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Background Drug-induced liver injury is the third major liver disease, following viral hepatitis and fatty liver disease. Timely diagnosis and effective treatment are crucial in halting disease progression and improving cure rates. Kuhuang preparation has been widely used in treating acute and chronic hepatitis stemming from various causes, particularly in patients manifesting jaundice, demonstrating clear clinical efficacy and safety. Nonetheless, there remains a dearth of evidence-based medical data concerning the efficacy and safety of hepatoprotective measures in patients with acute drug-induced liver injury. Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Kuhuang injection sequential Kuhuang granules in the treatment of drug-induced liver injury. Methods Using a randomized, positive-controlled, non-inferiority trial design, 93 patients diagnosed with acute drug-induced liver injury at Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, between November 2021 and September 2023 were selected. These patients were allocated through single-center randomization, with 49 cases assigned to the experimental group and 44 cases to the control group. After receiving conventional hepatoprotective therapy for 4 weeks, the experimental group and the control group were treated with Kuhuang injection/ adenosylmethionine butanedisulfonate for injection for 2 weeks, followed by Kuhuang granules/enteric-coated tablets of adenosylmethionine butanedisulfonate for another 2 weeks. The efficacy rates of jaundice regression, as well as changes in key liver function parameters [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), total bilirubin (TBIL), total bile acid (TBA) ] at baseline, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks of treatment, along with their normalization rates, were compared between the two groups. Results A total of 4 patients fell off during treatment, including 3 patients in the experimental group and 1 patient in the control group. Following 2 and 4 weeks of treatment, there was no significant difference observed in the efficient rate of jaundice regression between the two groups (P>0.05). Similarly, no significant differences were detected in the levels of ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, TBIL, and TBA between the two groups at the 2-week and 4-week marks of treatment (P>0.05). Additionally, there were no notable variations in the recurrence rates of ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, TBIL, and TBA between the two groups following 2 and 4 weeks of treatment (P>0.05) . Conclusion Kuhuang Injection Sequential Kuhuang Granules has definite efficacy and good safety in the treatment of drug-induced liver injury, and is not inferior to adenosylmethionine butyldisulfonate for injection sequential enteric-coated tablets of adenosylmethionine butanedisulfonate.

Graphitic carbon nitride(g-C3N4) loaded by metal atom has been applied as an effective single atom catalyst. In the work, the complexation behaviors of g-C3N4(CN) with metal ions have been examined by relativistic density functional theory. The formed ［M(CN)］z+(M=Sc, Y, La, Ac and U; z=2 and 3) have been explored for their structures, metal-ligand interactions and redox properties. It is found that the metal ion has been rendered by six M-N dative bonds, each of which has the bonding strength ranging from -0.79 to -0.47 eV. Regarding Sc complexes, one-electron reduction mainly occurs around the metal center, while La and U complexes have metal-modified ligand reduction mechanism; both metal and ligand in Y complex are approximately equally reduced; in contrast, the ligand of Ac complex gets the reducing electron, and the metal is redox-innocent. This agrees with the fact that there are no experimental reports on Ac(Ⅱ) complexes. Electronic-structure analyses indicate that ［U(CN)］3+ bears three high-lying single U(5f) occupied orbitals, suggesting the trivalent uranium center. However, despite having four single U(5f) occupied orbitals, ［U(CN)］2+ still possesses considerable ligand contribution, leading to the uranium oxidation state mediating between Ⅱ and Ⅲ.

In view of the defects of high energy consumption and pollution in the traditional optical fiber preform manufacturing process, this paper proposes a green and environmentally friendly cladding manufacturing process with quartz sand as raw material. Through the selection and analysis of quartz sand raw materials, it is shown that natural quartz sand is suitable for the manufacture of optical fiber preforms. Through the research on the key control points of the natural quartz sand preform making process, the quartz sand is filled into the prefabricated assembly consisting of a core rod and a thin-walled quartz tube. A large-size G.652.D optical fiber preform with an average outer diameter of 155 mm is then successfully prepared by high-temperature melting and shrinking. After fiber drawing and testing, the optical parameters can meet the low water peak optical fiber standard. There is no exhaust gas emission in the process raw material of quartz sand can be completely converted, which is more low-carbon and environmentally friendly than traditional optical fiber preform manufacturing process.

