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Background There is evidence that environmental and genetic risk factors for schizophrenia spectrum disorders are transdiagnostic and mediated in part through a generic pathway of affective dysregulation. Methods We analysed to what degree the impact of schizophrenia polygenic risk (PRS-SZ) and childhood adversity (CA) on psychosis outcomes was contingent on co-presence of affective dysregulation, defined as significant depressive symptoms, in (i) NEMESIS-2 (n = 6646), a representative general population sample, interviewed four times over nine years and (ii) EUGEI (n = 4068) a sample of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder, the siblings of these patients and controls. Results The impact of PRS-SZ on psychosis showed significant dependence on co-presence of affective dysregulation in NEMESIS-2 [relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI): 1.01, p = 0.037] and in EUGEI (RERI = 3.39, p = 0.048). This was particularly evident for delusional ideation (NEMESIS-2: RERI = 1.74, p = 0.003; EUGEI: RERI = 4.16, p = 0.019) and not for hallucinatory experiences (NEMESIS-2: RERI = 0.65, p = 0.284; EUGEI: -0.37, p = 0.547). A similar and stronger pattern of results was evident for CA (RERI delusions and hallucinations: NEMESIS-2: 3.02, p < 0.001; EUGEI: 6.44, p < 0.001; RERI delusional ideation: NEMESIS-2: 3.79, p < 0.001; EUGEI: 5.43, p = 0.001; RERI hallucinatory experiences: NEMESIS-2: 2.46, p < 0.001; EUGEI: 0.54, p = 0.465). Conclusions The results, and internal replication, suggest that the effects of known genetic and non-genetic risk factors for psychosis are mediated in part through an affective pathway, from which early states of delusional meaning may arise.

BACKGROUND: Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) can affect educational attainments, but little is known about their impact on educational achievements in people at clinical high risk of psychosis (CHR). METHODS: In total, 344 CHR individuals and 67 healthy controls (HC) were recruited as part of the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme-funded multicenter study the European Network of National Schizophrenia Networks Studying Gene-Environment Interactions (EU-GEI). The brief version of the Child Trauma Questionnaire was used to measure ACE, while educational attainments were assessed using a semi-structured interview. RESULTS: At baseline, compared with HC, the CHR group spent less time in education and had higher rates of ACE, lower rates of employment, and lower estimated intelligence quotient (IQ). Across both groups, the total number of ACE was associated with fewer days in education and lower level of education. Emotional abuse was associated with fewer days in education in HC. Emotional neglect was associated with a lower level of education in CHR, while sexual abuse was associated with a lower level of education in HC. In the CHR group, the total number of ACE, physical abuse, and neglect was significantly associated with unemployment, while emotional neglect was associated with employment. CONCLUSIONS: ACE are strongly associated with developmental outcomes such as educational achievement. Early intervention for psychosis programs should aim at integrating specific interventions to support young CHR people in their educational and vocational recovery. More generally, public health and social interventions focused on the prevention of ACE (or reduce their impact if ACE occur) are recommended.

BACKGROUND: Ethnic minorities in the Netherlands face an excess psychosis risk, and understanding of causality remains limited. Linguistic disadvantage and other indicators of societal exclusion might play a role, and offer potential targets for public health interventions.AIM: To establish the contribution of linguistic disadvantage, indicators of social distance and perceived discrimination to the increased risk of psychoses in migrants and ethnic minorities.METHODS: We used the Dutch data from an international case-control study into psychotic disorders (the EU-GEI study). A first episode of psychosis was our outcome variable, and we used well-defined data on established confounders (e.g. age and sex) and indicators of ethnicity, social distance, linguistic disadvantage and perceived discrimination as our predictor variables.RESULTS: Ethnic minorities face an increased psychosis risk. This appears to be the case for both first- and second- generation migrants and so-called ‘Western’ and non-Western migrants. Though confounders and social distance appear to contribute, linguistic disadvantage appears to play a role in the excess psychosis risk in first-generation migrants.CONCLUSION: Reducing the social consequences of linguistic disadvantage or social distance might be a starting point for concrete public health interventions aimed at preventing the increased psychosis risk faced by first-generation migrants.

