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This reflective paper shares the experiences of a higher education professional living and working abroad and the long-term impacts of those experiences on their self-authorship journey through reflection ten years later. The story of this reflection focuses on how cultural differences and community ties helped to facilitate growth and self-confidence through navigating the challenges and complexities of living abroad in a culture with differing conventions. The paper concludes by sharing how reflecting on self-authorship during and after international experiences can help develop personal identities both as an individual and within a collective.

International students leave their countries to pursue their educational goals in a different country and must adapt to succeed. However, they may face challenges when adapting to and learning a new culture. This study investigates the challenges common to international students in their host countries and summarizes the publishing trends. A literature search of peer-reviewed articles published in Scopus, Taylor & Francis, EBSCO Host, Web of Science, Springer, PubMed, and Wiley Online over 21 years (2002-2022) was done for data collection. After the screening, a total of 175 articles were included in this review and analyzed with content analysis. The findings show that the top four destinations for international students (USA, UK, Australia, and Canada) produced the most articles about international students' challenges. Additionally, most papers investigated more than one challenge, and sociocultural (82.9%) and academic challenges (82.3%) were the most researched, with language issues as the primary cause. The results also show no changes or improvement in the challenges of international students in 21 years, and areas such as psychological and economic challenges need more research. These challenges and other trends found in the articles are discussed and directions for future research are suggested.

In a national survey, 82% of U.S. neuropsychologists who offered services to Hispanics self-reported inadequate preparation to work with this population (Echemendia, Harris, Congett, Diaz, & Puente, 1997). The purpose of this paper is to improve the quality and accessibility of neuropsychological services for Hispanic people living in the United States by giving guidance for service delivery, training, and organizational policy. General guidance towards this end comes from professional ethics for psychologists and interpreters/translators, federal civil rights law, the International Test Commission, and the Office of Minority Health of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, among others. This guidance is specifically applied here to cover professional cultural and linguistic competence of neuropsychologists, psychometrists, interpreters, translators, and consultants; languages of evaluation; use of interpreters; evaluation of acculturation; test translation, adaptation, and interpretation; application of test norms; intervention issues; reimbursement; and organizational issues. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Throughout history the United States has been constantly confronted with the responsibility of integrating diverse groups of people into its society. This paper uses current and historical ideas about the complex nature of indigenous groups, globalization, and education as vehicles for promoting the adoption of cosmopolitanism, a paradigm that values inclusion, tolerance, and respect for the other. Cosmopolitanism is discussed as a plausible alternative to historical assimilationist/nativist practices. The paper uses the Otavalos, an indigenous population in Ecuador, as an instructive example of a community that successfully applies a cosmopolitan approach to its indigenous identity and immigration behaviors to integrate itself into a modern global society.

This review aims to address the major sources of stress experienced by international students, the role of individual differences, the chronology of their stress levels and wellbeing over time, and gaps in the existing literature. Two electronic databases (PubMed and Psych Info) were searched for English peer-reviewed articles using eight search terms. Thirty-eight studies were included in this paper and divided into themes and sub-themes including sources of stress, individual differences and mental health including stress, depression and wellbeing. The findings highlight major stressors and show mixed results in some areas due to the lack of homogenous samples based on country of origin or ethnicity and sometimes context differences concerning the country or university social dynamics. Limitations were identified in the methodology, and several recommendations for future research are included.

This paper examines the experiences of Chinese international students from East Coast University (a pseudonym) in the United States through their participation in a Chinese ethnic-based Christian church (CCC). Employing ethnographic-based fieldwork, the study highlights how Chinese international students see their experiences in CCC as a source of acculturation to U.S. society. However, the students evidence little understanding of the reality that they are in fact being acculturated to a subculture within U.S. society that at times embraces values contradictory to those of progressive-oriented East Coast University.

