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This study was carried out on the need to provide empirical evidences and establish the relationship existing between teachers' attitude and students' achievement as well as the relationship between teacher-student and students' academic achievement in agricultural science in Abia State, Nigeria. Two specific objectives guided the study. Two research questions as well as two null hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The study adopted correlational study design. The study was carried out in Abia state. The population of the study was 9,963 consisting of 9,690 students and 273 teachers of agricultural science (Abia State Secondary Education Management Board, 2020). The sample size of 330 respondents consisting of 30 teachers and 300 students were selected and used for the study. A multistage sampling (simple random-purposive-simple random) procedure was adopted for this study. The study made use of two instruments for data collection; a questionnaire titled; Teacher Relationship and Attitude Questionnaire (TRAQ) structured on 4-point scale of 4=Highly Utilized (HU), 3=Utilized (U), 2=Averagely Utilized (AU) and 1=Not Utilized (NU) and a standardized agricultural science achievement test (AAT) adapted from 2018 WAEC agricultural science paper 2. The instruments were validated by three experts, two from the Department of Agricultural/Home-science Education and one from Department of Measurement and Evaluation in College of Education, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. The reliability of the instrument for the study was determined using split-half method of reliability which gave a reliability coefficient of 0.82 and 0.88 for the two instruments respectively. 330 Copies of TRAQ and AAT were administered to the respondents but 312 copies of the administered instruments were retrieved representing 94.5% retrieval rate. The data collected were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation to answer research questions and linear regression to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that teachers should know that their relationship with their students plays a vital role in the students' achievement. As a result, they should always create a good relationship with their students. Positive and negative reinforcement should only be utilized when and where necessary.

The demand for engineering education and graduates is increasing daily because the current service and technological designs are unable to meet the needs of the society and the expected dramatic increase in the future. The emerging skill gap requires a shift in the type of expertise required of young professionals that will be needed to successfully lead organizations in the new economy. Researchers have identified various 'shapes' for the engineering professionals to make them relevant to the 21st century challenge, especially in the industry where their expertise is much needed. T-shaped professionals have skills that make them to be more preferred among others. The purpose of this paper is to present the need to upgrade engineering education curriculum to produce more T-shaped graduate engineers required in the changing industrial world. The potential benefits of T-shaped professionals to organizational performance are quite significant; hence, the demand for T-shaped professionals in knowledge-intensive, service-oriented economies is increasing. Unfortunately, the challenges associated with creating more T-shaped professionals are also significant. National regulatory bodies for engineering education in Nigeria are beginning to move towards integrated curriculum to break down discipline silos and produce T-shaped graduate engineers for the fast-changing industrial world. Service Science Management and Engineering (SSME) is an emerging discipline with over 250 programmes in 50 nations seeking to create more T-shaped professionals.

The phenomenal low participation of youth in agricultural education programmes has featured in several forums both at national and international levels. This is because giving the right opportunity youth could make positive impact and create positive change in the economy of nations. This paper identified challenges and enhancement of youth participation in agricultural education for food security. Survey research design was adopted. The subjects for the study were selected using multi-stage sampling technique. Data were collected using questionnaire. The population for the study comprised of all students in tertiary institutions offering agricultural education programme in the study area. Two hundred and forty tertiary students were chosen through proportionate simple random sampling technique from six randomly selected tertiary institutions in the North Central Nigeria. Mean and standard deviation were used to analyze the data. Findings revealed youths studying agricultural education are aware of their roles through their participation in schools; which extends to their communities, thereby influencing sustainable food supply and availability. The study also revealed that the identified challenges prevail on the youth participating in agricultural education. Analysis of identified approaches had mean scores above the benchmark hence; they were regarded as useful in enhancing youth participation in agricultural education. It was concluded that youth studying agriculture were well aware of their role. Their participation is however, hampered by the enormous challenges bedeviling the programme, which has negative implication on interest by intended youths. The findings were further verified through a focus group discussion involving ten lecturers of agricultural education. It was concluded that youth's participation in agricultural education is hampered by several challenges. The study recommended among others that, Agriculture teachers in collaboration with school management should emphasize establishment and maintenance of school farms by the students for practical skills acquisition by the youths in school; government should enhance funding, provide scholarship for students to sustain interest and enhance greater youth choice and participation in the programme.

