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2. The Perception of Math and Math Education in the Rural Midwest. Working Paper No. 37
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Ohio Univ., Athens. Appalachian Collaborative Center for Learning, Assessment, and Instruction in Mathematics., Lucas, David M., and Fugitt, Jamie
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Using the qualitative research method known as folknography, the authors led a research team to the heart of Illinois farm country to ask the question "What are the perceptions of the people of the Midwest concerning math and math education?" A review of the literature includes Canadian and Australian references on the topic, as well as information from the United States, and the targeted geography and population is described. Research followed the pattern of a similar study conducted in Appalachia in 2004. A preliminary survey was planned to gather benchmarking statistical data and to open respondents up to the possibilities of a folknographic interview. Folknographers entered the field in May 2006 to perform focused and intensive field research. Findings include: (1) belief that young people can not perform simple math; (2) perception that too much technology has a significant and negative impact on developing minds of students; (3) connection between acquiring math knowledge and achieving a dynamic career; (4) recollections of tyrannical or cruel math teachers; (5) desire for a school or school system that makes learning math an exciting and motivating experience. Folknographic narratives are included to illustrate each finding. Bibliography is included. Four appendixes conclude the document: (1) Perceptions of Math in the Mid-West Interview Questions: Adults (18-55); (2) Perceptions of Math in the Mid-West Interview Questions: Seniors (55-Over); (3) Perceptions of Math in the Mid-West Interview Questions: Youth (Ages 10-17); and (4) Perceptions of Math Survey Mid-West. (Contains 4 charts.)
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- 2007
3. The Effects of Catholic Schooling on Civic Participation. CIRCLE Working Paper 09
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Dee, Thomas S.
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The United States has an extensive network of publicly financed and managed schools and provides almost no financial support to private schools. One of the most fundamental justifications for the status quo is the hypothesis that the regulation of private schools cannot adequately ensure that the desired social benefits of schooling will be produced. In particular, there is concern that private schools may focus on producing skills and knowledge with clear individual benefits and place less value on the external social benefits that are derived from instilling a variety of civic values and beliefs. In this study, the author presents new empirical evidence on this issue by evaluating the relative effects of Catholic schooling on civic participation as an adult. This evidence is based on two nationally representative longitudinal surveys conducted by the US Department of Education: High School and Beyond (HS&B) and the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS88). He finds that students who attended Catholic school in 10th grade were substantially more likely to vote as adults and that this relationship is generally robust to conditioning on a wide variety of observed demographic, socioeconomic and attitudinal measures. He then attempts to assess whether these results reflect uncorrected selection biases by exploiting three of the instrumental variables that have been employed in recent studies of other youth outcomes. He finds that bivariate-probit and 2SLS estimates based on these instruments suggest that Catholic schooling has even larger effects on voter turnout and possibly negative effects on volunteering. However, he then assesses whether these instruments provide a valid basis for identifying the effects of Catholic schooling using an approach introduced by Altonji, Elder and Taber (2002). The results suggest that system estimates based on these instruments may often be plagued by large, confounding biases. He concludes that, though there is a robust partial correlation between Catholic schooling and adult civic engagement, one cannot completely dismiss the possibility that this reflects selection biases. Nonetheless, the lack of clear evidence that Catholic schools are inferior at promoting adult civic participation does raise questions about the effectiveness of public schools at achieving one of their most fundamental goals. An appendix presenting additional data is included. (Contains 21 footnotes and 8 tables.) [This working paper was produced by the Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning & Engagement (CIRCLE).]
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- 2003
4. Gender Differences in Information Technology Usage: A U.S.-Japan Comparison. Working Paper 2004-2
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Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Ono, Hiroshi, and Zavodny, Madeline
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This study examines whether there are differences in men's and women's use of computers and the Internet in the United States and Japan and how any such gender gaps have changed over time. The authors focus on these two countries because information technology is widely used in both, but there are substantial differences in institutions and social organizations. They use microdata from several surveys during the 1997-2001 period to examine differences and trends in computer and Internet usage in the two countries. Their results indicate that there were significant gender differences in computer and Internet usage in both countries during the mid-1990s. By 2001, these gender differences had disappeared or were even reversed in the United States but remained in Japan. People not currently working have lower levels of IT use and skills in both countries regardless of gender, but working women in Japan have lower levels of IT use and skills than working men, a difference that generally does not occur in the United States. This finding suggests that employment status per se does not play a large role in the gender gap in Japan, but type of employment does. The prevalence of nonstandard employment among female workers in Japan accounts for much of the gender gap in IT use and skills in that country. (Contains 11 footnotes and 6 tables.)
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- 2004
5. The Unemployment Numbers Is the Message. Occasional Paper No. 38.
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Ohio State Univ., Columbus. National Center for Research in Vocational Education. and Levitan, Sar A.
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United States economic courses of action--and inaction--are increasingly being based on the employment and unemployment figures put out monthly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Yet, the basic statistical concepts that are still used were fashioned during the Great Depression and do not take into account the very different conditions we have today. The BLS divides people into one of three groups: unemployed workers, unemployed persons, or "not in the labor force." These labor force definitions have lost a good part of their significance because of dramatic changes of social mores, such as the two-income family and income transfer payments (e.g., Social Security). On the other hand, many people are working full time, year-round, and are still living in poverty. Different types of measurement are needed in order to reflect the real problems that exist in this society. One way to do this is to add another dimension to the three that have been measured: the number of persons who are unable to attain an adequate standard of living through work. Another problem is whether to count students who want part-time work as unemployed. Because of these problems, Congress has created a National Commission on Employment and Unemployment Statistics to examine the procedures, concepts, and methodology involved in measuring labor market activities, and their adequacy for policy determination. The Commission needs input from those concerned with employment and unemployment (such as vocational educators) to determine a better way of reporting these statistics. (KC)
- Published
- 1977
6. Labor Market Changes in the Next Ten Years. Issue Paper No. 4.
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Barnow, Burt S.
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Although projecting what the labor market will be like in 10 years is extremely difficult, it is useful to consider what is in store for the nation in terms of employment. In 1985, the civilian labor force of the United States averaged 115 million persons, with 8 million (7.2 percent) unemployed. Unemployment was much higher for young people and minority groups. It is expected that the labor force will grow by 15.6 million people between 1985 and 1995. The growth rate will vary considerably, however, among various demographic groups. The labor force is projected to be concentrated among prime-age workers, with a slightly higher median age than in 1984. The majority of growth is expected to result from increasing labor force participation by women. Employment opportunities will not change dramatically over the next 10 years. Although some professions will have substantial growth, the demand for labor among most professions will remain constant or increase slightly. Demand and supply should hold steady. One clear trend that is emerging is that persons entering the labor force have more years of schooling than those they replace. Although this fact should mean that workers are more adaptable to change in the workplace, this may not be the case, since the quality of schooling has declined. With the changes taking place in technology, the labor market needs more responsive educational institutions to meet the demands of the next 10 years and beyond. (KC)
- Published
- 1986
7. Strategies to Provide Learning Opportunities to Low-Skilled Adults
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Helsinger, Abigail, Cummins, Phyllis, and Van Vleet, Samuel
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The need for adult education and training (AET) is substantial, as labour markets require advanced skills. We used data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) for Canada, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the United States (U.S.) to compare participation in AET by high- and low-skilled adults. Additionally, key informant interviews and document reviews were conducted. We found (a) low-skilled adults are less likely to participate in AET; (b) participation in AET is highest among the working population; and (c) non-formal education is often more acceptable to low-skilled adults. [This paper was published in: "Proceedings of Adult Education in Global Times: An International Research Conference," 2021, pp. 610-613.]