Early assimilation theorists predicted the eventual loss of ethnic distinctiveness for immigrants in the United States. In this paper, the author not only questions the possibilities that Latino and Latina Americans have for losing their ethnic distinctiveness, but also proposes that these possibilities vary widely within the Hispanic population. The central question posed in this paper is: In addition to traditional predictors of assimilation, do experiences of discrimination also affect ethnic identification patterns for Hispanics? Based on the analysis of two data sets, the 1989 Latino National Political Survey and the 2002 National Survey of Latinos, the author provides evidence that Latino/a Americans who have experienced discrimination are less likely to self-identify as "Americans," and more likely to self-identify with pan-ethnic or hyphenated American labels. The author contends that this is because experiences of discrimination teach some Latinos and Latinas that other citizens of the United States do not view them as "unhyphenated Americans." The author further proposes that, through a process of racialized assimilation, these Latin American immigrants and their children are becoming Latino and Latina Americans. (Contains 7 tables and 4 notes.)

This paper examines how two sites of adult learning in the food movement create educational alternatives to the dominant U.S. food system. It further examines how these pedagogies challenge racialised, classed and gendered ideologies and practices in their aims, curricular content, and publically documented educational processes. The first case is Growing Power, an urban farm which embraces small scale capitalism and vocational education as an end toward community food security, social and ecological justice, and anti-racist education. The second case, Tsyunhehkw[superscript caret], is the "integrated community food system" of the Oneida Nation in rural Wisconsin, centred on cultural decolonisation through the growing and eating of traditional Oneida foods. In both these projects, there are strong possibilities to teach a critical, social justice alternative to white, middle class norms and practices of food production and consumption.

The study reviews the research from 1969 to 2005 describing pre-service candidates' transition from student teacher to professional educator during their socialisation into school culture. Despite the educational reforms in Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia over the last three decades, this review argues that new teachers experience many of the same initial concerns that have been documented about beginning teachers for over 35 years. The paper also examines the core themes that emerged in each of the respective periods identified in the review, including: teachers' perceptions of self (1969 to mid 1980s); professional sustainability (mid 1980s to late 1990s); and emerging identity during the process of their socialisation into school culture (2000 to 2005). Based on this examination, the paper suggests that the tension between new teacher identity formation and socialisation into school culture can be reconciled by a post-industrial perspective of how individuals formulate concepts of self.

Given the receptivity of American colleges to international students, administrators and professors must recognize the diversity such registrants bring to campus in the form of achievement, age, gender, language, and national differences. The purpose of this study was to compare learning style preferences of international first year college students and to analyze the effects of accommodating learning-style preferences of first year international college students on achievement and anxiety levels over one semester. This paper focused on the identification of learning style profiles of first time visiting Japanese, Korean, and Chinese college student populations. It also assessed the anxiety and acculturation levels of these international students when they were first introduced to the American educational system which incorporated teacher facilitation and promoted student directed studies. Finally, student learning styles were assessed after a six-week summer session to see if learning styles remained the same after students were introduced to the American educational system. After the six-week summer session and two semesters, a focus group meeting with a sample population of students and a separate focus group meeting with instructors were held to confirm quantitative findings.

The purpose of this paper was to review extant literature on multicultural education in the context of teaching physical education. More specifically, the article was designed to review the literature on physical education teachers' knowledge and skills related to teaching culturally diverse students. The findings revealed teachers' knowledge and skills in multicultural education to embrace cultural competency, cultural sensitivity, culturally responsive pedagogy, and racial identity, and indicated multicultural education coursework and field experiences in teacher education programs to be important avenues for the development of positive attitudes toward cultural diversity. Other findings from this review point to limited previous research studies that focused on multiculturalism in physical education, and further that physical education teachers have varying degrees of knowledge and understanding of multicultural education. The outcomes of these studies underscore the important role physical education teacher education has in preparing pre-service teachers for diversity in schools. (Contains 1 table and 1 figure.)

Cultural characteristics impact on parents' attitudes and perceptions toward children with disabilities. Therefore the unique family background could create a challenge for service providers. Professional who works with children with disabilities need information from families in order to provide effective intervention (Parette, Summer 2004). The purpose of this paper is to review the perception and challenges Chinese-American families of children with disabilities encounter. Specific emphasis was placed on the influence of acculturation of Chinese-American and the intervention of professionals in educational decision making process.

