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In the recent article "The Cyclical Turning Points in an Open Economy: Canada, 1927-1939," published in September 1953 issue of the journal "American Economic Review," author Edward Marcus has argued that in both 1929 and 1937 the Canadian downturn preceded the downturn in Canada's two principal markets, Great Britain and the U.S. In both years he attributes this to: a deflationary influence arising out of two of Canada's important export industries, wheat and pulp and paper. The author argues that he cannot agree. In his view, the downturn in 1937 came later in Canada than in the United States and in 1929 there is no clear evidence of either a lead or a lag. Furthermore, he doesn't believe that either wheat or pulp and paper exerted an important deflationary influence prior to the U.S. downturn in these two years. As evidence of the early downturn in 1929 Marcus cites first the decline in bank debits in the second quarter of 1929 below their level in the same quarter of 1928. He fails to mention their substantial recovery later in the year. His statement that newsprint exports were below their level of the previous year is wrong. Canadian exports of newsprint exceeded their level for 1928 in every month in 1929 except February.

This article presents the author's views regarding the critique by professor Clarence L. Barber on his article "The Cyclical Turning Points in an Open Economy: Canada, 1927-1939." The author argues that much of the disagreement between him and Barber and arises from differing treatment of the basic statistics. Barber has worked from seasonally corrected data, whereas the author has preferred the original series. In addition, in some of his citations Barber seems to prefer annual averages, whereas the author has stressed the monthly details. Barber is also unconvinced that the declining prices in the pulp and paper industry could have been significant, particularly since the value of production and exports continued to increase. However, following the 1928 newsprint price war the Canadian index of the prices of securities of paper companies dropped from 160.0 to 97.1, while the entire index of Canadian stock prices rose from 177.0 to 227.3. The price drop put pressure on profit margins, and led to widespread bankruptcies in the industry after 1929.

The international trade for wide world countries in the means more growth, more jobs and access on more products at competitive prices. The European Union is a major economy and an important trading partner for many countries and regions in the world. To stimulate growth and to create jobs in the Union, this economy has concluded multilateral trade agreement (under the World Trade Organisation) and a number of bilateral (preferential) trade agreements. The aim of this paper is to present an example of fully elimination of tariffs and tariff lines under a bilateral trade agreement. In this case, we have analysed Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) negotiated by the European Union and Canada. For both sides of Atlantic, the CETA is supposed to bring the solution for today's issues concerning the important trading aspects and, also, to facilitate the EU-Canada bilateral trade by creating competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A dumping investigation involves comparing export prices with a “normal value” loosely defined as the price in the exporter's domestic market observed in the course of normal trade. However, domestic sales with prices below production costs are excluded from the computation of a normal value. The paper illustrates how price cycles affect the magnitude of estimated dumping margins. The empirical analysis focuses on Canadian hog exports to the United States and U.S. potato exports to Canada. The estimated period and amplitude of each price cycles result in average dumping margins for Canadian hogs and U.S. potato exports of 11.5% and 5.9%, respectively. Biases in dumping margins depend on the nature of the cycle, the period of investigation, and the average production cost estimate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The paper's aim is to analyze changes in the relative importance of Canada as a supplier for its home markets; and, the rising importance of China versus other Canadian trading partners. Design/methodology/approach The market overlap measure (MOM) statistic, developed by Sawchuk and Yerger is used to analyze the Canadian home market shares for Canada and every other nation with sales in the Canadian market for each of 61 different NAIC sectors (56 at the four-digit NAIC level and five at the three-digit NAIC level). Findings The USA remains the most important foreign supplier to Canadian markets with a weighted average 23.6 percent market share as of 2003 (Canadian-based production having a 63.0 percent market share), US market share, however, has been declining by nearly a percentage point per year since 2000. Approximately, half of the lost US' market share has been captured by Canadian-based firms and approximateIy a quarter has been captured by Chinese production. China's growth in Canadian market share places it second behind only the USA in terms of Canadian-based farms' home market competitive exposure. Research limitations/implications - The work does not include an analysis of service sector trade flows due to inadequate data. Practical implications The MOM statistic is shown to be a useful diagnostic tool for analyzing the level of, trends in, and industries driving the competitive exposure a nation's firms have on sales in a specified market. Originality/value The MOM statistic is shown to yield better insights regarding the actual degree of competitive exposure than does the more commonly used similarity indices such as Finger-Kreinen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the lagged adjustment of Canadian exports to prices and foreign activity during the period 1973 to 1978. Recent events, particularly the transition to generally floating exchange rates, which permits greater variations in domestic economic conditions between countries, have focused considerable attention on the dynamic process of trade adjustment. Empirically various aspects of the overall adjustment process have been examined for several countries by different researchers. The paper reports on an econometric investigation of the dynamic adjustment process for aggregate Canadian exports using monthly data from 1973 to 1978. In the first section researchers discuss the adjustment process and formulate a model of that process. Second ant third sections present the empirical results. As is true of much of the previous work on trade flows, the model presented in the paper is not entirely compatible with a world of perfect competition. Rather it is assumed that for most traded goods, sale prices are determined by the seller on the basis of his domestic production and distribution costs. The model of the adjustment process can be explained by tracing the sequence of events following a change in domestic costs and hence export contract prices.