- Published
- 2021
8. The Career Beliefs Inventory: A Review and Critique.
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Dolenz, Beverly and Dolenz, Beverly
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The Career Beliefs Inventory (CBI) is a counseling tool with the purpose of identifying beliefs as they relate to occupational choice and the pursuit of a career. The inventory can be administered individually or to a group ranging in age from grade 8 to adult. The CBI is a 96-item paper-and-pencil test written at an eighth-grade reading level. Items are grouped into 25 scales organized under 5 headings. All test items are in a Likert format. The materials are straightforward and easy to use. Scoring and interpretation are easy to understand if the computer-scoring services of the publisher are used. Hand-scoring is confusing, and the procedures are not outlined in the manual. Norms are available based on a sample of over 7,500 people in the United States and Australia, ranging from junior high students to employed adults. Evidence for test-retest reliabilities, face validity, and construct validity is reviewed. Strengths of the CBI include ease of administration, clarity of instructions, attractive appearance, and the organization of the test booklet and answer sheet. The recent introduction of the instrument makes the psychometric properties hard to evaluate, but the evidence for reliability and validity does not seem adequate. Further research focusing on reliability and validity would enhance the useful information generated by the CBI. (SLD)
- Published
- 1993
9. The STEM Wage Premium across the OECD
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William E. Even, Takashi Yamashita, and Phyllis A. Cummins
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Using data from the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies, this paper compares the earnings premium and employment share of jobs in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) across 11 member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The results reveal that the STEM wage premium is higher in the United States than in any of the other comparison countries, despite the fact that the U.S. has a larger share of workers in STEM jobs. We also find evidence that the premium varies significantly across STEM sub-fields and education levels, and that the premium tends to be higher in countries with lower unionization rates, less employment protection, or a larger share of employment in the public sector.
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- 2023
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10. An Employment Policy for America's Future. Report No. 16.
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National Commission for Employment Policy (DOL), Washington, DC.
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This report contains the commission's broad statement on national employment policy. The statement calls for the development of a new American employment policy, one that addresses the major concerns relating to the creation of jobs and the preparation of the work force to fill the available jobs productively. The report discusses the background of the current economic situation and the anticipated changes in the economy and the work force over the next decade. It further proposes a set of principles upon which employment policy ought to be based. Finally, a set of initial broad policy recommendations are presented that need to be adopted to address the employment concerns of the United States for the future. (KC)
- Published
- 1983
11. Missing the Mark: Exploring Participation Rates and Challenges to Engage Low-Skilled Adults in Education and Training
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Helsinger, Abigail, Cummins, Phyllis A., and Yamashita, Takashi
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The demand for adult training opportunities is substantial as labor markets often require adult workers to obtain advanced skills. Opportunities to obtain advanced skills are often pursued by high-income and high-skilled workers whereas low-skilled or low-income adult workers are less likely to participate. For this study, we used data from the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) for the U.S., Canada, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden to compare participation rates in non-formal education (NFE) by high and low-skilled adults. Additionally, to gain insights of adult education and training policies that promote NFE, international key informant interviews (n = 33) and document reviews were conducted. Major findings include (a) as compared to high-skilled adults, low-skilled adults are less likely to participate in NFE; (b) as compared to the U.S., low-skilled workers in Norway and the Netherlands are more likely to participate in NFE; and (c) non-formal education is often more acceptable to low-skilled adults due to previous negative experiences with formal education. Countries were selected based on qualitative findings that will inform best practices. [For the full proceedings, see ED613257.]
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- 2020
12. Problem Solving in Technology-Rich Environments, Adult Education and Training, and Income: An International Comparison Using PIAAC Data
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Nwakasi, Candidus C., Cummins, Phyllis A., Mehri, Nader, Zhang, Jing, and Yamashita, Takashi
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The high dependence on technology for economic activities in developed countries stresses the importance of lifelong learning in order to equip adult workers with the skills required to perform work related tasks, and also increase labor force participation. We use data from the 2012/2014 Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) to examine relationships among problem solving skills in technology-rich environments (PSTRE), participation in adult education and training (AET), and income in Australia, Finland, Japan (high PSTRE scoring countries), Chile, Greece (low PSTRE scoring countries), Ireland, Estonia, and the United States (similarly scoring countries). Although PIAAC measured literacy, numeracy, and PSTRE skills, our research focus is on PSTRE because of its emphasis on problem-solving skills and critical thinking. These skills are undoubtedly important in any global economy currently experiencing rapid technological transformation. In four of five age groups, Japan had the highest PSTRE scores. With the exception of Greece, PIAAC respondents in the oldest age group had lower PSTRE scores than younger age groups. Men had higher PSTRE scores than women in all countries except Australia and Greece. Overall, those with higher PSTRE scores were more likely to participate in AET but there were variations by age, income, and education categories. Greater PSTRE scores were associated with higher hourly wages in the U.S. Australia and Estonia whereas no significant association was observed in other countries. With limited availability of data, females benefited financially from higher PSTRE scores more than males in the U.S., Finland, Ireland and Japan.
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- 2019
13. Adult Education and Training Participation Trends by the Middle-Aged Adults in the U.S. and Selected OECD Countries
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Cummins, Phyllis A., Yamashita, Takashi, and Harrington, A. Katherine
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Participation in adult education and training (AET) programs is increasingly important for people of all ages and is necessary to remain competitive in a world experiencing rapid technological advances. Lifelong learning activities are especially important for middle-aged and older adults who intend to work at older ages to ensure they have the skills desired by employers. This study used data from three international surveys conducted between 1994 and 2015 to examine patterns of AET participation for ages 45 to 65 by employment status, comparing the US with Canada, Italy, and Norway. To contextualize these data, we also compared AET participation with employment and unemployment rates in the survey years for each of the countries. In all countries, the 45 to 54 age group participated in AET at higher rates than did the 55 to 65 age group and the employed participated at higher rates than did the unemployed and those not in the labor force.
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- 2018
14. Adult Education and Training Participation Trends by the Middle-Aged Adults in the U.S. and Selected OECD Countries
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Cummins, Phyllis A., Yamashita, Takashi, and Harrington, Katherine
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Participation in adult education and training (AET) programs is increasingly important for people of all ages and is necessary to remain competitive in a world experiencing rapid technological advances. Lifelong learning activities are especially important for middle-aged and older adults who intend to work at older ages to ensure they have the skills desired by employers. This study used data from three international surveys conducted between 1994 and 2015 to examine patterns of AET participation for ages 45 to 65 by employment status, comparing the US with Canada, Italy, and Norway. To contextualize these data, we also compared AET participation with employment and unemployment rates in the survey years for each of the countries. In all countries, the 45 to 54 age group participated in AET at higher rates than did the 55 to 65 age group and the employed participated at higher rates than did the unemployed and those not in the labor force. [For the full proceedings, see ED597456.]
- Published
- 2018
15. Adult Education and the Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic: An International Perspective
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Dikhtyar, Oksana, Helsinger, Abigail, Cummins, Phyllis, and Hicks, Nytasia
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The COVID-19 pandemic has caused one of the worst economic crises since the Great Depression. Although countries responded quickly to support displaced workers with assistance packages and funding for education and training, additional measures might be needed. Each country's economic recovery will most likely depend on how well its workforce is prepared to meet the needs of the changed labor market. Providing workers with opportunities to upskill or reskill is of major importance in meeting these challenges and improving low- and middle-skilled workers' reemployment prospects. This qualitative study examines measures taken in response to COVID-19 in adult education and training (AET) in seven countries. The findings are based on key informant interviews with international experts and online sources they provided. Some countries have increased government funding for vocational and continuing education or offered financial support for post-secondary students while others have provided funds to employers to offer training and retraining for their employees. [This paper was published in: "Widening Participation and Lifelong Learning" v23 n1 p201-210 Jun 2021.]
- Published
- 2021
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16. Chance Favors the Prepared Mind: Mathematics and Science Indicators for Comparing States and Nations
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American Institutes for Research (CRESS), Kensington, MD. and Phillips, Gary W.