The integration of industry and education serves as a potent mechanism to enhance the educational quality of higher vocational colleges and universities while simultaneously fostering the innovative vitality of enterprises. This study delineates a framework for internationalized industry-education integration in vocational education, grounded in the tripartite relationship among government, enterprises, and educational institutions. Building on this framework, the research initially constructs a performance evaluation index system for internationalized industry-education integration, which encompasses three dimensions: the input, process, and outcomes of industry-education integration. Subsequently, the weights of these indices are determined through hierarchical analysis, and the integration performance of four sample institutions is assessed using fuzzy analysis. The findings reveal that all sampled institutions surpass a ‘good’ performance level, with Institution X1 achieving the highest comprehensive evaluation score of 86.3593. Further, the study conducts an empirical analysis comparing the implementation effects of two models of industry-education integration: the ‘group-run school’ model and the ‘industrial park’ model. The study indicates that the ‘industrial park’ model is marginally superior by 0.13 points in its evaluation compared to the ‘group-run school’ model; however, this difference is statistically insignificant (P>0.05), suggesting that both models exhibit distinct characteristics yet achieve comparable outcomes in integrating industry and education. The research offers actionable insights and practical guidance to advance the development of internationalized industry-education integration within vocational education contexts.

This paper studies the use of artificial intelligence technology in the field of education and the way of empowering vocational education and constructs a wisdom teaching model of vocational education based on artificial intelligence. It also applies entropy weight and a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model to determine evaluation indexes and weights, constructs a fuzzy relationship matrix, and synthesizes a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model. Based on the model, the teaching effect of vocational education with artificial intelligence is studied, and the advantages of wisdom teaching in the creation of a learning environment and the triggering of students’ interest in learning, creative thinking and problem-solving ability are analyzed by comparing with traditional teaching methods. The results show that there is a significant difference between the effect of AI teaching and traditional teaching, p

Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an important migratory agricultural pest worldwide, which has invaded many countries in the Old World since 2016 and now poses a serious threat to world food security. The present monitoring and early warning strategies for the fall army worm (FAW) mainly focus on adult population density, but lack an information technology platform for precisely forecasting the reproductive dynamics of the adults. In this study, to identify the developmental status of the adults, we first utilized female ovarian images to extract and screen five features combined with the support vector machine (SVM) classifier and employed male testes images to obtain the testis circular features. Then, we established models for the relationship between oviposition dynamics and the developmental time of adult reproductive organs using laboratory tests. The results show that the accuracy of female ovary development stage determination reached 91%. The mean standard error (MSE) between the actual and predicted values of the ovarian developmental time was 0.2431, and the mean error rate between the actual and predicted values of the daily oviposition quantity was 12.38%. The error rate for the recognition of testis diameter was 3.25%, and the predicted and actual values of the testis developmental time in males had an MSE of 0.7734. A WeChat applet for identifying the reproductive developmental state and predicting reproduction of S. frugiperda was developed by integrating the above research results, and it is now available for use by anyone involved in plant protection. This study developed an automated method for accurately forecasting the reproductive dynamics of S. frugiperda populations, which can be helpful for the construction of a population monitoring and early warning system for use by both professional experts and local people at the county level.