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The export process has many distinctly geographical elements, including place-based impediments to trade and eventual market selections. Tied to this, exporting and its myriad geographies are complicated for small-and-medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which can impact performance on global markets. This research note examines the case of SMEs within Atlantic Canada's growing ocean technology industry, a sector that is heavily dependent on export sales. These initial explorations present a number of noteworthy export-related geographies. Firms tended to export to nearby markets, whether in terms of geographical, cultural, or administrative distance. These exporters also cited a number of issues that impeded their moves into international markets, including the costs of being export-ready as well as adapting their products or services to global markets. The same firms, however, viewed trade fair participation as a means to overcoming export barriers and as a way to explore new markets. These initial explorations add to the literature on trade-related geographies and point to directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article we try to assess the impact of exchange rate uncertainty on trade flows between the United States and Canada. However, unlike previous research on the two countries, we use disaggregated trade data for 152 industries. By using the bounds testing cointegration approach, which distinguishes short-run effects from long-run effects, we find that in the short run, trade flows of almost two-thirds of the industries are affected by exchange rate uncertainty. However, in the long-run, less than one-third of the trade flows are affected. Almost all industries that are affected by exchange rate uncertainty are found to be small, except for road motor vehicles - which makes up 20 per cent of both imports and exports. Exports and imports of this largest industry are adversely affected by exchange rate uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Canada was a committed member of the western alliance and publically supported Washington, DC's efforts to isolate communist China, Ottawa embarked on large-scale wheat sales to Beijing in the late 1950s in the face of sustained US opposition. Drawing on a broad range of archival records, this paper explores the three main factors that encouraged the Canadian government in this course: growing doubts about the wisdom of isolating communist China; mounting anger at Washington, DC'S use of subsidized wheat sales to capture traditional Canadian markets; and a surging sense of Canadian nationalism that sought a distinct role for Canada on the world stage. Clearly, as was so often the case in postwar Canadian foreign economic policy, a narrowly defined national interest easily trumped the ideological pressures of western solidarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers an overview of the development of Canadian ports, with a particular focus on the impact of the container trade. The goal is to highlight the international context within which Canadian port development occurs and identify the attributes for port success in our dynamic global trade environment. The article begins with a discussion of the growth and extent of the container industry and the impact on trade corridors, as considered from the perspective of ports and intermodal systems. Opportunities for Canadian ports to serve the growing North American container trade are outlined, and the paper concludes with an overview of the key elements crucial for the success of Canadian ports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Empirical evidence linking exports to economic growth has been mixed and inconclusive. This study re-examines the export-led growth (ELG) hypothesis for Canada by testing for Granger causality from exports to national output growth using vector error correction models (VECM) and the augmented vector autoregressive (VAR) methodology developed in Toda and Yamamoto (1995). Application of recent developments in time series modelling and the inclusion of relevant variables omitted in previous studies help to clarify the contradictory results from prior studies on the Canadian economy. The empirical results suggest that a long-run steady state exists among the model's six variables and that Granger causal flow is unidirectional from real exports to real GDP. JEL Classification: F43, C32 Est-ce que l’hypothèse de la croissance engendrée par les exportations est valide pour le Canada? Les résultats empiriques des études tentant de montrer le lien entre les exportations et la croissance économique sont mixtes et ne contiennent pas de résultats concluants. Cet article ré-examine l’hypothèse dans le cas du Canada en testant la causalitéà la Granger pour les exportations et la croissance du produit national, en utilisant les modèles VECM et la méthodologie VAR développés par Toda et Yamamoto (1995). L’application de certains développements récents dans l’analyse des séries chronologiques et l’inclusion de variables pertinentes omises dans les études antérieures aident à mettre de l’ordre dans les résultats contradictoires des études antérieures portant sur l’économie canadienne. Les résultats empiriques suggèrent qu’un régime permanent existe entre les six variables du modèle et que la causalitéà la Granger est unidirectionnelle des exportations réelles vers... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extent to which Canadian manufacturing exports are sensitive to national differences in patent rights are examined. The conclusion is that, overall, Canadians tend to export more to those countries where their patent rights are highly safeguarded. Stronger patent protection induces Canadians to export relatively more to high-income countries than to low-income countries. In addition, the effect of stronger patent rights is to increase exports to those countries that pose a strong threat of imitation and to reduce exports to those countries that pose the weakest threat of imitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the allocative and dynamic efficiency of the Canadian softwood lumber industry by testing for the existence of price-cost margins and decomposing rates of total factor productivity (TFP) growth. A dynamic model of multiple output production and investment is developed in which output is sold domestically and exported. Price-cost margins are parameterized and estimated. The empirical results show that prices are equated to short-run marginal costs in domestic and export markets. TFP growth is decomposed into four elements; technological change, returns to sale, price-cost margins and capital adjustment. The empirical results show that, for the Canadian softwood lumber industry, TFP growth averaged 3% per year, and the major contributing element was the rate of technological change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates the export-led growth hypothesis for Canada by constructing a vector autoregression (VAR) in order to test for causality between several variables. Co-integration of real Canadian exports, real Canadian terms of trade and real Canadian gross domestic product (GDP); Changes in GDP as preceding changes in exports.