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This report provides international benchmarks to help states see how students are doing in math and science within an international context. It shows how state-by-state results from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) can be linked with nation-by-nation results from the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) to provide a comprehensive indicator system that would allow state-by-nation comparisons. Such a system of indicators is important to state and national policymakers because it goes beyond the traditional roles of NAEP and TIMSS. Historically, NAEP has allowed US policymakers to compare and track the progress of states within the United States, while TIMSS has provided similar data for nations. This report places NAEP and TIMSS on the same scale, allowing states to compare themselves with nations. By doing so, states can monitor progress toward improved science and mathematics achievement while seeing how they stack up within an international context. The paper first explores the broader context for the study by arguing that many intractable worldwide problems cannot be addressed in the United States until we reach a critical mass of science and mathematical literacy among the general population. The paper then discusses a brief history of attempts within the United States to establish state-by-state indicators of student performance. The paper argues that most attempts have been flawed. However, there is a way to use extant data from NAEP and TIMSS to provide a comprehensive indicator system with accurate and timely state-by-state data along with international benchmarks for states. Finally, the paper introduces the concept of statistically linking NAEP and TIMSS. This allows TIMSS to be reported based on the NAEP achievement levels. By expressing NAEP and TIMSS in the same metric, states can see not only see how they compare with other states, but also with other countries. The findings indicate that most states are performing as well or better than most foreign countries; however, the highest achieving states within the United States are still significantly below the highest achieving countries. The paper argues that the United States needs to substantially increase the scientific and mathematical competency of the general adult population so that the voting citizenry can better understand and reach a consensus on policies that address many of the world's most pressing problems. Additionally, the paper argues that more people are needed in the scientific disciplines to better compete in a global economic environment. To achieve these goals, national and state policymakers need indicators of scientific and mathematical progress early in the educational pipeline. It is argued that the strategy of linking NAEP to TIMSS helps to provide this system of indicators. The following are appended: (1) Technical Appendix A: Statistical Linking NAEP to TIMSS; and (2) Technical Appendix B: Significance Testing and Multiple Comparisons. (Contains 36 tables, 53 figures, and 13 footnotes.)
- Published
- 2007
17. Employment Interventions for Return to Work in Working Aged Adults Following Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): A Systematic Review. Campbell Systematic Reviews 2016:6
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Campbell Collaboration, Graham, Carolyn W., West, Michael D., Bourdon, Jessica L., Inge, Katherine J., and Seward, Hannah E.
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Individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) often struggle to obtain competitive employment after sustaining a TBI, commonly as a result of the post-injury difficulties they exhibit (Andelic, Stevens, Sigurdardottir, Arango-Lasprilla, & Roe, 2009; Mansfield et al., 2015). The currently reported unemployment rate for people with TBI is approximately 60% (Cuthbert et al., 2015). Hence, the unemployment for individuals with TBI is considerably higher than for individuals without disabilities. Many adults with TBI seek assistance in gaining employment through post-acute rehabilitation. Post-acute rehabilitation services focus on helping individuals adjust to ongoing impairments and to re-enter their communities, workplaces, and education. Post-acute interventions are broadly classified into the following groups (Shames, Treger, Ring, & Giaquinto, 2007): residential community reintegration programs, comprehensive day treatment programs, and community re-entry programs that focus on vocational and social reintegration. This review focused on identifying the most effective type of intervention for returning individuals with TBI to work. The authors of this review drew on a wide range of databases, searched grey literature, included studies with a range of follow-up times, and focused on competitive employment outcomes among individuals with TBI regardless of the injury severity of the individuals. This review examined the effectiveness of vocational rehabilitation (VR) interventions to help adults with TBI attain competitive employment. Studies for this review were identified by searching 16 databases, including the Australian Education Index, CIRRIE--the Center for International Rehabilitation Research Information and Exchange Databases, the Academic Complete collection, EBSCOhost Research Databases, MEDLINE/PubMed, ProQuest, and 11 other databases. Unpublished papers and grey literature were also searched. Reference lists of papers included in the analysis and previous systematic reviews were searched. The following inclusion criteria were used for each potential study: (1) Studies are of interventions focused on assisting helping working-aged adults with TBI return to competitive employment, including self-employment. (2) Competitive employment had to be measured as an outcome. (3) Participants must have been between 18 and 65 years of age, experienced a non-penetrating TBI, been engaged in either full-time or part-time employment at time of injury, and been unemployed or on medical leave at time of receipt of the intervention. Studies that included individuals with other disabilities were included only if the results were provided for TBI participants separately from those with other disabilities. (4) Data had to be presented separately for competitively employed participants. (5) The design must be a randomized controlled trial (RCTs) or quasi-experimental design, with a treatment and a control/comparison group. Odds ratios and log odds ratios were computed and 95% confidence intervals were computed for each included study. Only datab for the primary outcome, competitive employment status, were used due to insufficient secondary outcome data. The literature search resulted in 6,941 unduplicated documents. From these 6,941 documents, 414 documents were selected for full-text review. From these 414 documents, 67 intervention reports were found, with only three return-to-work RCTs meeting inclusion criteria for this systematic review. The last search was conducted November 7, 2015. The three studies included in this review were RCTs with parallel interventions (Man et al., 2013; Salazar et al., 2000; Twamley et al., 2014, 2015). Man et al. (2013) compared two interventions, an artificial intelligent virtual reality-based training program (n = 17) and a psycho-educational vocational training system (n = 20) using a civilian population from China. Salazar et al. (2000) compared an in-hospital cognitive treatment (n = 67) to an in-home treatment (n = 53) for active U.S. military personnel. Twamley et al. (2014, 2015) compared a CogSMART Plus supported employment program (n = 21) to an enhanced supported employment program (n = 21) for U.S military veterans. Salazar and colleagues (2000) used active military samples and Twamley et al. (2014, 2015) used U.S. military veterans. Man and colleagues (2013) used civilians in China.The sample in Salazar et al. (2000) was predominantly African American and White. There were more Hispanic/Latino and White participants in the Twamley et al. (2014, 2015) study. Man and colleagues (2013) RCT did not report the ethnicity or race of its sample from China. The Twamley et al. (2014, 2015) and Man et al. (2013) studies reported severity of injury as mild to moderate. All studies were RCTs; however, blinding, incomplete data, and selective outcome reporting were of concern for all studies. Design, review status, publication type, and presence of control group were sufficient.Findings from this systematic review were inconclusive in that all odds ratios were not significant. Man et al. (2013) had the largest odds ratio (OR = 2.204, p = 0.264) but had the lowest employment rates (30%). Salazar et al. (2000) and Twamley et al. (2014, 2015) had odds ratios less than one. This indicated that the alternate interventions for Salazar et al. (OR = 0.514, p = 0.353) and Twamley et al. (OR = 0.817, p = 0.749) were more effective than the primary intervention. The employment rates for Salazar et al. and Twamley et al. ranged from 55% to 94%, which were rates higher than observed in Man et al. In sum, there were no significant odds ratios. Although all interventions evidenced positive average gains, no intervention was identified as more effective than another. All interventions showed positive average gains. However,the authors were unable to determine which intervention was most effective due to the small number of studies (n = 3). More experimental RCTs need to be conducted with interventions not included in this study. There are several recommendations for the direction of research concerning return-to-work for adults with TBI. First, studies of return-to-work VR interventions for adults with TBI must improve their quality of research by conducting RCTs. Second, separating competitive employment from education would provide a more accurate estimate of impact on return to work. Third, research is needed with other populations outside the United States and civilian samples. Last, future return-to-work VR studies should report time to employment, hours worked, separate rates of competitive employment, sheltered employment, educational training, and continued follow-ups at 12 months or more.