For a century Catholic schools have formed the basis for a strong system of acculturation into Catholic identity and values. Catholic schools provided a low-cost basic education and served as a common school for all social classes of Catholics. This system has weakened considerably in the last decades. Between 1970 and 2000 there was a net loss of 3,595 Catholic schools in the United States, a 29.9% decline. In addition, the nature of these schools seems to be changing as the percentage of total Catholic school enrollment made up by non-Catholics has increased ten-fold in 30 years. Many Catholic Schools seem to have pursued increased academic excellence at the expense of religious acculturation. This paper examines diocesan data to determine the extent to which Catholics still consider Catholic elementary schools to be important. Findings include survey data on school importance from 55,000 diocesan Catholics. In addition, parishioner survey results are presented from two suburban parishes, each of which is considering establishing a parochial elementary school. If new elementary schools are going to be established, a way must be found for Catholics to arrive at a consensus on this issue. (Contains 8 tables and 6 notes.) [Reprinted with permission from the "Review of Religious Research," v47 n2 p175-189 Dec 2005.]

Today, language-minority students comprise one of the fastest-growing segments of the total student population in America, a culturally and linguistically diverse group. A large number of bilingual students fall into the at-risk category because their cultural and linguistic backgrounds put them at a disadvantage in the American educational system and place them in a position in which school, second-language learning, academic achievement, and cross-cultural adjustment could be difficult. In this article, the author discusses the findings of a research involving at-risk students with those who are dealing with these kinds of students on a daily basis to help them understand why at-risk students are not learning at greater speeds. The author further provides that knowing the characteristics of at-risk students can help teachers identify the factors in their academic success or lack of success.

This paper considers how multilingualism is approached in both Japan and the United States by considering the position and roles of the government, schools, and public. There exists the perception in countries where monolingualism is considered the norm that bilingualism, and certainly multilingualism, are problematic. Multilingualism in a monolingual country is frequently seen as a threat to the established monolingual and monocultural way of life. While Japan and the United States are typical of monolinguistically-dominated societies, and some similar attitudes prevail in both countries, their approaches to dealing with multilingualism are vastly different. In Japan and the United States, there are prevailing attitudes that for speakers of the dominant languages--Japanese and English respectively--there is no need to learn another language, and that all others living in the countries should learn to speak the primary language. Yet both countries are far more linguistically diverse than the typical lay person or government official in either country realizes. This is a more recent phenomenon in Japan, but in America, significant multilingualism goes back to the founding of the first colonies. Multilingualism has been unavoidable in a country comprised of immigrants from across the world. It is concluded that in both countries multilingualism is not a threat, but that narrow-mindedness and the failure to look beyond ones own borders are far greater problems. (Contains 17 references.) (KFT)

In this article, the author offers his responses to the commentaries made by Arlie Woodrum (2009), Susan Faircloth (2009), David Greenwood (2009), and Ursula Kelly (2009) on his book "Learning to Leave," as well as his article, "Rural Schooling in Mobile Modernity: Returning to the Places I've Been." Each of the commentators speaks to questions of educational equity. While the large conversation around equity has been in motion for some decades now, the author asserts that there is considerable evidence that schools continue to reinforce and contribute to multiple forms of social inequity much as they always have. The author concludes by suggesting that one might take heed of Ulrich Beck and Arjun Appadurai's sense of the cosmopolitan in rural education. By cosmopolitanism means that while one lives physically in some place, it is still possible to achieve many forms of connection to other places and spaces in addition to (rather than instead of) more strictly local connections.

In "The English Only Restaurant," Martinez Palau presents a number of Latino characters who, seduced by the economic promises of assimilation, attempt to suppress their linguistic and cultural identities in order to run a business the "American way." As befits a sociopolitical satire, the play on the one hand consciously ridicules the characters and their actions for the subservient conformity they represent, and on the other hand balances this critical vision with an implicit appeal to a more liberal norm by which these characters and behaviors can be judged: the United States has always been a multilingual society, and minority languages should have a rightful place alongside the language of the dominant majority group. Along with asserting this multilingual norm and establishing it as a frame, Martinez Palau addresses the social, economical, and political implications of minority language restrictions. The socioeconomic and political assumptions of his treatment of the language issue reveal a sociolinguistic "orientation," a "complex of dispositions toward language and its role, and toward languages and their role in society". This language-as-problem orientation organizes the message of the play and is the subject of this essay. (Contains 8 notes.)