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent years, there has been considerable discussion in Canada concerning the consequences of the substantial ownership of some segments of Canadian industry by residents of the U.S. This article deals with only a limited area of this topic by presenting some new data on the exports of such companies and by testing a few hypotheses concerning the results. The data in this article are from a questionnaire, based on some preliminary interviews and covering several topics, which was mailed late in 1960 to about 1,500 Canadian firms or enterprises owned by non-residents in the manufacturing, mining, and petroleum industries. The findings of this study generally are within a given context of industrial structure, tariff and exchange rate policies, and other variables. Consideration of the effects of changes in these is beyond the scope of the article, but perhaps enough has been said to indicate some areas worth exploring for those interested in the exports of subsidiary companies and the broader question of the efficiency of Canadian industry.

Copyright of Problems of Economy is the property of Research Centre for Industrial Developmen Problems of Nas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We investigate the impact of the Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement (CCFTA) on Canadian exports to Chile, particularly the dynamic effects of the agreement on extensive and intensive margins of trade. Consistent with the literature, we find that the extensive margin effects occurred later than the intensive margin effects and became more prominent in the long-term. Surprisingly, the intensive margin effects died off in the long-term. A theoretical model is constructed to show that our results can arise in a standard setting of intra-industry trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study assesses the influence of entrepreneurial experience, business experience, size, and engagement in research and technology as predictors of export activity for women business owners in Atlantic Canada. Exporters are an economic driver of the Canadian economy and exporting can be an important strategic means of developing markets beyond Canada's relatively small domestic market. The findings of this study confirmed that experience and research engagement were statistically significant discriminators between exporting and non-exporting firms. In contrast, engagement in technology adoption, technology investment, and using technology to improve efficiency and productivity were not significant predicting factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]