- Published
- 2016
18. Unpacking the Simple View of Reading for Struggling Adult Readers
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Talwar, Amani, Greenberg, Daphne, Tighe, Elizabeth L., and Li, Hongli
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The Simple View of Reading (SVR), which posits that reading comprehension is the product of decoding and linguistic comprehension, has been studied extensively with school-age readers. However, little is known about the intricacies of the SVR for adults who struggle with reading. The current study addresses notable gaps in this literature, including the dimensionality of linguistic comprehension, the interaction between the two SVR components, and the relative contributions of components across different reading proficiency levels. With a sample of 392 struggling adult readers, confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the linguistic comprehension component encompasses the highly related yet separable constructs of oral vocabulary and listening comprehension. Structural equation modeling showed significant main effects of decoding and listening comprehension, but not oral vocabulary, on reading comprehension. Additionally, the interaction between the SVR components did not uniquely contribute to variance in reading comprehension. Quantile regression models demonstrated that the unique effects of the SVR components were relatively stable in magnitude across different levels of reading comprehension performance. Implications for instruction and future research are discussed. [This is the in press version of a paper that will be published in "Journal of Learning Disabilities."]
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- 2020
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19. Sport and Religion: An Unholy Alliance.
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Lay, Nancy
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This paper points out the affinity of two basic elements of human existence--religion and sport--and then attempts to explain why they should be separate. It addresses the nature of religion, religion in America, the nature of sport, sport as religion, and reasons for the incompatibility of sport and religion. Similarities between sport and religion are listed, and the writings of several authors whose athletic experiences have had religious overtones are cited. Reasons for the incompatibility of sport and religion are then presented, including: (1) the essence of religion is selflessness and the essence of sport is selfishness; (2) treating God as some kind of supercoach demeans both religion and sport; (3) many athletes are practicing magic rather than religion; (4) athletes on praying teams are pressured to conform to team behavior, thus violating their religious freedom; and (5) some religious organizations for athletes represent the religious right, which often fosters authoritarianism and intolerance. (Contains 48 references.) (JDD)
- Published
- 1993
20. Problem-Solving Skills of the U.S. Workforce and Preparedness for Job Automation
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Cummins, Phyllis A., Yamashita, Takashi, Millar, Roberto J., and Sahoo, Shalini
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Automation and advanced technologies have increased the need for a better understanding of the skills necessary to have a globally competitive workforce. This study used data from the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies to compare problem solving skills in technology rich environments among adults in South Korea, Germany, Singapore, Japan, Canada, Estonia, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia. Overall, the United States had the lowest scores among all countries, and in all countries scores declined with age. The United States had higher proportions of survey participants in the lowest skill category and lower proportions in the top skill categories. The results of this study suggest changes in the United States educational and lifelong learning systems and policies may be necessary to ensure all adults have the necessary skills in a competitive workforce. [The paper will be published in "Adult Learning".]
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- 2019
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21. Testimony before the Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education and Related Agencies, Committee on Appropriations, U.S. House of Representatives
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Jobs for the Future and Uhalde, Raymond J.
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On April 7, 2011, Jobs for the Future (JFF) Policy Vice President Raymond Uhalde testified before the U.S. House Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education and Related Agencies about the success of workforce development projects for youth and adults funded by the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) and the importance of sustaining them. Uhalde advocated for restructuring WIA, authorized in 1998 when unemployment was only 4.5 percent. According to his prepared remarks: "To say that WIA should be reauthorized is not the same as saying that WIA programs are not effective. On the contrary, the evidence is pretty clear that WIA's core and intensive services and training for disadvantaged adults have been shown time and again to pay off in terms of higher employment rates and improved earnings... It is absolutely essential that the urgency of deficit reduction not override critical investments in the education and skills development of U.S. workers, especially at this fragile point in our economic recovery with 13.5 million Americans still unemployed." (Contains 26 endnotes.)
- Published
- 2011
22. To Learn and Earn: Arizona's Unfinished Business in Human Capital
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Arizona State University, Morrison Institute for Public Policy and Welch, Nancy
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Raising Arizona was the challenge of the 20th century. Sustaining Arizona is now the challenge of the 21st. A crucial part of that task is not just understanding today's knowledge economy, but mastering it. Ray and Charles Eames, the creative geniuses behind many iconic 20th century designs, debuted their film "Powers of 10" in 1977. In nine minutes, the viewer zooms from a picnic in a park to a view of the universe from outer space back to being inside the cells of the human body. The journey is a powerful lesson in perspective. For decision makers, the lesson is clear: each level offers crucial input for wise choices. This paper applies the "Powers of 10" idea. As a result, this paper looks at issues and demands from three perspectives: 30,000 feet, 10,000 feet, and on the ground. Each level provides insights vital to Arizona finding new ways to develop a quality workforce suited to "stimulating innovation, creating wealth, and promoting economic growth." "To Learn and Earn" concludes with questions that the Arizona Minority Education Policy Analysis Center (AMEPAC) sees as a starting point for working with partners throughout Arizona. (Contains 35 endnotes.) ["To Learn and Earn: Arizona's Unfinished Business in Human Capital" was written with Richard Toon and Yuri Artibise. This report was prepared for the Arizona Minority Education Policy Analysis Center (AMEPAC).]
- Published
- 2009
23. Economic and Noneconomic Outcomes for GED Credential Recipients. GED Testing Service[TM] Research Studies, 2008-2
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American Council on Education, GED Testing Service, Song, Wei, and Hsu, Yung-chen
- Abstract
The GED (General Educational Development) Tests are widely used to certify a high school level of academic knowledge and skills. The popularity and profound influence of the GED Tests have solicited numerous studies on the outcomes of obtaining a GED credential. Most studies on labor market outcomes for GED credential recipients have targeted specific groups for comparisons across age, gender, or geographic areas. Depending on the samples used and the research methodologies applied, the studies have yielded mixed results. Furthermore, scholars have noticed a scarcity of research on the noneconomic outcomes of GED credential recipients, such as their social participation, health, and parenting skills. This study provides evidence through a recently released nationally representative sample of adults, the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL), on the economic outcomes as well as the noneconomic outcomes for GED credential recipients. On the economic outcomes, this study examines labor force participation, work history, weekly wage, and personal income. On the noneconomic outcomes, this study looks into political and social participation, family literacy, and health. Tobit Models are appended. (Contains 21 tables.)
- Published
- 2008
24. Commission for International Adult Education (CIAE) of the American Association for Adult and Continuing Education (AAACE). Proceedings of the 2018 International Pre-Conference (67th, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, September 30-October 2, 2018)
- Author
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American Association for Adult and Continuing Education (AAACE), Commission for International Adult Education (CIAE) and Avoseh, Mejai B. M.
- Abstract
These "Proceedings" derived from the Commission for International Adult Education's (CIAE) 2018 International Pre-Conference. They contain 23 papers from 32 authors. Eight of the lead authors are graduate students -- four are rounding up their Master's degrees while four are on their doctoral programs. The rest are a mix of seasoned and mid-career adult education scholars and practitioners. Each year delegates travel from all over the world to share ideas, engage in scholarship, and inspire one another to continue to make meaningful change in the world. One of the greatest strengths of the CIAE conferences is the broad level of involvement from so many different areas of practice and study within the Adult Education field, and having such a large group of scholars and practitioners from around the globe each year is a significant part of what makes them who they are.