Het Nationaal Programma Landelijk Gebied (NPLG) adresseert beleidsdoelen voor stikstof, klimaat, water en natuur, die integraal en gebiedsgericht zullen worden opgepakt en uitgewerkt. Daarbij is een overzicht gewenst van mogelijke maatregelen die op landbouwbedrijven genomen kunnen worden, tezamen met een beoordeling van effecten op de beoogde doelen en in hoeverre er bij afzonderlijke maatregelen sprake kan zijn van afwenteling naar andere thema’s of beleidsdoelen. Vanuit een dertigtal beschikbare onderzoeksrapporten zijn alle genoemde milieumaatregelen per bedrijfsonderdeel bij elkaar gezet voor akkerbouw- en melkveebedrijven. Vervolgens zijn voor groepen maatregelen de effecten op de milieudoelen beschreven en mogelijke interacties. Zowel voor akkerbouw- als melkveebedrijven komt een veelheid aan maatregelen naar voren, waaruit passende keuzes gemaakt kunnen worden, rekening houdend met verschillen in bedrijfsstructuur, fysieke omstandigheden en ligging ten opzichte van kwetsbare natuurgebieden.

Importance: Predictors consistently associated with psychosis liability and course of illness in schizophrenia (SCZ) spectrum disorders (SSD), including the need for clozapine treatment, are lacking. Longitudinally ascertained medication use may empower studies examining associations between polygenic risk scores (PRSs) and pharmacotherapy choices. Objective: To examine associations between PRS-SCZ loading and groups with different liabilities to SSD (individuals with SSD taking clozapine, individuals with SSD taking other antipsychotics, their parents and siblings, and unrelated healthy controls) and between PRS-SCZ and the likelihood of receiving a prescription of clozapine relative to other antipsychotics. Design, Setting, and Participants: This genetic association study was a multicenter, observational cohort study with 6 years of follow-up. Included were individuals diagnosed with SSD who were taking clozapine or other antipsychotics, their parents and siblings, and unrelated healthy controls. Data were collected from 2004 until 2021 and analyzed between October 2021 and September 2022. Exposures: Polygenic risk scores for SCZ. Main Outcomes and Measures: Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine possible differences between groups by computing risk ratios (RRs), ie, ratios of the probability of pertaining to a particular group divided by the probability of healthy control status. We also computed PRS-informed odd ratios (ORs) for clozapine use relative to other antipsychotics. Results: Polygenic risk scores for SCZ were generated for 2344 participants (mean [SD] age, 36.95 years [14.38]; 994 female individuals [42.4%]) who remained after quality control screening (557 individuals with SSD taking clozapine, 350 individuals with SSD taking other antipsychotics during the 6-year follow-up, 542 parents and 574 siblings of individuals with SSD, and 321 unrelated healthy controls). All RR

Robust deficits in cognitive functioning are present in people with psychosis and are evident in the early stages of the disorder. Impairments in verbal memory and verbal fluency are reliably seen in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR) compared to healthy populations. As previous studies have shown a relationship between cognition and longer-term outcomes in schizophrenia, the aim of this paper was to explore whether verbal memory and verbal fluency performance predicted outcomes in a large CHR sample recruited as part of the EU-GEI High Risk Study. Participants included 316 CHR individuals, 90.8% of whom were not currently on antipsychotic medication, and 60 healthy controls. Verbal memory and verbal fluency performance were measured at baseline. At two-year follow-up, CHR individuals were assessed by three different outcome measures, those who did and did not (1) transition to psychosis, (2) experience burdening impairment or disabilities, or (3) remit clinically from CHR status. Individuals with CHR displayed significant verbal memory and verbal fluency deficits at baseline compared to healthy controls (Hedges' g effect size = 0.24 to 0.66). There were no significant differences in cognitive performance of those who did and did not transition to psychosis. However, impaired immediate verbal recall predicted both functional disability and non-remission from the CHR state. Results remained significant when analyses were restricted to only include antipsychotic-free CHR participants. These findings may inform the development of early interventions designed to improve cognitive deficits in the early stages of psychosis.

INTRODUCTION: Diagnoses of anxiety and/or depression are common in subjects at Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis (UHR) and associated with extensive functional impairment. Less is known about the impact of affective comorbidities on the prospective course of attenuated psychotic symptoms (APS). METHOD: Latent class mixed modelling identified APS trajectories in 331 UHR subjects assessed at baseline, 6, 12, and 24 months follow-up. The prognostic value of past, baseline, and one-year DSM-IV depressive or anxiety disorders on trajectories was investigated using logistic regression, controlling for confounders. Cox proportional hazard analyses investigated associations with transition risk. RESULTS: 46.8% of participants fulfilled the criteria for a past depressive disorder, 33.2% at baseline, and 15.1% at one-year follow-up. Any past, baseline, or one-year anxiety disorder was diagnosed in 42.9%, 37.2%, and 27.0%, respectively. Participants were classified into one of three latent APS trajectory groups: (1) persistently low, (2) increasing, and (3) decreasing. Past depression was associated with a higher risk of belonging to the increasing trajectory group, compared to the persistently low (OR = 3.149, [95%CI: 1.298-7.642]) or decreasing group (OR = 3.137, [1.165-8.450]). In contrast, past (OR = .443, [.179-1.094]) or current (OR = .414, [.156-1.094]) anxiety disorders showed a trend-level association with a lower risk of belonging to the increasing group compared to the persistently low group. Past depression was significantly associated with a higher risk of transitioning to psychosis (HR = 2.123, [1.178-3.828]). CONCLUSION: A past depressive episode might be a particularly relevant risk factor for an unfavorable course of APS in UHR individuals. Early affective disturbances may be used to advance detection, prognostic, and clinical strategies.