Farm mathematics, an aspect of agricultural science education is being taught in our educational institutions in the country. This effort is to enhance agricultural productivity and quality of agricultural science education for national integration. For the realization of this, a quality assured educational administration is vital. The paper therefore dwells on the concepts of quality assurance, educational administration, farm mathematics and national integration. Quality assurance issues in educational administration germane to farm mathematics instruction for national integration are also looked at. The paper then recommends that there should be focused and faithful implementation of quality assurance policy guidelines in our institutions, among others.

Learning analytics is a domain that has been constantly evolving throughout recent years due to the acknowledgement of its importance by those using intelligent data, learner-produced data, and analysis models to discover information and social connections for predicting and advising people's learning [1]. Learning analytics may be applied in a variety of different cases, but their role in understanding the multilingual requirements of users of learning portals is of an outstanding significance. As the adaptation of existing portals in multilingual environments is a cost- and time-consuming aspect of the development of a portal, the outcomes of learning analytics may provide the requirements on which further multilingual services of a portal will be built, ensuring their efficiency. This paper aims to identify and interpret the behavior of users from developing countries in a multilingual learning portal using the log files of the portal by applying the methodology defined in a previous work by Stoitsis et al. [2] The paper also aims to identify the aspects that should be studied by future related works by focusing on specific regions and countries that exhibit special interest for further adaptation of the portal to additional multilingual environments.

This study examined adoption of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) by agricultural science and extension teachers in Abuja, Nigeria. Specifically, the objectives are to: identify the background and demographic characteristics of agricultural science and extension teachers in the study area; examine the factors influencing adoption of ICTs by respondents and determine the challenges or constraints militating against adoption of ICTs by respondents in the study area. Data were collected from 60 purposively selected agricultural science and extension teachers in the study area. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics SPSS 19.0, Likert scale, t-test and Logit model. Ages, teachers' experience, access to ICTs were significant factors influencing adoption of ICTs by respondents at 1% probability level. Teachers' attitude, teachers' awareness significantly influences adoption of ICTs by respondents at 5% probability level. Word processors are perceived useful in setting tests and examination question papers, while, photocopy machine was perceived ease to use to make copies of teaching materials. Access to appropriate ICTs equipment and lack of infrastructure such as irregular electricity supply are the major challenges. The study recommends easy access, awareness and use of ICTs by instructors and regular supply of electricity to improve and stimulates adoption of ICTs by respondents.

One of the major concerns of employers of labour in this information age is the recruitment of employees with requisite computerized office skills to fit into the various organization's jobs and positions. In Agricultural education, acquisition of these computerized office skills do not only depends on whether one is able to fulfill the paper requirements of specific jobs but also how one practically stands relative to others within a group of job seekers. In other words, acquisition of computerized office skills describes the possession of the requisite office job performance competencies by Agricultural Education graduates. Thus, the purpose of the study was to find out the computerized office skills required by Agricultural Education students of Colleges of Education for employment in agribusiness organizations in Enugu State. A survey research design was adopted for the study. A total of 176 respondents were studied with no sampling. A structured questionnaire was used for data gathering. The reliability coefficient of the instrument was 0.85 using Cronbach Alpha method while three lecturers carried out face validation of the instrument. Three research questions and three null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. Mean statistic was employed to answer the research questions while t-test was used to test the null hypotheses. It was found that Agricultural education students from Colleges of Education in Enugu State require computerized office skills to be employed in contemporary agribusiness offices after graduation. Findings showed that the computerized office skills required by Agricultural Education students of Colleges of Education for employment are word processing skills, database management skills and internet utilization skills. It was recommended among others that the National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE) should as a matter of urgency lay emphasis on skills acquisition and introduction of computing and information technology in Agricultural Education curriculum of Colleges of Education.

Youths from Nigerian schools and tertiary institutions are usually unemployable after schooling because they are not empowered with the required saleable skills to earn them a job or with which to establish as entrepreneurs. This paper examines the relevance of Supervised Agricultural Experience Programme (SAEP) and Work Linked Education (WLE) as being capable of providing marketable and entrepreneur skills required to prevent joblessness among youths in Nigeria. The strategies for implementing SAEP and (WLE) are recommended for adoption for human capacity building and youth empowerment for national development.