- Published
- 2018
25. Lessons We Can Learn from Other Countries. IAB Labour Market Research Topics No. 44.
- Author
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Institute of Employment Research, Nurenberg (Germany)., Walwei, Ulrich, Werner, Heinz, and Konig, Ingeborg
- Abstract
This document contains three papers from an international conference on "ways and means for more employment." The first paper, "Employment Policy Comparisons and Policy Advice" (Ulrich Walwei), covers the German labor market in the second half of the 1990s and requirements for longer-term employment success through coping with structural change and addressing employment possibilities for less competitive, low-skilled workers. The second paper, "Employment Policy Successes with Different Framework Conditions and Concepts" (Heinz Werner), considers the following questions: Are there constant "model countries"? Is a high level of employment necessary? What is meant by successful employment policy? What conclusion can be drawn from international experiences? What are the consequences of different wage-replacement benefits in the event of unemployment? The final paper, "Figures and Graphs on the Labor Market Development in Selected Countries" (Ingeborg Konig), contains graphs and charts focusing on the following:(1) unemployment rates in selected industrial countries, 1983-1999; (2) employment trends in selected industrial countries, 1983-1999; (3) employment rates in European Union (EU) states, the United States, and Japan in 1999; (4) gross domestic product and persons in civilian employment, 1983-1999; (5) growth rates of gross domestic product and civilian labor force in Denmark, Germany, France, Great Britain, Netherlands, and the United States, 1983-1999; (6) economic growth, employment growth, and change in unemployment in the European Union states, the United States, and Japan, 1991-1995; and (7) economic growth, employment trends, and unemployment rate in each of the European Union states, the United States, and Japan, 1986-2002. (KC)
- Published
- 2001
26. Expert Systems as a Mindtool To Facilitate Mental Model Learning.
- Author
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Mason-Mason, Susan Dale
- Abstract
Expert systems are computer programs that are designed to advise or assist users by storing the knowledge of human experts and applying the computer's mathematical ability to search and sort this information. This study investigated the use of an expert system as a mindtool and whether or not creating a simple expert system would facilitate the formation of an accurate mental model of a system. The domain selected for the study was that of hydraulic brake drums. Participants were 33 adult males and females from a variety of professions located in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Results indicate that creating the expert system substantially increased participants' scores on all three measures of mental models. In addition, participants indicated that using the expert system focused their attention on the topic and that it was fun to use. Network similarity scores increased significantly, with a large effect size, during the midtest to posttest period during which participants created the expert system. Scores on a test of troubleshooting increased significantly, but with only a medium effect size. Results of a prediction test also indicated that the use of an expert system facilitated the development of more expert-like knowledge structures. Expert systems appear to be versatile and powerful mindtools. (Contains 8 tables, 6 figures, and 59 references.) (SLD)
- Published
- 1999
27. Semantic Differential Comparisons of Attributions and Dimensions among Seven Nations.
- Author
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Chandler, Theodore A. and Spies, Carl J.
- Abstract
The classifications of 11 attributions according to dimensions of locus, stability, controllability, predictability, and globality by participants in 7 countries (China, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Israel, Spain, and the United States) were compared in a cross-cultural study. The attributions were: (1) bias; (2) help; (3) luck; (4) ability; (5) competence; (6) effort; (7) task; (8) chance; (9) knowledge; (10) skill; and (11) mood. It was hypothesized that different cultures would assign different meanings to attributions according to the dimensions. Participants from the 7 countries were 1,145 undergraduate and graduate students and lay individuals (over age 35 with no formal education beyond high school). Nine of the 11 attributions could be validly compared, but bias and competence were not comparable across the countries. Subjects from all countries perceived ability, mood, skill, and knowledge as internal. All countries except Israel (neutral position) perceived chance and task as external. In all countries, effort was seen as controllable. Israelis were neutral with regard to skill and knowledge, but other countries perceived these attributions as controllable. Luck was generally perceived as uncontrollable, with luck and chance seen as unstable. Average values were seldom found at the extremes. The most significant differences were found for Israel, and these were findings that could be reflected in a greater sense of control of one's destiny and more perceived power. Five tables summarize study findings. (Contains 9 references.) (SLD)
- Published
- 1993
28. Infants' Perception and Representation of Speech: Development of a New Theory.
- Author
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Kuhl, Patricia K.
- Abstract
A new series of studies on adults' and infants' perception of phonetic "prototypes," exceptionally good instances of phonetic categories, show that prototypes play a unique role in speech perception. Phonetic category prototypes function like "perceptual magnets" for other stimuli in the category. They attract nearby members of the category, rendering them more perceptually similar to the category prototype than would be expected on the basis of physical distance alone. Nonprototype stimuli from the category do not function in this way. Moreover, by 6 months of age, infants tested in the United States and Sweden show that the perceptual magnet effect is language specific. Infants from the two countries exhibit the magnetic effect only for the phonetic prototypes of their own language. Thus, exposure to a specific language alters infants' perception of speech by 6 months of age. These results offer an explanation for the findings of a variety of studies on cross-language speech perception in infants and adults, have implications for second-language learning, and are consistent with data on the representation of cognitive categories outside the domain of speech. The results support a new model which describes how innate factors and experience with a specific language interact in the development of speech perception. (Author)
- Published
- 1992
29. Semantic Differential Comparisons of Attributions and Dimensions between U.S. and Israel.
- Author
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Chandler, Theodore A. and Spies, Carl J.
- Abstract
Beliefs about the causes of success and failure in academic achievement were compared for students in the United States and Israel. The following 11 attributions were placed randomly in a questionnaire format: (1) mood; (2) skill; (3) knowledge; (4) chance; (5) effort; (6) competence; (7) help; (8) ability; (9) task; (10) bias; and (11) luck. Each was followed by a random ordering of five 7-point scales on the following dimensions: external-internal; global-specific (to a particular situation); uncontrollable-controllable; stable-unstable; and predictable-unpredictable. Subjects were asked to rate the attributions. The United States sample included 50 undergraduate education students, 50 graduate education students, 50 undergraduates from an introductory psychology course, and 50 adults who had never attended a college or university. The Israeli sample included 53 undergraduate education students, 80 graduate education students, 56 undergraduate psychology students, and 50 adults without a college background. Three-way factor analyses of variance were used for group, sex, and attributions. Israelis were more internal than were subjects from the United States for task difficulty and luck, and were less predictable on task difficulty, less controllable for competence, but more controllable for luck. In all four groups, attributions of skill, knowledge, and luck revealed the largest differences between the two groups. Results are discussed in terms of the cultural views and experiences of the two populations. The rating scale used is included. (SLD)
- Published
- 1991
30. Understanding the Basic Reading Skills of U.S. Adults: Reading Components in the PIAAC Literacy Survey
- Author
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Educational Testing Service (ETS), Center for Research on Human Capital and Education and Sabatini, John
- Abstract
The results of the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) survey paint a troubling portrait of the literacy skills of adults in the United States. The survey included a direct assessment of skills and was conducted in 23 countries with nationally representative samples of adults ages 16 through 65. Assessed were cognitive and workplace skills needed for success in the 21st-century global economy. The ability to read fluently and for understanding--to be able to learn from text--is perhaps the most important foundational skill for U.S. adult citizens' health, well-being, and social and economic advancement. It is a gateway to lifelong learning, education, and training. With the emergence of the Internet and social networking (which operate primarily through the written word), reading literacy provides control over an immeasurable, readily accessible library of the world's knowledge, as well as the ability to communicate with friends, family, and employers. While the digital revolution has increased the prevalence of and, access to, visual/aural media, written text--whether on paper or screen--continues to be an omnipresent currency of communication and commerce, except for adults who continue to struggle to read. Adults who have trouble reading, using mathematics, solving problems, and using technology are at a disadvantage when competing for jobs in the 21st-century workforce. The situation is perhaps most dire for those at the lowest level of reading literacy skills, because limited literacy skill reduces their access to print-based training and educational opportunities that could be used to enhance their social and workforce skills. Low literacy adults are not necessarily isolated, thanks to the ever-present visual media and communications available. However, their potential is limited because they cannot use printed media to learn, grow their knowledge, and seek opportunities. Interpersonally, it is often painfully obvious to adults when they cannot read well, as it also is to the casual observer. When confronted with text and a task, they can be observed puzzling and lingering for longer than proficient readers do when performing the same literacy activity. The introduction of reading component tasks in the 2011 PIAAC survey provided a rich opportunity to better understand adults with low literacy proficiency scores in the United States in comparison to similar populations in other countries. Reading components results help us to understand what adults with scores at or below Level 1 can and cannot do: (1) Can they identify the meaning of high-frequency vocabulary words when they appear in print? (2) Can they evaluate the meaning of single sentences? Can they read for local meaning in simple passages? and (3) What is the range and variation in foundational skills among the lowest scoring adults in a country? These are the questions addressed in this report. In sum, the reading components tasks in PIAAC were designed to complement the applied literacy tasks in order to provide a richer sense of what adults scoring at or below Level 1 can and cannot do when engaging and processing basic written words, sentences, and passages. In the remainder of the report, it describes in more detail: (1) the reading component measures, including the theoretical and empirical rationale for adopting this framework; (2) the results in a select set of countries that participated in the PIAAC survey; and (3) implications of those findings for policy and practice.