Updating the 1920s notion of Anthropophagy developed to symbolize through cannibalistic ritual the process of cultural assimilation that influences art, this article examines issues of naming, describing, and representing contemporary Brazilian art. In the first part of the article, the work of four contemporary Brazilian artists recently exhibited in the United States frames criticism to the common practice of labeling contemporary artworks according to national identity. In the article's second section, Brazil's multifaceted cultural and artistic context will be used to outline implications for art education and institutional practices more attuned to the transnational dimensions of art. In conclusion, hybridity becomes a twofold framework. It describes, as Anthropophagy did before, cultural layering, negotiations, and disputes. It also articulates a political position more fitting to capture and interpret the art produced in our global age, not only in Brazil. (Contains 4 figures.)

In this paper, the author argues that current notions of citizenship do not fully reflect the reality of increasing transnational migration and diversity within the United States. Under the rhetoric of national unity and security, transnational migrants are often treated as foreigners, outsiders, or even in some cases positioned on the opposite side of "good" and "desirable" citizens of the U.S. society. Due to governmental and civic attempts to build a unified national identity, transnational migrant students' issues of belonging have become ever more problematic. The author suggests the necessity of reexamining current notions of citizenship to reflect the diversity of transnational migrants in the United States and their social, economical, and cultural contexts of identity formation. The importance of discussing the notions of citizenship in relation to identity politics and its implications for and applications to education of transnational adolescent immigrants are discussed.

Historically, the American system of higher education has been a patchwork of denominational colleges (along with public institutions), however, the more recent histories of several institutions of higher education seem to have a common theme: the jettisoning of a distinctive identity grounded in a particular worldview in order to create an institution with a smorgasbord of options. A homogeneity of neutrality--or professed neutrality--pervades American education. Education schools and departments, in particular, suffer from external pressures to conform, because of the frequency and strength of outside review. They need to dance to the tune of the state and the professional accrediting agencies, from NCATE (National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education) to the advisory groups in specific academic disciplines. Anyone who has worked in the education department of a college or university is aware of the centralizing and neutralizing effect of state mandates, accrediting agencies, textbook publishers, and foundations and other funding institutions. These external pressures, and the internalization of them, frequently marginalize individuals with convictions or interests that lie outside the mainstream. The author, whose personal background and professional interest are in faith-based schools, illustrates these points with some stories from his own experience, and argues that while it is important that everyone has an "intellectual home" that is safe, it is also true that we live in a pluralistic, profoundly interconnected world, and must learn to deal with differences. (Contains 1 footnote.)

After surveying the ways in which translation is currently used in teaching Italian in British and U.S. universities, an approach is suggested that focuses on using translation activities that are authentic and allow students to develop not only their linguistic and metalinguistic skills but also their sociocultural competence. (CFM)