The academic programs at the graduate level are increasingly interested about the enrollment management challenges in terms of international student mobility. Understanding fundamental enrollment concepts to attract international students provides the essential key to consider the competitive environment concerning university resources, academic program potential, complex cultural dynamics, and workplaces among others. Based on a six-year quantitative and descriptive statistical study, this paper addresses the trends of first-time graduate enrollment and patterns of international student mobility by faculty at the University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez. Results revealed the sustained trend of graduate enrollment of international students mainly from South America, Central America, and the Caribbean among others. Moreover, the presence of international graduate students adds a dimension of diversity to UPRM between teaching and research undertakings that enhance the Colleges of Engineering, Arts and Sciences, Agricultural Sciences, and Business Administration. The international student mobility has a consistent tendency mainly in the Colleges of Engineering, Arts and Sciences, and Agricultural Sciences. This consistency resembles the quality and reputation recognized by educational institutions and organizational world rankings. In-depth, understanding the trends related to international graduate enrollment and mobility should be considered by institutional leaders and administrators at UPRM to make knowledgeable decisions and to effectively set priorities to recruit highly qualified international students.

This paper focused on redefining agricultural extension practice in Nigeria in response to the challenges of climate change. We reviewed 58 articles from research databases that were in line with our inclusion criteria for adequate understanding of the current state of agricultural extension practice in Nigeria and climate change concerns. The review identified the effects of climate change on agricultural extension practice, ascertained the training needs of agricultural extension workers towards climate change resilience, highlighted the strategies for repositioning the Nigerian agricultural extension system for climate change resilience and ascertained the opportunities and barriers for agricultural extension system towards building climate change resilience. Results show that climate change has adversely affected agricultural extension practice in Nigeria by worsening its operational environment. Changes in rainfall pattern have made it cumbersome for effective implementation of extension advice in real time. Training needs of extension workers for climate change resilience among others include the need to bridge digital divide, implementation of strategies for a better interface with development partners and optimization of the use indigenous mitigation strategies for climate change. The review recommends that essential strategies that must be in-cooperated in the extension service delivery in Nigeria should include adoption of new scenario thinking in communicating resilience building, establishment of emergency management unit by the agency, encouraging the involvement of the private sector in the extension service, transferring of research results on best affordable resilience practices to farmers as well as ensuring that government and other agencies are kept abreast with farmer's feedback on their challenges in building climate change resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The persistent volatility in the price of crude oil has intensified the comparable challenges to generate jobs and foster inclusive growth in oil-exporting countries. The non-oil sector such as agriculture tends to be low and was subsequently the only source of growth and jobs. While a country like Nigeria has the forward and backward linkages of agriculture as the impetus for growth, the impact of dwindling oil prices on agricultural growth remains grossly understudied in extant literature. This study focuses on examining the impact of oil price on agricultural output growth in Nigeria over 1995-2019 through the quantile regression technique. This methodology provides a more robust estimate against outliers in response measurement of the nexus between indices of oil price and agricultural output growth. Our findings indicate that crude oil prices have a negative effect on the performance of the Nigerian agricultural sector and have been consistent with the results of the OLS assessment. The policy implication of this finding implies that agricultural production in Nigeria can be amplified by diversifying the economy; shifting emphasis away from the crude oil export only and focused more on the domestic production of agricultural output to compensate for the loss of revenue emanating from oil wealth. Also, the government as well as the private firms should team up to address the infrastructural deficit by investing in the agricultural sector to optimize the agricultural value chain for growth and development of the nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a critical need for widespread information dissemination of agricultural best practices in Africa. Literacy, language and resource barriers often impede such information dissemination. Culturally and linguistically localized, computer-animated training videos placed on YouTube and promoted through paid advertising is a potential tool to help overcome these barriers. The goal of this study is to assess the feasibility of reaching language-diverse populations in Africa using this new type of information dissemination channel. As a case study, cost estimates were obtained for YouTube ad campaigns of a video to prevent post-harvest loss through safe food storage using sanitized jerrycan containers. Seventy-three video variants were created for the most common 16 languages in Ghana, 35 languages in Kenya, and 22 languages in Nigeria. Using these videos, campaigns were deployed country wide or focused on zones of influence that represent economically underdeveloped regions known to produce beans suitable for jerrycan storage. Using data collected from YouTube ad campaigns, language-specific models were created for each country to estimate how many viewers could be reached per US dollar spent. Separate models were created to estimate the number of viewers who watched 25% and 75% of the video (most of video without end credits), reflecting different levels of engagement. For language campaigns with both country wide and zone of influence areas of deployment, separate