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Processes of coalescence and fragmentation are used to understand the time-evolution of the mass distribution of various systems and may result in a steady state or in stable deterministic or stochastic cycles. Motivated by applications in insurgency warfare we investigate coalescence-fragmentation systems. We begin with a simple model of size-biased coalescence accompanied by shattering into monomers. Depending on the parameters this model has an approximately power-law-distributed steady state or stochastic cycles of alternating gelation and shattering. We conduct stochastic simulations of this model and its generalizations to include different kernel types, accretion and erosion, and various distributions of non-shattering fragmentation. Our central aim is to explore the robustness of the steady state and gel-shatter cycles to these variations. We show that an approximate power-law steady state persists with the addition of accretion and erosion, and with partial rather than total shattering. However, broader distributions of fragment sizes typically vitiate both the power law steady state and gel-shatter cyclicity. This work clarifies features shown in coalescence/fragmentation model simulations and elucidates the relationship between the microscopic dynamics and observed phenomena in this widely applicable interdisciplinary model type., Comment: 29 pages, 13 Figures

We describe a new phenomenon in models of coalescence and fragmentation, that of gel-shatter cycles. These are dynamical, unforced, stochastic cycles in which slow, approximately deterministic coalescence up to and beyond gelation is followed by abrupt random shattering. We describe their appearance in simulations of stochastic models with multiplicative kernels for coalescence and spontaneous fragmentation into monomers (`shattering'). The regime in which such cycles occur is characterized by a cyclicity order parameter, and we provide a simple scaling argument which describes both this regime and those which border it., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

It has been claimed and disputed that World War II has been followed by a `long peace', an unprecedented decline of war. We conduct a full changepoint analysis of well-documented, publicly-available battle deaths datasets, using new techniques that enable the robust detection of changes in the statistical properties of such heavy-tailed data. We first test and calibrate these techniques. We then demonstrate the existence of changes, independent of data presentation, at around 1910 and 1950 CE, bracketing the World Wars, and around the 1830s and 1994 CE. Our analysis provides a methodology for future investigations and an empirical basis for political and historical discussions., Comment: 24 pages, 11 figures

We present a nested algebraic Bethe ansatz for a one dimensional open spin chain whose boundary quantum spaces are irreducible $\mathfrak{so}_{2n}$- or $\mathfrak{sp}_{2n}$-representations and the monodromy matrix satisfies the defining relations of the Olshanskii twisted Yangian $Y^\pm(\mathfrak{gl}_{2n})$. We use a generalization of the Bethe ansatz introduced by De Vega and Karowski which allows us to relate the spectral problem of a $\mathfrak{so}_{2n}$- or $\mathfrak{sp}_{2n}$-symmetric open spin chain to that of a $\mathfrak{gl}_{n}$-symmetric periodic spin chain. We explicitly derive the structure of the Bethe vectors and the nested Bethe equations., Comment: 36 pages; v.2: minor corrections, a trace formula for the Bethe vectors added

We present a general method of folding an integrable spin chain, defined on a line, to obtain an integrable open spin chain, defined on a half-line. We illustrate our method through two fundamental models with sl(2) Lie algebra symmetry: the Heisenberg XXX and the Inozemtsev hyperbolic spin chains. We obtain new long-range boundary Hamiltonians and demonstrate that they exhibit Yangian symmetries, thus ensuring integrability of the models we obtain. The method presented provides a "bottom-up" approach for constructing integrable boundaries and can be applied to any spin chain model., Comment: 9 pages, 1 figure; v.2 references added. Accepted to Phys. Lett. A

We describe two exotic systems of classical mechanics: the McIntosh-Cisneros-Zwanziger ('MICZ') Kepler system, of motion of a charged particle in the presence of a modified dyon; and Gibbons and Manton's description of the slow motion of well-separated solitonic ('BPS') monopoles using Taub NUT space. Each system is characterized by the conservation of a Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector, and we use elementary vector techniques to show that each obeys a subtly different variation on Kepler's three laws for the Newton/Coulomb two-body problem, including a new modified Kepler third law for BPS monopoles., Comment: 15 pages

We show that, in the open Hubbard model with integrable boundary conditions, the bulk Yangian symmetry is broken to a twisted Yangian. We prove that the associated charges commute with the Hamiltonian and the reflection matrix, and that they form a coideal subalgebra., Comment: 13 pages. Minor revisions and additional references