- Published
- 2015
31. Podcasting for Language Learning through iTunes U: The Learner's View
- Author
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Rosell-Aguilar, Fernando
- Abstract
iTunes U has become the main worldwide provider of educational podcasts but, despite its popularity, little is known about the type of user who downloads iTunes U language resources, or how those resources are used. This paper presents the results of the first major survey (1891 responses) of users of one of the most successful iTunes U content providers in terms of downloads. It presents a profile of the iTunes U language learner, their listening habits, and their opinion of the resources they download. Comparisons are drawn between language learners and learners of other subjects. The results show that in contrast with profiles of learners in other contexts--such as virtual learning environment-delivered podcasts, identified in previous research (mostly carried out with young university students who download podcasts for instrumental reasons)--iTunes U language learners are different. Respondents in this study are mostly middle-aged and employed, and they download resources for personal interest. Users have a high opinion of the quality of the materials, and they believe the materials help them to learn. The results also show that users listen to language podcasts on mobile devices, in sharp contrast with previous research. Finally, the paper discusses implications for further research.
- Published
- 2013
32. Literacy, Numeracy, and Problem Solving in Technology-Rich Environments among U.S. Adults: Results from the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies 2012. Appendix D: Standard Error Tables. First Look. NCES 2014-008
- Author
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National Center for Education Statistics (ED)
- Abstract
This paper provides Appendix D, Standard Error tables, for the full report, entitled. "Literacy, Numeracy, and Problem Solving in Technology-Rich Environments among U.S. Adults: Results from the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies 2012. First Look. NCES 2014-008." The full report presents results of the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC). Results are reported for a representative sample of adults in the United States age 16 to 65 and are compared to an international average of adults in countries/regions that participated in the PIAAC 2012 assessment. The full report presents average score results for three separate scales: literacy, numeracy, and problem solving in technology-rich environments and percentages of adults performing at different proficiency levels for each scale. Literacy and numeracy results are reported at Below Level 1, Level 1, Level 2, Level 3, and Level 4/5; problem solving in technology-rich environments is reported at Below Level 1, Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3. The report includes results for groups of adults as defined by various demographic characteristics (e.g., gender, age, race/ethnicity, and level of educational attainment) and level of skill use in and outside of work. Overall results in literacy and numeracy are compared to results from previous international assessments. (Contains 35 tables.) [To view the full report, "Literacy, Numeracy, and Problem Solving in Technology-Rich Environments among U.S. Adults: Results from the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies 2012. First Look. NCES 2014-008." see ED544452.]
- Published
- 2013
33. How Americans Would Slim Down Public Education
- Author
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Thomas B. Fordham Institute, Farkas, Steve, and Duffett, Ann
- Abstract
With public school budgets pinched and educational demands rising, "business as usual" is becoming less and less tenable in American schools. Taxpayers, parents, teachers, principals, and students are expected to do more with fewer resources. But what's the best way to go about slimming down and shaping up the system of public education? Which cost-saving strategies trim the bottom line while safeguarding the interests of kids? Which might have a better chance of succeeding in the court of public opinion? This paper addresses these questions and more. The authors asked respondents to grapple with various cost-cutting measures and budgetary trade-offs that district leaders are facing in today's harsh economic climate. Results are based on 1,009 interviews conducted in March 2012 with a randomly selected, nationally representative sample of adults eighteen and older. (The statistical margin of error is plus or minus 3 percentage points). Key findings include: (1) The public is aware of the impact of the nation's economic challenges on their local public schools, and they don't believe things are going to get better any time soon. They are far more likely to think that solutions lie in cutting costs than in raising taxes or taking a wait-and-see approach. Yet the verdict is mixed on the schools' capacity to manage money efficiently; (2) The public approves a number of specific cost-cutting measures; (3) If teachers must be let go, however, their effectiveness should drive layoff decisions, even at the expense of losing seasoned instructors or increasing class size. Still, the public much prefers limiting class size in the core subject areas than in other subjects; (4) When it comes to budget cuts, special education is not immune as far as most Americans are concerned. That's not to say the commitment of Americans to educate children with special needs is waning--it's not. But they have concerns about the growth, cost, and effectiveness of serving these kids well; (Of eleven possible cost-cutting strategies that districts might deploy, just two were rejected by a majority of survey respondents: (1) By a 66 percent to 24 percent margin, the public rejects "shortening the school year by requiring employees to take unpaid days off"; (b) By a 70 percent to 23 percent margin, the public disapproves of "reducing non-teaching staff such as aides, librarians and school nurses to the bare minimum"; and (6) In three other areas, the public is split about cost cutting: charging fees for sports and extracurricular activities, utilizing non-certified teachers in certain subjects, and making more extensive use of virtual education. Appended are: (1) Methodology; and (2) Complete Survey Results. (Contains 14 figures and 9 endnotes.) [Foreword by Chester E. Finn, Jr. and Amber M. Winkler.]
- Published
- 2012
34. 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Highlights. Fact Sheet
- Author
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Office of National Drug Control Policy
- Abstract
The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) is the primary source of information on the prevalence, patterns, and consequences of substance abuse among people age 12 and older. The survey is conducted every year by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). The 2009 NSDUH, released September 16, 2010, shows that drug use in the United States increased in 2009, reversing downward trends since 2002. This paper presents an overview of the findings of the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. The Obama Administration's 2010 National Drug Control Strategy is outlined. (Contains 7 figures.)
- Published
- 2010
35. International Society for the Social Studies Annual Conference Proceedings (Orlando, Florida, February 25-26, 2010). Volume 2010, Issue 1
- Author
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Russell, William Benedict, III
- Abstract
The "ISSS Annual Conference Proceedings" is a peer-reviewed professional publication published once a year following the annual conference. (Individual papers contain references.) [For the 2009 proceedings, see ED504973.]
- Published
- 2010
36. Same but Different? Measurement Invariance of the PIAAC Motivation-to-Learn Scale across Key Socio-Demographic Groups
- Author
-
Gorges, Julia, Koch, Tobias, Maehler, Débora B., and Offerhaus, Judith
- Abstract
Background: Data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) revealed that countries systematically differ in their respondents' literacy, numeracy, and problem solving in technology-rich environments skills; skill levels also vary by gender, age, level of education or migration background. Similarly, systematic differences have been documented with respect to adults' participation in education, which can be considered as a means to develop and maintain skills. From a psychological perspective, motivation to learn is considered a key factor associated with both skill development and participation in (further) education. In order to account for motivation when analyzing PIAAC data, four items from the PIAAC background questionnaire were recently compiled into a motivation-to-learn scale. This scale has been found to be invariant (i.e., showing full weak and partial strong measurement invariance) across 21 countries. Methods: This paper presents further analyses using multiple-group graded response models to scrutinize the validity of the motivation-to-learn scale for group comparisons. Results: Results indicate at least partial strong measurement invariance across gender, age groups, level of education, and migration background in most countries under study (all CFI > 0.95, all RMSEA < 0.08). Thus, the scale is suitable for comparing both means and associations across these groups. Conclusions:Results are discussed in light of country characteristics, challenges of measurement invariance testing, and potential future research using PIAAC data.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. The Proliferation of Legalized Gambling: Implications for Health Education
- Author
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Golaszewski, Thomas
- Abstract
Legalized gambling is growing substantially and provides both a dilemma and an opportunity for those in the health promoting professions. Gambling represents a form of economic development and, for certain segments of society, improved health and quality of life. On the other hand, gambling is a known addiction, with a host of sociological problems associated with its practice. Consequently, a number of opportunities and responsibilities emerge for health educators. This paper provides both background information and suggestions for professional development, and begins a dialogue in the health education literature on this largely neglected and misunderstood topic.