Many believe religion has no place in modern medical and professional fields. Nevertheless, recent studies show that religion remains integral to many people's lives and professional practices, such as physicians. This study addresses the significance that American Muslim physicians (AMPs) attribute to their religious values in shaping their identity; and examines how the values held by self-identified Muslim physicians affect their medical practice, specialization, public roles, and civic engagement. This paper also discusses how complex lives may not be adequately addressed by theories of value derived from modernization theory and more normatively conceived Muslim ethical principles. Individual interviews were conducted with 62 AMPs. Grounded thematic analysis guided the processing of qualitative interview data. The results suggest that many of the AMPs' religious values converge with shared cultural and professional values in the United States and elsewhere. The authors suggest that focusing on how AMPs articulate their values will lead to more humane professional, community, and healthcare settings. Regardless of the religious beliefs of professional providers, they should not ignore the impact of religion on their medical practice, especially since religion is still a vital part of many patients' lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this review of literature study is to examine the acculturation process of halal food to the American food culture. Further, is to determine the effects the acculturation of halal food on the consumer and food economy in the U.S. and globally. Irrespective of where a Muslim resides or travels to, consuming halal food is an obligatory religious dietary requirement for all Muslims worldwide. According to recent census estimates, there are nearly 3.3 million Muslims living in the U.S. This number represents nearly 1% of the total U.S. population. By 2050, this number will more than double. The U.S. is considered a melting pot of a mélange of many ethnic groups and is one of the most culturally and ethnically diverse countries in the world. Through both Muslims immigration to the U.S. and trade globalization, halal food was introduced to the American food culture. Migrant Muslims have not brought only their Islamic religious traditions to the U.S., but also their traditional halal food preparation, including butchering of animals for consumption, their distinct cooking styles, and other Islamic dietary practices. This paper offers an analysis of the process of acculturation and the transition of halal food products to both the Muslim and non- Muslim American consumers. This paper further examines the impact of the burgeoning halal food economy on the U.S. food industry and its share of the growing global halal food economy. There is a need for further research to study the long-term socioeconomic and environmental sustainability impact on the growing the global Muslim populations living in low-income counties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnography as a field of qualitative inquiry unearths varied understandings of communication phenomena. Narrative ethnography is an epistemology, a way of knowing, and a tool with a range of forms and styles for discovering meaning, and communicating it through stories (Goodall, 2008). This paper reveals the cultural dissonance of an immigrant residing in the United States, expressing the dissonance in narratives. It contextualizes the narratives within benchmarks of the native culture and in studies done on ethnicity, race, coping and acculturation. It identifies the barriers to the immigrant's assimilation after 30 years of living in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homicide-suicide is when a perpetrator kills an individual(s) and then subsequently dies by suicide. In the United States, homicide-suicide accounts for approximately 1,000-1,500 deaths per year, primarily in the context of spousal relationships. Intimate partner homicide-suicides occur as the result of an actual or impending relationship breakdown, bringing emotional strain to surviving individuals and their communities. This paper uses the theoretical framework of male sexual property to examine how traditional gender roles and marital practices are conducive to Hmong homicide-suicide. The increased frequency of Hmong homicide-suicide have challenged the Hmong's acculturation in understanding and addressing gender-based violence. The paper discusses two case examples of Hmong intimate partner homicide-suicide (IPHS) to highlight the marital practices and gender role expectations among the Hmong culture. While Hmong have made considerable progress both collectively and individually, gender-based violence connects to and is addressed based on traditional collectivist values and beliefs. The discussion focuses on addressing homicide-suicide facilitators as they relate to the integration and advancement of Hmong in western society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to test the hypotheses that (1) similar to other positive pre- and post-natal outcomes, Mexican immigrant mothers are more likely to breastfeed, and to breastfeed longer, than white or Mexican-American mothers; and (2) acculturation accounts for the ethnic/nativity differential in breastfeeding initiation and duration. The results support both hypotheses. Mexican immigrants to the U.S. are much more likely than whites to breastfeed, and to breastfeed longer. Mexican-American mothers, after controlling for background characteristics, have similar initiation and duration to whites. Using expanded acculturation measures developed for this paper, acculturation accounts for some of the difference between whites and Mexican immigrants in breastfeeding initiation, and much of the difference for breastfeeding duration. The results suggest that low levels of acculturation operate to protect Mexican immigrants from choosing to formula-feed, which gives their babies many health advantages, and may be associated with better health outcomes across the life course. The results also suggest that successive generations of Mexican immigrants may abandon breastfeeding, which is deleterious for their infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether immigrants in the USA receive an earnings premium associated with marrying a native. Design/methodology/approach – The raw premium revealed by the 2000 US Census data is suspect due to possible endogeneity and selection bias. Instrumental variables estimation, a sample selection model, and a counterfactual construction method are used to address these issues. Findings – Results suggest a positive and modest intermarriage premium, although the magnitude varies with the estimation technique. The evidence is particularly strong for immigrants with high English proficiency, college graduates, and immigrants older than 12 upon arrival in the USA. Originality/value – It is shown that the size of intermarriage premiums varies significantly across different immigrant groups. The empirical results provide insights into the economic assimilation process and mechanisms through which intermarriage influences the labor market outcomes of immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper provides a rationale for, and overview of, procedures used to develop the National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS). The NLAAS is nationally representative community household survey that estimates the prevalence of mental disorders and rates of mental health service utilization by Latinos and Asian Americans in the US. The central aims of the NLAAS are to: 1) describe the lifetime and 12-month prevalence of psychiatric disorders and the rates of mental health services use for Latino and Asian American populations using nationwide representative samples of Latinos and Asian Americans, 2) assess the associations among social position, environmental context, and psychosocial factors with the prevalence of psychiatric disorders and utilization rates of mental health services, and 3) compare the life-time and 12-month prevalence of psychiatric disorders, and utilization of mental health services of Latinos and Asian Americans with national representative samples of non-Latino whites (from the National Comorbidity Study-Replication) (NCS-R) and African Americans (from the National Survey of American Life) (NSAL). This paper presents new concepts and methods utilized in the development of the NLAAS to capture and investigate ethnic, cultural and environmental considerations that are often ignored in mental health research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 19. and early 20. centuries several million emigrants from German speaking countries entered the United States of America. How migrants coped with sickness, how they preserved their health and to which ressources and institutions of help they had access is yet an academic void. Using Ego-documents--letters, autobiographic texts and diaries--of near-illiterate men this paper will analyse 'healthy lifestyles' and practices of coping with sickness and contrast them with recent research findings in the field of 'mens' health'. Thereby the recent concept of ,male health-idiots' will be challenged in historical perspective.

