracto urinario, diarrea y disentería. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo realizar el estudio anatómico de las hojas y evaluar la composición química de los aceites volátiles de las hojas y frutos de Psidium guineense Swartz. El material botánico fue recolectado en Hidrolândia, Goiás, la caracterización anatómica y cribado fitoquímico de las hojas se realizó por métodos convencionales. Los polvos de hojas y frutos (frutos verdes, frutos inmaduros y frutos maduros) fueron sometidos a hidrodestilación en aparato Clevenger y la identificación de los componentes químicos de los aceites volátiles obtenidos se realizó mediante CG-EM. La lámina de la hoja es hipoestomática con estomas paracíticos y anisocíticos. Se observan cavidades secretoras en la vina principal, mesófilo, pecíolo y tallo joven. El contenido de humedad del polvo fue del 7,4%. El contenido total de cenizas del polvo de hojas fue del 6,3% y el contenido de cenizas insolubles en ácido fue del 0,8%. Se identificó la presencia de taninos, flavonoides y saponinas en las hojas. Los compuestos principales en el aceite volátil de las hojas fueron 2Z, 6E-farnesol (23,1-25.4%), α-copaeno (17,7-20.3%), muurola-4,10(14)-dien-1β-ol (5,8-6,7%), epi-α-Cadinol (5,5- 6,3%) y δ-Cadineno (5,0- 5,9%). Los principales compuestos de aceite volátil de frutas fueron 2Z, 6E-farnesol (31,9-41,4%), α-copaene (13.3-26.6%), δ-cadinene (5.4-9.8%), γ-himachalene (3.8-6.1%) y cubenol (2.6-6.1%). Este es el primer informe de un estudio anatómico de las hojas y composición química de los aceites volátiles de las hojas y frutos de P. guineense recolectados en Hidrolândia, Goiás. Psidium guineense Swartz é um arbusto usado em doenças do trato urinário, diarréia e disenteria. O presente estudo tem como objetivo realizar o estudo anatômico das folhas e avaliação da composição química dos óleos voláteis das folhas e frutos de Psidium guineense Swartz. O material botânico foi coletado em Hidrolândia, Goiás. A caracterização anatômica e a triagem fitoquímica das folhas foram realizadas por métodos convencionais. Os pós das folhas e frutos (frutos verdes, frutos imaturos e frutos maduros) foram submetidos à hidrodestilação em aparelho de Clevenger e a identificação dos componentes químicos dos óleos voláteis obtidos foi feita por CG-EM. A lâmina foliar é hipoestomática com estômatos paracíticos e anisocíticos. Cavidades secretoras são observadas na nervura principal, mesofilo, pecíolo e caule jovem. O teor de umidade do pó foi de 7,4%. O teor total de cinzas do pó da folha foi de 6,3% e o teor de cinzas insolúveis em ácido foi de 0,8%. Foi identificada a presença de taninos, flavonóides e saponinas nas folhas. Os compostos majoritários do óleo volátil das folhas foram 2Z, 6E-farnesol (23,1-25,4%) e α-copaeno (17,7-20,3%), muurola-4,10(14)-dien-1β-ol (5,8-6,7%), epi-α-Cadinol (5,5- 6.3%) e δ-Cadineno (5,0- 5,9%). Os compostos majoritários de óleo volátil dos frutos foram 2Z,6E-farnesol (31,9-41,4%), α-copaeno (13,3-26,6%), δ-cadineno (5,4-9,8%), γ-himachalene (3,8-6,1%) e cubenol (2,6-6,1%) Este é o primeiro relato de estudo anatômico das folhas e composição química dos óleos voláteis das folhas e frutos de P. guineense coletados em Hidrolândia, Goiás.