Inchworm piezoelectric actuators have attracted much attention in the field of precision positioning due to the advantages of a large stroke, high output force, and high resolution. However, traditional inchworm piezoelectric actuators use two sets of clamps and a set of drive structures to achieve stepping motion, which generally requires at least three piezoelectric stacks, resulting in a complex structure and the control system. Several methodologies have been advanced to minimize the utilization of piezoelectric stacks. However, there still exists the issue of excessive volume. Therefore, an inchworm piezoelectric actuator with a single-clamp and single drive structure is proposed in the study, which provides a compact size and smaller volume. The clamping mechanism comprises two sets of clamping feet with opposite displacement, which alternate contact with the guide frame and adjustable plate to ensure that the clamping mechanism always has frictional force and accomplishes the stepping motion. The testing of the actuator's step distance, output force, and other parameters was conducted utilizing a displacement sensor. Experimental results indicate that the actuator achieved a maximum speed of 174.3 μm/s and an output force of 8.6 N when the frequency and voltage were 19 Hz and 150 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathological scars (PS), including hypertrophic scars (HTS) and keloids, are a common complication of poor wound healing that significantly affects patients' quality of life. Currently, there are several treatment options for PS, including surgery, drug therapy, radiation therapy, and biological therapy. However, these treatments still face major challenges such as low efficacy, high side effects, and a high risk of recurrence. Therefore, the search for safer and more effective treatments is particularly urgent. New materials often have less immune rejection, good histocompatibility, and can reduce secondary damage during treatment. New technology can also reduce the side effects of traditional treatments and the recurrence rate after treatment. Furthermore, derivative products of new materials and biomaterials can improve the therapeutic effect of new technologies on PS. Therefore, new technologies and innovative materials are considered better options for enhancing PS. This review concentrates on the use of two emerging technologies, microneedle (MN) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), and two novel materials, photosensitizers and exosomes (Exos), in the treatment of PS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute injury in the setting of liver fibrosis is an interesting and still unsettled issue. Most recently, several prominent studies have indicated the favourable effects of liver fibrosis against acute insults. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms governing this hepatoprotection remain obscure. In the present study, we hypothesized that macrophages and their M1/M2 activation critically involve in the hepatoprotection conferred by liver fibrosis. Our findings demonstrated that liver fibrosis manifested a beneficial role for host survival and apoptosis resistance. Hepatoprotection in the fibrotic liver was tightly related to innate immune tolerance. Macrophages undertook crucial but divergent roles in homeostasis and fibrosis: depleting macrophages in control mice protected from acute insult; conversely, depleting macrophages in fibrotic liver weakened the hepatoprotection and gave rise to exacerbated liver injury upon insult. The contradictory effects of macrophages can be ascribed, to a great extent, to the heterogeneity in macrophage activation. Macrophages in fibrotic mice exhibited M2-preponderant activation, which was not the case in acutely injured liver. Adoptive transfer of M2-like macrophages conferred control mice conspicuous protection against insult. In vitro, M2-polarized macrophages protected hepatocytes against apoptosis. Together, M2-like macrophages in fibrotic liver exert the protective effects against lethal insults through conferring apoptosis resistance to hepatocytes.

Abstract Although hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest health burdens worldwide, few drugs are available for its clinical treatment. However, in recent years, major breakthroughs have been made in the development of new drugs due to intensive fundamental research and numerous clinical trials in HCC. Traditional systemic therapy schemes and emerging immunotherapy strategies have both advanced. Between 2017 and 2020, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a variety of drugs for the treatment of HCC, including multikinase inhibitors (regorafenib, lenvatinib, cabozantinib, and ramucirumab), immune checkpoint inhibitors (nivolumab and pembrolizumab), and bevacizumab combined with atezolizumab. Currently, there are more than 1000 ongoing clinical trials involving HCC, which represents a vibrant atmosphere in the HCC drug research and development field. Additionally, traditional Chinese medicine approaches are being gradually optimized. This review summarizes FDA-approved agents for HCC, elucidates promising agents evaluated in clinical phase I/II/III trials and identifies emerging targets for HCC treatment. In addition, we introduce the development of HCC drugs in China. Finally, we discuss potential problems in HCC drug therapy and possible future solutions and indicate future directions for the development of drugs for HCC treatment.

ATP-binding cassette transporter C2 (ABCC2) is known to be a receptor for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins in several lepidopteran insects. Mutations in the ABCC2 gene have been genetically linked to field-evolved resistance to the Cry1F toxin from Bt in Spodoptera frugiperda. Here we generated a SfABCC2 knockout strain of S. frugiperda using the CRISPR/Cas9 system to provide further functional evidence of the role of this gene in susceptibility and resistance to Cry1F. Results from bioassays showed that the SfABCC2 knockout S. frugiperda strain displayed 118-fold resistance to Cry1F compared with the parental DH19 strain, but no resistance to Vip3A toxin from Bt. These results provide the first reverse genetic evidence for SfABCC2 as a functional receptor for Cry1F.