INTRODUCTION Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among Chinese immigrants in the US. Smoking cessation and lung cancer screening are effective ways to decrease lung cancer mortality. This study aims to investigate Chinese immigrants' perceptions of lung cancer screening and to explore the factors/barriers associated with their smoking behavior/cessation. METHODS A systematic review design with narrative methods was used. Electronic literature databases, including PubMed, CINAHL and Google Scholar were searched. RESULTS A total of 11 articles met the search criteria. Methodological rigor of the studies was evaluated by Bowling's checklist and Critical Appraisal Skills Program checklist. Data search revealed that a limited amount of research has been done on Chinese immigrants' perceptions of lung cancer screening. Factors influencing their smoking behavior included personal characteristics, psychological status, acculturation, and cues from external environment. Barriers to their smoking cessation behavior included language barriers, individual's unwillingness to use smoking cessation assistance methods, healthcare environment's insufficiency to counter pro-smoking norms, lack of social support, and wrong personal beliefs. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study could help healthcare providers to design culturally tailored lung cancer screening programs and smoking cessation projects to decrease morbidity and mortality rates of lung cancer among Chinese immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports findings from an ongoing ethnographic investigation into patterns of conflict and social control involving a number of immigrants in northern New Jersey. It is an effort to advance the understanding of more general issues like the relationship between social control and culture and the effect of that relationship on communities. The paper reports findings from an ethnographic investigation into how immigrants to the contemporary United States manage grievances against people culturally different from themselves, including individuals from the majority population, other immigrants and members of American-born minority groups. Two principal patterns emerge, first that a high degree of harmony can and does exist between immigrants and other people, but that it is a harmony based largely on mutual avoidance and self-segregation rather than intercultural solidarity and support, and second, that immigrants react differently to offenders from the majority population than to those who, like themselves, come from culturally unconventional backgrounds. The reasons for these patterns are explored, and implications for the moral order of diverse communities are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have become increasingly interested in the health patterns of immigrants with longer residence in the United States, as this reveals the health consequences of integration processes. The negative acculturation effect has been the dominant interpretation of duration patterns, despite empirical and theoretical uncertainties about this assumption. This theory assumes that immigrant health declines with longer residence in the United States because of poorer health behaviors and health risks that reflect Americanized lifestyles. This paper reviews the empirical support for the negative acculturation theory among Asian immigrants to determine if and when it is an appropriate interpretation for duration patterns. I conclude that empirical inconsistencies and methodological issues limit the negative acculturation theory as the primary interpretation for duration patterns. First, there is no consistent evidence that health behaviors decline with time. There is also substantial group heterogeneity in duration patterns as well as heterogeneity across health outcomes. The literature has not adequately addressed methodological shortcomings, such as confounding by cohort effects or non-linear duration patterns. Length of residence in the United States is still an important aspect of Asian immigrant health, but the mechanisms of this relationship are still understudied. I propose alternative frameworks between duration and health that consider environmental influences and end with future research directions to explore research gaps.