Introduction: Antipsychotics (APs) can cause weight gain. Little is known about changes in weight when APs are combined with other psychotropics. This study examines the weight change in patients undergoing long-term treatment with APs or with AP combined with other psychotropics. Methods: Patients with non-affective psychotic disorder from the GROUP study were divided into three groups: AP medication group (APm) (n = 100), AP in combination with other psychotropics (APc) (n = 73), and medication-free (Meds-free) (n = 100). Weight change was examined at inclusion and after three years using a paired-sample t-test. An Independent-sample t-test was performed to evaluate weight change among patients taking clozapine, olanzapine, and quetiapine and individuals not taking these medications. Linear regression was performed to evaluate the association between covariates and weight. Results: Patients in the APm group [mean = 1.800 kg, t(99)=2.849, 95% CI(0.546, 3.054), p = 0.005] and the APc group [mean = 1.877 kg, t(72)=2.688, 95% CI(0.485, 3.268), p = 0.009] showed significant weight gain. Patients taking clozapine, olanzapine or quetiapine showed significant weight gain compared to those not taking these medications [mean difference=1.707 kg, t(271)= 2.061, 95% CI(0.077, 3.337), p = 0.040)]. Conclusion: Patients receiving APs and APs with other psychotropics gain weight during long-term treatment. It is possible that weight gain is mainly driven by APs.

Emotional complexity (EC) involves the ability to distinguish between distinct emotions (differentiation) and the experience of a large range of emotions (diversity). Lower EC has been related to psychopathology in cross-sectional studies. This study aimed to investigate (a) whether EC prospectively predicts psychopathology and (b) whether this effect is contingent on stressful life events. To further explore EC, we compared the effects of differentiation and diversity. Adolescents from the general population (N = 401) rated 8 negatively valenced emotions 10 times a day for 6 consecutive days. Further, they completed the Symptom Checklist-90 (baseline and 1-year follow-up) and a questionnaire on past year's life events at follow-up. Logistic regression analyses tested whether EC-reflected by emotion differentiation (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]) and diversity (diversity index [DI])-predicted prognosis (good: remitting or lacking symptoms vs. bad: worsening or persisting symptoms). EC predicted prognoses but only when based on the ICC (OREC.ICC = 1.42, p = .02). An ECICC 1 SD above average increased the probability of good prognosis from .67 to .74. This effect was not related to stressful life events (OREC x Life events = 1.03, p = .86) and disappeared when emotion intensity (mean level) was taken into account (OREC = 1.20, p = .20). Predicting future prognosis does not necessitate complex measures of emotional experience (ICC, DI) but rather might be achieved through simpler indices (mean). The discrepant effects of the ICC and DI on prognosis suggest that impaired emotion representation (ICC) plays a more important role in vulnerability to mental ill health than does low diversity of emotions (DI).

Every year, many farms stop farming. In 2016, Wageningen Environmental Research (former called Alterra) made an analysis for the province of Noord-Brabant of the art, size and solution directions of the current and future vacancy of agricultur al real estate in the province of Noord-Brabant (Alterra report 2713), based onthe data from 2012. A new analysis was made in 2019, based on the data from 2017. This 2022 report is an analysis based on data from 2020 and concerns an update of vacant agricultural buildings, the expected vacancy and its forecast for the year 2035., Jaarlijks stoppen veel agrarische bedrijven. In 2016 heeft Wageningen Environmental Research (toen Alterra geheten) voor de provincie Noord-Brabant een analyse gemaakt van de aard, omvang en oplossingsrichtingen van de huidige en toekomstige leegstand van agrarisch vastgoed in de provincie Noord-Brabant (Alterra-rapport 2713), gebaseerd op de gegevens van 2012. In 2019 is een nieuwe analyse gemaakt, op basis van de gegevens van 2017. Dit rapport van 2022 betreft een analyse op basis van gegevens van 2020 en gaat over een actualisatie van vrijgekomen agrarische bebouwing, de verwachte leegstand en de prognose daarvan naar het jaar 2035.