In this publication, we adduce examples of the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in urinary tract diseases. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy has been proved to have a positive influence on the kidneys of animals with diabetes, sepsis or undergoing chemotherapy. In the literature, we can also find many examples of the use of hyperbaric therapy with good clinical outcomes in human patients with prostatic hypertrophy, pyelonephritis, and hemorrhagic cystitis. The first trials of this kind of treatment of urinary tract diseases were started at the end of the twentieth century. In spite of the promising results, and numerous reports on the effectiveness of this non-invasive method of treatment, it is not currently used on a regular basis. Because many factors such as time, multiple applications, the parameters used in the hyperbaric chamber as well as the medications taken by the patient affect the quality of the result, further studies are needed to make hyperbaric therapy more suitable and safer for each patient.

The paper highlights the issues of the modern epidemiology of urinary tract diseases in the pediatric population of a large industrial city. It presents the prevalence rates, pattern of these diseases, and renal morbidity in the children living in a highly polluted environment. The results of using of levocarnitine to treat dysmetabolic nephropathy with calcium oxalate crystalluria in childhood are described.

PICO questionIn adult male cats with a urethra blockage, is indwelling catheterisation more effective than percutaneous drainage in reducing the incidence of recurrence?Clinical bottom lineBased on the available literature, it would appear that recurrence rates following percutaneous drainage are broadly similar to those managed with indwelling catheterisation. However, the level of evidence supporting the use of percutaneous drainage is very low and there are significant uncontrolled variables between all available studies, with the consequences that meaningful comparisons between recurrence rates are not possible. More studies are needed before routine use of percutaneous drainage as an alternative to indwelling catheterisation can be advocated.

KoreaPurpose: We examined the association between thyroid hormone and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)/benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).Materials and Methods: A total of 5,708 middle aged men were included. LUTS/BPH were assessed using the international prostate symptom score (IPSS), total prostate volume (TPV), maximal flow rate (Qmax), and a full metabolic workup. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels were measured using chemiluminescence immunoassay. We divided participants into quartiles based on their TSH and FT4 levels: first to fourth quartile (Q1–Q4). Results: There was a significant increase in the percentage of men with IPSS>7, Qmax7 were significantly different between FT4 quartile groups (ORs; [5–95 percentile interval], p; TPV≥30 mL, Q1: 0.000 [references]; Q2: 1.140 [0.911–1.361], p=0.291; Q3: 1.260 [1.030–1.541], p=0.025; Q4: 1.367 [1.122–1.665], p=0.002; IPSS>7: Q1: 0.000 [references]; Q2: 0.969 [0.836–1.123], p=0.677; Q3: 1.123 [0.965–1.308], p=0.133; Q4: 1.221 [1.049–1.420], p=0.010). In men with above median levels of testosterone, the FT4 correlated positively with TPV, even after adjusting for confounders. However, the FT4 was not correlated with TPV in men with below median levels of testosterone. TSH was not related to LUTS/BPH measurements.Conclusions: TPV, IPSS, and Qmax were significantly related to FT4. TPV and IPSS were significantly and independently related to FT4. Additionally, the relationship between FT4 and TPV was distinct when testosterone levels are high.

The aim of this study was to analyse the importance of urinalysis in diagnosing feline urinary tract diseases. Research lasted from January of 2017 till October of 2017 and took place in Dr. L. Kriaučeliūno veterinary clinic of small animals. During this period 717 cats were brought to the clinic and 93 of them had urinary tract diseases (13%). Regardless of age, sex and breed all of them were included in this study. Study group was created of 35 females and 58 males with age from 5 months to 21 year old. All cats were examined at the clinic. Blood tests were pefmormed in 61 case, ulthrasound in 38, X-ray in 29, urine biochemestry test in 31 case. Observation of urine sediments was carried out 32 times. Urinalysis was performed using urine dipsticks, automatic urine analyzer, centrifuge and light microscopy. We grouped cats based on dagnosis and analysed every group separately. Age, sex and breed predisposition was checked. Most of the cats were 10 years old or older (n=39, 41,93%), more often males (n=58, 62,4%) and they belonged to 15 different breeds. Female cats were more likely to have chronic renal failure (p