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda is one of the most damaging crop pests, and it has become major threat to the food security of many countries. In order to monitor possible invasion of this pest into China, a searchlight trap was established in March 2018 in western Yunnan Province, China, where it has served as the “first station” for many pests that have migrated from Myanmar to China. A number of suspected FAW moths were captured and identified by DNA sequencing. The results showed that the FAW moth was first captured on December 11 and formed its first immigration peak in mid-December 2018. DNA detection revealed that the early invading FAW population was the “corn-strain”. The field survey indicated that the pest mainly colonized corn in Pu'er, Dehong and Baoshan areas. Migration trajectory simulation implied that the moths might have mainly come from the eastern area in the mid-latitude region of Myanmar (20–25°N, 94–100°E). This case study confirmed the first immigration of FAW into China, and will be helpful for guiding monitoring and management work to control this pest.

Light traps are widely utilized to monitor and manage insect pest populations. In late 2018, the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, invaded China through Yunnan Province representing a huge threat to grain production. To estimate the efficiency of light traps on FAW moths, we first identified the opsin genes from FAW by using the transcriptome. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the four opsins of FAW were clustered with those of other Noctuidae species. The expressed levels of opsins in S. frugiperda were lower than in Helicoverpa armigera, suggesting a different phototactic response between the two species. Then, we determined the phototactic behavior of FAW using H. armigera as a control, which is widely monitored and managed using light traps in China. Our results indicated that the two moths species showed significantly different phototactic behavior and both female and male FAW displayed faster flight-to-light speed than H. armigera. This may be due to a faster flight capacity in FAW compared to H. armigera. However, the capture rate of both female and male of S. frugiperda was significantly lower than that of H. armigera, which was consistent with the expression levels of opsins. These results support the positive phototaxis of S. frugiperda moths and suggest light traps could be used for monitoring and managing the pests, but with a lower efficiency than H. armigera.

In December 11, 2018, the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda invaded China and has since impacted local maize, sorghum and other crops. Here, we draw on laboratory experiments to show how different host crops (i.e., maize, sorghum, wheat and rice) and artificial diet affect larval growth and adult reproduction of one local FAW strain. Larval diet affected development duration, pupation rate, survival and emergence rate of pupae, and S. frugiperda adult fecundity. FAW attained the slowest larval development (19.4 days) on sorghum and the fastest (14.1 days) on artificial diet, with larvae attaining 99.6% survival on the latter food item. On rice, FAW larvae attained survival rate of 0.4% and were unable to pupate successfully. Pupation rate and pupal survival varied substantially between artificial diet and live plantlets at different phenological stages. Pupal weight was the highest (0.26 g) on artificial diet and the lowest (0.14 g) on sorghum, while FAW females reached the highest fecundity (699.7 eggs/female) on 2-leaf stage maize. Egg hatching rate equaled 93.6% on 4- or 5-leaf stage maize and 36.6% on artificial diet. FAW intrinsic rate of natural increase and the finite rate of increase varied between larval diets, reflecting how young maize leaves are the most suitable diet. Our findings can help to refine laboratory rearing protocols, devise population forecasting models or guide the deployment of ‘area-wide’ integrated pest management (IPM) modules in FAW-invaded areas of China and other Asian countries.

In late 2018, the fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) made its arrival in China and its populations have since proliferated across most of eastern Asia. While S. frugiperda exhibits a considerable dispersal capacity and engages in long-distance migration, there's only scant information on the species' flight capability. Here, we empirically assessed S. frugiperda flight activity under varying climatic conditions using a flight mill. More specifically, under laboratory conditions, FAW exhibited superior flight performance at 20–25°C and 60–90% relative humidity (RH). When quantifying flight performance over five consecutive nights (i.e., 10 h/night), all flight parameters initially increased and then gradually dropped and FAW adults attained a total flight distance, duration and velocity equal to 63.73 km (48.42–94.12 km) (median, quartile range), 24.12 h (20.87–27.73 h) and 2.73 km h−1 (2.13–3.33 km h−1), respectively. Our work constitutes a first comprehensive assessment of S. frugiperda flight performance and provides baseline information for future efforts to forecast spatiotemporal changes in its geographical distribution, movement patterns and invasion trajectories. Such can ultimately permit a timely and targeted deployment of area-wide pest management measures against this newly-invasive pest in China and across eastern Asia.