- Published
- 2004
38. Major Learning Efforts: Recent Research and Future Directions.
- Author
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Ontario Inst. for Studies in Education, Toronto. Dept. of Adult Education. and Tough, Allen
- Abstract
In this paper, the author reviews the research done on the learning efforts of adults and presents some high-priority directions for the future. The paper first defines major learning efforts (learning projects) and describes some recent changes in the practice and focus of adult education. It then provides a general picture of the frequency of adult participation in learning projects as well as of the duration and planning of these projects. A review then follows of several surveys which provide data on the learning efforts of adults in varied populations. These surveys are grouped according to their focus under the following categories: geographical areas, older adults, occupational categories, educational level, and peer groups. The author also summarizes a few studies that focused on motivation, the learner's planning tasks, and persons who help with the planning. The concluding section suggests eight research and development projects for the future. (EM)
- Published
- 1978
39. Mass Media, Interpersonal, and Social Background Influences in Two Canadian American Settings.
- Author
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Payne, David E. and Caron, Andre H.
- Abstract
A study investigated the effects of mass media, interpersonal communication, and sociolinguistic background on adults' political, cultural, and economic attitudes and agendas. Data for the study came from two earlier research efforts: one conducted in Minnesota, involved 414 adults who were interviewed concerning their media use, interpersonal contact with Canada, socioeconomic status and background, and knowledge of and attitudes toward Canadian and American political and cultural events and persons; the other, similar in design, involved interviews with 814 adults in Quebec, Canada. Analysis of data led to the following conclusions: (1) since cultural settings are unique, it is not possible to take findings from one setting and assume they will apply in another; (2) media, interpersonal communication, and sociolinguistic variables do not operate in a uniform manner across different categories of variables; and (3) caution should be exercised when examining media effects studies that do not include interpersonal and sociolinguistic variables. (Extensive tables of data are appended.) (FL)
- Published
- 1981
40. Employment Goals of the World Plan of Action: Developments and Issues in the United States. Report for the World Conference on the United Nations Decade for Women, 1976-1985.
- Author
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Women's Bureau (DOL), Washington, DC.
- Abstract
This report focuses on economic, social, and legal development affecting women's employment in the United States during the first half of the United Nations Decade for Women. The first section reports on the economic roles of women in the U.S. as their participation in the labor force reached historically high levels during the last half of the 1970s. The employment status is detailed for such selected subgroups of the women's labor force as working mothers and wives, women who maintain families, Hispanic women, and Black women. Segregation is also addressed. Section 2 presents an analysis of policy developments and issues relevant to the World Plan of Action. It discusses measures and programs to reduce discrimination in employment as well as policies affecting the opportunities and economic regards for women who have changing and multiple roles. The final section highlights the initiatives of voluntary, nongovernmental organizations. Examples include training and employment programs to integrate women in the work force, efforts to eliminate obstacles to women's employment, increasing women's participation in trade unions, social secutity and other retirement income, and entrepreneurship. Sixteen statistical tables and a reference list are appended. (YLB)
- Published
- 1980
41. Register, Cohesion, and Cross-Cultural Reading Comprehension. Technical Report No. 220.
- Author
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Illinois Univ., Urbana. Center for the Study of Reading., Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc., Cambridge, MA., and Steffensen, Margaret S.
- Abstract
Noting that register and cohesion are two concepts that define a text, this paper describes register as the variety of language that is appropriate for the situation of the speech event and cohesion as the semantic relations in a text that make it coherent. The first part of the paper discusses three cross-cultural studies of comprehension conducted within the framework of the schema theory of reading in terms of register and cohesion. The three studies discussed involved (1) the effects of cultural interference on recall of written material by adults in India and the United States, (2) the effects of cultural interference on oral recall of Australian Aboriginal and American women, and (3) the recall of black inner city and rural white adults of a text biased toward minority readers. The second part of the paper considers the interaction of register and background knowledge, while the third part examines that of cohesion and background knowledge. The final part of the paper examines the interaction of register, cohesion, and background knowledge using data derived from the processing of a short passage based on Indian culture by an American and an Indian subject. (FL)
- Published
- 1981
42. Essays on Legal and Illegal Immigration.
- Author
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Upjohn (W.E.) Inst. for Employment Research, Kalamazoo, MI. and Pozo, Susan
- Abstract
Major issues of the debate that led to the passage of an immigration reform bill are discussed and analyzed in this collection of six papers that were delivered as public lectures at Western Michigan University during the 1984-85 academic year. The essays reflect a broad range of views on the effects of immigration on the United States economy and on reform of the current system. Several of the essays debate the likely effects and hidden costs that may result from the imposition of employer sanctions, which is considered the main provision of the bill. Concerns about the effects of amnesty on the supply of workers and on the demand for public services and transfer payments are discussed by some of the authors. Whether amnesty will further encourage illegal immigration by raising expectations of future amnesties is also considered. Other topics include the effect on different sectors of the domestic labor market and the history of guest worker programs in the United States and Europe. Essays included in the volume are the following: "The Many Guises of Immigration Reform" (Susan Pozo); "Immigrants and the U.S. Labor Market" (George J. Borjas); "Can International Migration Be Controlled?" (Michael J. Piore); "The Imperative of Immigration Reform" (Vernon M. Briggs, Jr.); "The Illegal Alien Policy Dilemma" (Barry R. Chiswick); "Immigration and the U.S. Taxpayer" (Francine D. Blau); and "U.S. Immigration Policy: What Next?" (Jagdish N. Bhagwati). (KC)
- Published
- 1986
43. Friendship and Socialization: A Comparison of Japanese and American Ideals.
- Author
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Engel, John W.
- Abstract
This study compared Japanese and American ideals regarding marital and extra-marital friendship, intimacy, and employment related socialization. Questionnaire data from samples of Japanese (N=872) and American (N=843) subjects were analyzed for differences. Compared with the Japanese subjects, American subjects were found to place a higher value on marital friendship, on emotional intimacy within and outside of marriage, on spousal involvement in work-related socialization, and on socialization as a couple rather than as individuals. In contrast, the Japanese subjects were found to believe more strongly that close friendships outside of marriage would have harmful effects on marriage. Nevertheless, the Japanese subjects tended to believe more strongly that husbands should socialize with co-workers after work rather than go home to be with the family, if such socialization would facilitate career advancement. Neither group was supportive of employed wives/mothers socializing with co-workers rather than being with their family. (Author)
- Published
- 1989
44. Opening the door to university health research: recommendations for increasing accessibility for individuals with intellectual disability.
- Author
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St. John, Brittany M., Hickey, Emily, Kastern, Edward, Russell, Chad, Russell, Tina, Mathy, Ashley, Peterson, Brogan, Wigington, Don, Pellien, Casey, Caudill, Allison, Hladik, Libby, and Ausderau, Karla K.