Ethnic identity and acculturation is a multidisciplinary research field. It is not easy for researchers to gain a panoramic view of the knowledge structure in this field. The bibliometric of knowledge mapping provides researchers with a scientific quantitative research method of statistics, description, and prediction of academic status and development trends. The purpose of this study is to help researchers understand the critical knowledge, evolution trend, and research frontier of the current research. Using bibliometrics software Citespace and Bicomb, this study analyzed 1557 bibliographic data in the Web of Science database and found that: 1)the research field development has gone through three stages, and we knew some representative critical scholars and key literature; 2) The literature knowledge mapping co-citation and the co-occurrence of keywords showed the research hot spots; 3) The results of burst detection and central node analysis reveal the research frontier and development trend. The globalization of the world economy has led to the rapid expansion of research objects from immigrants in the United States to the whole world. Meanwhile, there are still many disputes about theoretical models, constructs, and structural dimensions in the research field, which are the directions that future researchers need to study further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research on the economic assimilation of recent U.S.-born children of immigrants who form the new second generation has disproportionately focused on their educational attainment and other early-life outcomes. In this study, we examine the earnings trajectories of second-generation men through a large part of their adult lives using a unique dataset that links respondents from more than two decades of the Current Population Survey to their longitudinal tax records. This longitudinal information allows us to compare the progress second-generation men of different race and ethnicity make in narrowing the earnings gaps with later generations. We consider the extent to which differences in educational attainment and in early occupational placement affect the earnings trajectories of second-generation men. New second-generation men as a whole experience considerable earnings mobility during their lifetimes. However, we also find large differences by race and ethnicity that cannot be fully explained by educational attainment. Second-generation Hispanic men in particular begin their careers with an earnings deficit relative to later-generation White men and fall further behind. Thus, the stalling or reversal in Hispanic economic assimilation appears to begin during the course of the second generation rather than in later generations as previously thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, rapid growth of the U.S. Hispanic population has raised concerns about immigrant adaptation, including fertility. Empirical research suggests that Hispanics, especially Mexicans, might not be following the historical European pattern of rapid intergenerational fertility decline (and convergence toward native levels). If confirmed, continued high Hispanic fertility could indicate a broader lack of assimilation into mainstream American society. In this paper, we reexamine the issue of Hispanic and Mexican fertility using an approach that combines biological and immigrant generations to more closely approximate a comparison of immigrant women with those of their daughters' and granddaughters' generation. Contrary to cross-sectional results, our new analyses show that Hispanic and Mexican fertility is converging with that of whites, and that it is similarly responsive to period conditions and to women's level of education. In addition, we employ a mathematical simulation to illustrate the conditions under which cross-sectional analyses can produce misleading results. Finally, we discuss the import of the fertility convergence we document for debates about immigrant assimilation.

This paper examines the extent of spatial assimilation among immigrants of different racial and ethnic origins. We use restricted data from the 1990 and 2000 censuses to calculate the levels of dissimilarity by race and Hispanic origin, nativity, and year of entry, and then run multivariate models to examine these relationships. The findings provide broad support for spatial assimilation theory. Foreign-born Hispanics, Asians, and blacks are more segregated from native-born non-Hispanic whites than are the U.S.-born of these groups. The patterns for Hispanics and Asians can be explained by the average characteristics of the foreign-born that are generally associated with higher levels of segregation, such as lower levels of income, English language ability, and home ownership. We also find that immigrants who have been in the United States for longer periods are generally less segregated than new arrivals, and once again, much of this difference can be attributed to the characteristics of immigrants. However, patterns also vary across groups. Levels of segregation are much higher for black immigrants than for Asian, Hispanic, and white immigrants. In addition, because black immigrants are, on average, of higher socioeconomic status than native-born blacks, such characteristics do not help explain their very high levels of segregation.