A trip through some of the standard examples of dimensional analysis and scaling, with further thoughts on yacht prices, growing up, mice, bears and marsupials., Comment: 9 pages; to appear in 'Mathematics Today'

We consider integrable field theories with achiral boundary conditions and uncover the underlying achiral twisted Yangian algebra. This construction arises from old work on the bosonic principal chiral model on a half-line, but finds a modern realization as the hidden symmetry in the planar limit of the scattering of worldsheet excitations of the AdS/CFT light-cone superstring off a D5-brane., Comment: 21 pages, 6 figures; v2: typos corrected, refs added; v3: minor corrections made, published version

We present the `Heisenberg picture' of the reflection algebra by explicitly constructing the boundary Yangian symmetry of an AdS/CFT superstring which ends on a boundary with non-trivial degrees of freedom and which preserves the full bulk Lie symmetry algebra. We also consider the spectrum of bulk and boundary states and some automorphisms of the underlying algebras., Comment: 31 page, 8 figures. Updated version

We explore the house price distributions for the English cities of London, Manchester, Bristol, Newcastle, Birmingham and Leeds. We find Pareto (power law) behaviour in their upper tails, which is clearly distinct from lognormal and gamma distributions in the cases of London, Manchester and Newcastle. For London, the city with the lowest power, this is a striking match with that found in the wealth distribution of the super-rich. We propose an index of Housing Wealth Inequality based on the Pareto exponent and analogous to the Gini coefficient, and comment on its possible uses., Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables

We study the remnants of Yangian symmetry of AdS/CFT magnons reflecting from boundaries with no degrees of freedom. We present the generalized twisted boundary Yangian of open strings ending on boundaries which preserve only a subalgebra h of the bulk algebra g, where (g,h) is a symmetric pair. This is realized by open strings ending on the D3 brane known as the Y=0 maximal giant graviton in AdS_5 x S^5. We also consider the Yangian symmetry of the boundary which preserves an su(1|2) subalgebra only., Comment: 17 pages, v2: minor correction made, accepted for publication in JHEP

We investigate the reflection of two-particle bound states of a free open string in the light-cone AdS_5 x S^5 string sigma model, for large angular momentum J=J_56 and ending on a D7 brane which wraps the entire AdS_5 and a maximal S^3 of S^5. We use the superspace formalism to analyse fundamental and two-particle bound states in the cases of supersymmetry-preserving and broken-supersymmetry boundaries. We find the boundary S-matrices corresponding to bound states both in the bulk and on the boundary., Comment: 35 pages, v2: few typos and ref corrected, accepted for publication in JHEP

We consider the sine-Gordon and affine Toda field theories on the half-line with classically integrable boundary conditions, and show that in the quantum theory a remnant survives of the bulk quantized affine algebra symmetry generated by non-local charges. The paper also develops a general framework for obtaining solutions of the reflection equation by solving an intertwining property for representations of certain coideal subalgebras of quantized affine algebras., Comment: AMSLatex, 20 pages. Typos corrected and reference added. To appear in Commun. Math. Phys

An informal introduction to our recent work on the principal chiral model with boundary. We found that both classically integrable boundary conditions and quantum boundary S-matrices were classified by the symmetric spaces G/H. The connection is explained by the presence of a twisted Yangian algebra of non-local charges., Comment: Updated v2 based on talk at 'IFTs, Solitons and Duality', Sao Paulo 2002; v1 appeared in Proc. QGIS Prague 2001

A Yang-Baxter relation-based formalism for generalized quantum affine algebras with the structure of an infinite Hopf family of (super-) algebras is proposed. The structure of the infinite Hopf family is given explicitly on the level of $L$ matrices. The relation with the Drinfeld current realization is established in the case of $4\times4$ $R$-matrices by studying the analogue of the Ding-Frenkel theorem. By use of the concept of algebra ``comorphisms'' (which generalize the notion of algebra comodules for standard Hopf algebras), a possible way of constructing infinitely many commuting operators out of the generalized $RLL$ algebras is given. Finally some examples of the generalized $RLL$ algebras are briefly discussed., Comment: LaTeX, 16 pages

Using Hirota's method, solitons are constructed for affine Toda field theories based on the simply-laced affine algebras. By considering automorphisms of the simply-laced Dynkin diagrams, solutions to the remaining algebras, twisted as well as untwisted, are deduced., Comment: 21 pages