- Subjects
PROFESSIONAL ethics ,STUDENT health services ,PARTICIPANT-researcher relationships ,HUMAN research subjects ,PROFESSIONS ,STAKEHOLDER analysis ,COMMUNICATION barriers ,MEDICAL care research ,INFORMED consent (Medical law) ,SOCIAL boundaries ,INTERPROFESSIONAL relations ,RESEARCH funding ,PEOPLE with intellectual disabilities ,PEOPLE with disabilities ,LITERATURE reviews ,TRUST ,ADULTS - Abstract
Background: Advances in health equity rely on representation of diverse groups in population health research samples. Despite progress in the diversification of research samples, continued expansion to include systematically excluded groups is needed to address health inequities. One such group that is infrequently represented in population health research are adults with intellectual disability. Individuals with intellectual disability experience pervasive health disparities. Representation in population health research is crucial to determine the root causes of inequity, understand the health of diverse populations, and address health disparities. The purpose of this paper was to develop recommendations for researchers to increase the accessibility of university health research and to support the inclusion of adults with intellectual disability as participants in health research. Methods: A comprehensive literature review, consultation with the university ethics review board, and review of United States federal regulations was completed to identify barriers to research participation for individuals with intellectual disability. A collaborative stakeholder working group developed recommendations and products to increase the accessibility of university research for participants with intellectual disability. Results: Eleven key barriers to research participation were identified including gaps in researchers' knowledge, lack of trust, accessibility and communication challenges, and systematic exclusion among others. Together the stakeholder working group compiled seven general recommendations for university health researchers to guide inclusion efforts. Recommendations included: 1) address the knowledge gap, 2) build community partnerships, 3) use plain language, 4) simplify consent and assent processes, 5) establish research capacity to consent, 6) offer universal supports and accommodations, and 7) practice accessible dissemination. In addition, four products were created as part of the stakeholder working group to be shared with researchers to support the inclusion of participants with intellectual disability. 1) Supports I Need Checklist, 2) Plain language glossary of health and research terms, 3) Understanding Consent and Assent in Plain Language, 4) Easy-Read Paper Template. Conclusion: Community members and individuals with intellectual disability want to be included in research and are eager to engage as research participants. It is the responsibility of the researcher to open the door to university health research. The recommendations discussed in this paper could increase accessibility for a broader range of research participants and, in particular, promote the inclusion of individuals with intellectual disability to advance health equity in population health research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. An Analysis of a High School Underground Paper.
- Author
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Heussenstamm, F. K.
- Subjects
HIGH schools ,PRESS ,YOUTH ,TEACHERS ,ADULTS ,SOCIAL problems ,SCHOOL grounds ,DRESS codes in schools - Abstract
The article focuses on high school underground press that can be regarded as a chief organ to formulate dialogue among faculty members, administrators, students, and between general community and youth in the U.S. This medium of underground press can reveal students' insight on criticism of adult society, their innovative ideas and restrictions imposed on their expressions, and can free away societal problems, thereby rendering solutions. The on-campus issues contained affairs on student behavior, campus politics, dress codes, students' involvement with educational problems, and campus malpractice between rivals. The importance of high school underground press lies in covering present convictions and aspirations and of future political action.
- Published
- 1970
46. Elderly Care and Intrafamily Resource Allocation when Children Migrate
- Author
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Antman, Francisca M.
- Abstract
This paper considers the intrafamily allocation of elderly care in the context of international migration where migrant children may be able to provide financial assistance to their parents but are unable to offer physical care. To investigate sibling interaction, I estimate best response functions for individual physical and financial contributions as a function of siblings' contributions. After addressing the endogeneity of siblings' contributions and selection into migration, I find evidence that siblings' financial contributions function as strategic complements while time contributions operate as strategic substitutes. This suggests that contributions may be based on both strategic bequest and public good motivations. (Contains 6 tables and 25 footnotes.)
- Published
- 2012
47. Translation, adaptation and testing of an emergency care satisfaction scale in Swedish pediatric emergency departments.
- Author
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Wennick, Anne, Schoug, Dorota, Ekwall, Anna, and Axelsson, Malin
- Subjects
PEDIATRIC emergencies ,PEDIATRIC emergency services ,TRANSLATING & interpreting ,CLINICAL competence ,INTRACLASS correlation ,ADULTS - Abstract
Background: Pediatric healthcare today shows a rising demand for research focusing on children's perspectives on and consumer satisfaction with the nursing care they receive. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to translate and adapt the Consumer Emergency Care Satisfaction Scale (CECSS), a paper-based, self-administered 19-item questionnaire originally developed in the United States and targeted towards adults, and then test the new version in Swedish pediatric emergency departments.Methods: The study was designed with a two-phase approach. Firstly, a forward-backward translation of the CECSS, involving expert consensus, was performed, and then the questionnaire was adapted for children aged 10-18 and assessed for face and content validity. Secondly, the translated and adapted questionnaire was tested with a clinical sample for construct validity, internal consistency, and reliability. This last aspect was assessed using a structured telephone interview 7-10 days after the participant visited a pediatric emergency department. All children participating in this study gave their assent (< 15 years) or consent (≥ 15 years), and their guardian's written informed consent was also obtained.Results: The paper-based, self-administered 19-item Swedish version of the CECSS was tested on a clinical sample consisting of 203 nonurgent children (boys: n = 109, 53.7 % and girls: n = 94, 46.3 %) between 10 and 18 years (mean age 13.8, SD 2.29). The factor analysis revealed three factors that explain 63.1 % of the total variation in the 15 items. The Cronbach's alphas for the three dimensions (caring, teaching, and clinical competence) varied between 0.79 and 0.88. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the entire Swedish version of the CECSS was 0.58, and the ICCs for the three dimensions varied between 0.56 and 0.71.Conclusions: The results show that the developed Swedish Pediatric Consumer Emergency Care Satisfaction Scale (p-CECSS-S) is a valid, stable and easy-to-use-questionnaire that can be used to assess children's satisfaction with nursing care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Rural-Urban disparities in self-reported physical/mental multimorbidity: A cross-sectional study of self-reported mental health and physical health among working age adults in the U.S.
- Author
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Rhubart, Danielle, Kowalkowski, Jennifer, and Yerger, Jordan
- Subjects
HEALTH services accessibility ,SELF-evaluation ,CROSS-sectional method ,MULTIPLE regression analysis ,MENTAL health ,POPULATION geography ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,SEX distribution ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,RESEARCH funding ,HEALTH equity ,RURAL health ,URBAN health ,COMORBIDITY ,EVALUATION ,ADULTS - Abstract
Purpose: Self-rated physical health (SRPH) and self-rated mental health (SRMH) are both linked to excess morbidity and premature mortality and can vary across rural and urban contexts. This can be particularly problematic for rural residents who have less access to important health care infrastructure. In this paper, we assess the prevalence of and rural-urban disparities at the intersection of SRPH and SRMH, specifically self-rated physical/mental multimorbidity (SRPMM) overall and across rural-urban contexts. Methods: Using a cross-sectional demographically representative national dataset of over 4000 working age adults in the U.S., we expose rural-urban differences in the prevalence of SRPMM and explore individual-level factors that may explain this disparity. Results: Approximately 15 percent of working age adults reported SRPMM, but rural adults were at higher risk than their urban counterparts. However, this disadvantage disappeared for remote rural working-age adults and was attenuated for metro-adjacent rural working-age adults when we controlled for the fact that rural adults had lower household incomes. Conclusion: Findings reveal a higher risk of SRPMM among rural adults, in part because of lower incomes among this group. This work acts as the foundation for facilitating research on and addressing rural-urban disparities in SRPMM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. The Development of Close Relationships in Japan and the United States: Paths of Symbiotic Harmony and Generative Tension.
- Author
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Rothbaum, Fr, Pott, Martha, Azuma, Hiroshi, Miyake, Kazuo, and Weisz, John
- Abstract
Compares paths of development in Japan (symbiotic harmony) and the United States (generative tension) of parent-child and adult mate relationships, challenging assumptions that certain processes are central in all relationships or that U.S. relationships are less valued or weaker than Japan's. Suggests need to investigate processes underlying, and adaptive consequences of, these two paths. (Author/KB)
- Published
- 2000
50. Partial Retirement and Pension Policy in Industrialized Countries.
- Author
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Latulippe, Denis and Turner, John
- Abstract
Examines the advantages and disadvantages of partial retirement--the transitional period between full-time employment and complete retirement--including easing the transition, labor market effects, and financial implications for social security systems and employers. Reviews partial retirement policies in eight countries and concludes that there is a need to keep people in the labor market longer. (JOW)
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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