This paper describes the experiences of twenty-four Bosnian refugees resettled in the US and explores how achieving integration relates to the US policy contexts and programs. Juxtaposing refugee perspectives and policies, "lived experience" was compared with policies on paper. Central themes included participants' language and employment struggles, social support networks that included Americans, congregational sponsorship, and participants' faith in their belief that they could fully belong in American society. Implications included a reevaluation of American resettlement policy regarding language and employment, formal support for sponsorship, and an inclusion of refugee voices in planning and implementing resettlement programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to report research which explores the effects of a hybrid cultural identity on the fashion clothing behavior of Hispanic - particularly, later aged - teenage girls. The study examines differences in need for uniqueness and family referent influence among Hispanic and non-Hispanic teenagers. In addition, the relevant impact of acculturation processes is examined. Design/methodology/approach - A survey of 76 Hispanic and 52 non-Hispanic later aged teenagers was administered in March 2006 to a sample of girls at a Catholic (all girls) high school in a large, ethnically diverse US metropolitan area (New York) with a high Hispanic population. Findings - The empirical results show a significantly higher need for uniqueness for Hispanic teenagers. Furthermore, Hispanic teenagers exhibited a lower family influence than non-Hispanics. Finally, high-acculturated Hispanics exhibited a relatively lower family referent influence than low- acculturated Hispanics. Research limitations/implications - Future cross-cultural studies should examine the robustness of this finding among various other Hispanic and ethnic (i.e. Chinese-American) markets in the USA and other nations. Practical implications - The advanced model and empirical findings hold important managerial implications for marketers that target teenagers. The higher need for uniqueness observed for Hispanic teenage girls could lead to successful advertising appeals to non-conformity and independence from both family and non-Hispanic peers. Originality/value - The higher need for uniqueness exhibited by the Hispanic teenagers is a novel and counter-intuitive finding that holds important theoretical and practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents some statistical data on the Hispanic population in the United States and its growth, caused by a sustained immigrant influx. The paper develops the following points: 1) the importance and relevance of the Hispanic population in the United States; 2) the role of Mexican and Central American migration as the main sources of manual labor for the American economy; 3) the importance of migrants in the regional and national development in the countries of origin; 4) the situation and perspectives of the second generation; 5) the long-term integration of the Latin American immigrant population in the United States. The supporting arguments of recent essays criticizing the presence of the Hispanic population in the United States are examined as being a threat to English dominance and a factor for cultural disintegration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The spatial assimilation and ethnic resources models, two major theoretical explanations of the adaptation of immigrants, provide different views on the mechanism of spatial mobility of immigrants. We used the 1990 census 5 percent Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) to analyze the migration of foreign-born Chinese in three large metropolises--New York, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. We tested the two explanations in this study and argue that our results largely support the assimilation model. In addition, we contend that macroeconomic conditions of ethnic enclaves and characteristics of ethnic economies are also important in affecting the geographic redistribution of immigrants." This paper was originally presented at the 1996 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America., (excerpt)

The objective of this paper is to determine whether community SES and community acculturation have an effect on substance exposure rates among pregnant Latinas. Methods. The hypotheses in this paper are tested with logistic regression analyses based on a file which merges individual-level data from the 1992 Perinatal Substance Exposure Study in California with 1990 census data. Results. Our findings indicate that community SES did not have a linear effect on substance prevalence rates for Latinas, except for a category of overall drug exposure. Higher levels of community acculturation had a direct relationship with prevalence rates for tobacco, marijuana, amphetamines, and any drug. Community acculturation also had a direct relationship with alcohol prevalence for English speakers, but an inverse relationship with Spanish speakers. Conclusions. Our results suggest that community acculturation is an important component of substance use studies of Latinas, above and beyond individual-level measures of acculturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Is the contemporary second generation on the road to the upward mobility and assimilation that in retrospect characterized the second generation of earlier immigrations? Or are the American economic context and the racial origins of today's immigration likely to result in a much less favorable future for the contemporary second generation? While several recent papers have argued for the latter position, we suspect they are too pessimistic. We briefly review the second generation upward mobility in the past and then turn to the crucial comparisons between past and present.", (excerpt)