Floral resources, such as carbohydrate-rich nectar or pollen, can bolster fitness and raise reproductive output of adult lepidopterans. Here, we used laboratory experiments to assess how those plant-derived foods impact adult fecundity, reproductive physiology and flight performance of an invasive strain of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (FAW; Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in China. More specifically, supplementary feeding on bee pollen and honey enhanced FAW flight duration, testis size, ovarian development, longevity and adult fecundity. FAW adults attained the longest pre-oviposition (10.8 days) and oviposition period (6.8 days) and longevity (19.2 days) on 5% acacia honey. Upon access to 2.5% acacia honey and 2.5‰ pine pollen, S. frugiperda attained the highest mating rate (79.7%), fecundity (644.9 eggs/female) and egg hatching rate (82.3%). Feeding on honey further delayed decay of male testes, while ovarian development was enhanced when female moths were allowed access to 2.5% honey and 2.5‰ pine pollen. Upon feeding on 5% honey solution, S. frugiperda engaged in flight over the longest duration (9.5 h), distance (29.9 km) and speed (3.1 km h−1). Honey had a comparatively greater effect on the above parameters than pollen. Our findings help decipher FAW invasion patterns and population dynamics, facilitate the development of nutritional attractants, and contribute to integrated pest management of this newly-invasive pest in eastern Asia.

The fall armyworm (FAW, Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), invaded China in mid-December 2018; since then, it has become a great threat to Chinese agricultural production. Qinling Mountains–Huaihe River region (QM–HRR) is the transitional zone between northern and southern China, an important region for both corn and wheat production. Based on the actual occurrence of QM–HRR invaded by FAW in 2019, daily mean surface air temperature and nocturnal wind conditions at 925 hPa were examined, and migratory routes of FAW moths originated in QM–HRR were modeled by a forward-trajectory-analysis approach. The results indicated that migratory activities of FAW adults emerged in QM–HRR were initiated from late June. The moths from western QM–HRR, where has complex topographic terrain, mainly flied to Ningxia and Inner Mongolia before mid September. However, FAW moths from the eastern QM–HRR primarily engaged in high-altitude northward transport assisted by the prevailing southerly winds before mid August, and the North China Plain was identified as the main destination of FAW. Meanwhile, the migration trajectories of FAW moths had a possibility to reach the Northeast China Plain. From mid August, FAW moths in eastern QM–HRR largely migrated southward and returned to the Yangtze River Valley. This study provides detailed information on the occurrence and migration routes of FAW moths from QM–HRR and will be helpful for early warning and development of integrated pest management strategies for the control of this exotic insect pest.

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), has invaded many countries in Africa and Asia since 2016, posing a major threat to world food security. Long-distance migration and strong reproductive ability form the biological basis of its rapid population expansion, but the relationship between the flight and reproduction of FAW has not been studied in depth. Here, an empirical assessment of this relationship in an invasive FAW population in China found that 1–3-day-old adults which had undergone 10-h tethered flights had a significantly shorter pre-oviposition period and greater oviposition synchronization, but did not show any differences in fecundity, oviposition period, mating percentage or other reproductive variables. Further studies on moths after 1.25–15-h tethered flights indicated that the reproductive process of adults could be fully triggered by flight activity longer than 2.5 h. Dissection of the reproductive organs also showed that tethered flight promoted ovarian and testicular development of FAW. These results show that appropriate moth flight activity significantly speeds up the reproductive process of FAW, which increases our knowledge on its migratory biology in relation to regional outbreaks.

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a newly invasive, widespread agricultural pest in China. Understanding the suitability of the main field crops in Chinese agricultural system as host for this polyphagous herbivore is especially important for making control strategy. Here, after FAWs were fed three important oil-bearing crops (oilseed rape, soybean and sunflower) planted in China and resultant population parameters were compared using the age-stage, two-sex life table method, survival of larvae on soybean was significantly lower than that on oilseed rape and sunflower. Developmental duration of larvae on soybean was also the longest (23.3 days). The highest pupation rate was recorded on sunflower. The highest pupal mass (0.19 g) was attained on oilseed rape, significantly higher than on the other host plants; the lowest mass was on soybean (0.15 g). On soybean, oilseed rape and sunflower, respectively, the average generation period was 42.21, 39.10 and 40.44 d; the intrinsic rate of increase (r) was 0.0844, 0.1041 and 0.1134; the finite rate of increase (λ) was 1.0881, 1.1098 and 1.1202. While the most suitable host plant overall was sunflower, S. frugiperda completed development and increased its population on all three host plants. Thus, soybean, oilseed rape and sunflower were all suitable for FAW, and population monitoring and management of FAW in these crops should be increased.