To compile the national emissions inventory, the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) has to have an accurate picture of the locations of all the livestock farms in the Netherlands. The GIAB-plus dataset (Geographical Information on Agricultural Businesses) was created for this purpose in 2009. In this dataset, animal numbers taken from the agricultural census are reallocated across the farm locations obtained from the animal registers and associated with the types of livestock housing recorded in the agricultural census. Since 2015 the livestock housing census have been made available as a supplement. These record for each location the average number of animals, divided into animal group, each agricultural business held and in which types of housing, per calendar year. Since emission year 2016 this additional information has been used as the basis for the GIAB dataset and the information from the agricultural census and animal registers is used as an aid to check these records and where necessary improve the data they contain. This report describes how the GIAB 2019 was compiled and what it can be used for. Besides localising emissions from livestock farming, the dataset can be used in regional studies of the agricultural structure and for research into the spread of animal diseases., Ten behoeve van de nationale emissieregistratie van het RIVM is het nodig om een goed beeld te hebben van de bedrijfslocaties van veehouderijbedrijven in Nederland. Vanaf 2009 is daarvoor het zogenaamde GIAB-plus-bestand gemaakt: Geografische Informatie Agrarische Bedrijven, waarbij de dieraantallen van de landbouwtelling zijn herverdeeld over veehouderijlocaties vanuit de dierregistraties en gekoppeld aan de staltypen die in de landbouwtelling bekend zijn. Vanaf 2015 is de opgave huisvesting als aanvulling beschikbaar gekomen, waarin bedrijven per locatie opgeven hoeveel dieren per diergroep gemiddeld over het kalender in een bepaald staltype gehuisvest zijn. Deze aanvullende informatie wordt vanaf emissiejaar 2016 gebruikt als basis voor het GIAB- bestand, waarbij de informatie vanuit landbouwtelling en dierregistraties gebruikt worden als hulpmiddel om deze opgave te checken en waar nodig te verbeteren. Dit rapport geeft aan hoe het GIAB2019 is samengesteld en wat de gebruiksmogelijkheden zijn. Behalve voor het lokaliseren van emissies uit de veehouderij is het bestand ook toepasbaar in regionale onderzoeken naar de landbouwstructuur en onderzoek naar verspreiding van dierziekten.

IMPORTANCE Although hypothesis-driven research has identified several factors associated with psychosis, this one-exposure-to-one-outcome approach fails to embrace the multiplicity of exposures. Systematic approaches, similar to agnostic genome-wide analyses, are needed to identify genuine signals.OBJECTIVE To systematically investigate nongenetic correlates of psychotic experiences through data-driven agnostic analyses and genetically informed approaches to evaluate associations.DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS This cohort study analyzed data from the UK Biobank Mental Health Survey from January 1 to June 1, 2021. An exposome-wide association study was performed in 2 equal-sized split discovery and replication data sets. Variables associated with psychotic experiences in the exposome-wide analysis were tested in a multivariable model. For the variables associated with psychotic experiences in the final multivariable model, the single-nucleotide variant-based heritability and genetic overlap with psychotic experiences using linkage disequilibrium score regression were estimated, and mendelian randomization (MR) approaches were applied to test potential causality. The significant associations observed in 1-sample MR analyses were further tested in multiple sensitivity tests, including collider-correction MR, 2-sample MR, and multivariable MR analyses.EXPOSURES After quality control based on a priori criteria, 247 environmental, lifestyle, behavioral, and economic variables.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Psychotic experiences.RESULTS The study included 155 247 participants (87 896 [57%) female; mean [SD] age, 55.94 [7.74] years). In the discovery data set, 162 variables (66%) were associated with psychotic experiences. Of these, 148 (91%) were replicated. The multivariable analysis identified 36 variables that were associated with psychotic experiences. Of these, 28 had significant genetic overlap with psychotic experiences. One-sample MR analyses revealed forward associatio

Op verzoek van Wakker Dier heeft Wageningen Environmental Research (WENR) opnieuw een overzicht gemaakt van de veehouderijstructuur in Nederland. Waar in voorgaande jaren regelmatig de focus lag op grootschalige veehouderijbedrijven, heeft WENR ervoor gekozen om de gehele sector in beeld te brengen, inclusief de kleinere locaties en bedrijven.