region-specific models were created. Models showed that the estimated number of viewers per dollar spent varied considerably amongst countries and languages. On average, the expected number of viewers per dollar spent were 1.8 (Range = 0.2–7.3) for 25% watched and 0.8 (Range = 0.1–3.2) for 75% watched in Ghana, 1.2 (0.2–4.8) for 25% watched and 0.5 (Range = 0.1–2.0) for 75% watched in Kenya, and 0.4 (Range = 0.2–1.3) for 25% watched and 0.2 (Range = 0.1–0.5) for 75% watched in Nigeria. English versions of the video were the most cost-effective in reaching viewers in Ghana and Nigeria. In Kenya, English language campaigns ranked 28 (country wide) and 36 (zones of influence) out of 37 analyzed campaigns. Results also showed that many local language campaigns performed well, opening the possibility that targeted knowledge dissemination on topics of importance to local populations, is potentially cost effective. In addition, such targeted information dissemination appears feasible, even during regional and global crises when in-person training may not be possible. In summary, leveraging multilingual computer-animations and digital platforms such as YouTube shows promise for conducting large-scale agricultural education campaigns. The findings of the current study provides the justification to pursue a more rigorous prospective study to verify the efficacy of knowledge exchange and societal impact through this form of information dissemination channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring and evaluation are important, yet, frequently neglected functions in most organisations. In Nigeria, many programmes have been established over the years but only little monitoring and evaluation have been carried out because of many implementation problems and lack of realistic and/or stable policy framework. This paper was designed to X-ray policy issues for improving monitoring and evaluation of agricultural programmes in Nigeria. Inductive and deductive reasoning through a review of relevant literature was used in this philosophical paper. To improve the performance of agricultural extension programmes in Nigeria, the following policy issues must be addressed: The questions of what should be monitored or evaluated, when should monitoring and/or evaluation be carried out and who should monitor and/or evaluate; and the methodology to be adopted in any project should be included in any agricultural programmes and/or policies. Manpower and financial resources, effective communication and the issue of accountability must be properly considered. The tools for monitoring and evaluation are also very crucial. The paper concluded that planning a good agricultural programme is not a problem in Nigeria but poor implementation is, as a result of poor monitoring and evaluation. Therefore, attention should be on when, how and who should be involved in monitoring and evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural Extension Agents (AEAs) in Nigeria are saddled with the responsibility of helping farmers improve their knowledge and skill in agriculture thereby improving their livelihood opportunities. Based on this the study looked into the effectiveness of the agents in ensuring sustainable agricultural development. Specifically the study described the socio-economic characteristics of the AEAs, determined their levels of knowledge and skills in sustainable agricultural development activities and identified their training needs. Three states: Lagos, Oyo and Ondo states were randomly selected from the six in southwest Nigeria and all the AEAs in the Agricultural Development Projects in the selected states were sampled. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire. Data analysis was done using appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics. Results of the study revealed that males (68.1%) dominated extension service in southwest Nigeria. The mean age of the AEA was 39 years and the mean year of experience of the AEA was 10 years. AEAs highest mean score on knowledge in sustainable agricultural development activities was recorded in livestock manure management (x = 3.37) and the highest mean score in skill was recorded in farmers organization establishment (x = 2.98). Some of the training needs identified included participatory needs analysis and livestock manure management. The study concluded that many of the identified training needs are outside the pre-service training of the AEAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated perception and attitudinal behavior of lecturers in the use of ICT in classroom teaching and learning in Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. A structured questionnaire was administered on a 5 point Likert-type questions to 120 of the 550 lecturers following simple random technique. The collected data were analyzed by finding means of respondents' feelings and hypothesis with correlation coefficient. The means showed that ICT facilities are not frequently used in classroom teaching/learning by the lecturers (x = 2.20). However, multimedia projector (x = 3.49) and computer (x = 3.36) were mostly used. The lecturers perception (x = 3.05) was positive and their attitudinal behavior (x = 2.89) was negative in the use of ICT in classroom. The correlation coefficient (r) was 0.373 and significant at 5% critical alpha level. It implies that there was a positive significant relationship between perception of ICT and attitude of the lecturers in the use of ICT. We advised that lecturers should put in more effort in the use of ICTs order than the multimedia and computer in classroom teaching/learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study assessed agricultural internship trainings being exposed to students and their job aspiration after Universities education with the aim of identifying different trainings exposed to them. A Multistage sampling procedure was used to select two hundred (200) respondents from four (4) Federal Universities in South Western Nigeria. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse data collected. The result revealed that the mean age of the respondents was 24 ± 2.33 years, and majorities (72.5%) of the respondents' parents were educated up to the tertiary institution. It was observed that the trainings exposed to the students differ across selected universities namely; Application of Computers to Agriculture, On-farm Demonstration, Teaching in Secondary School, Baking making, Tie and Dye, Horticulture crop production, Pasture production and Management technique. Furthermore, it was observed that respondents were exposed to the same trainings irrespective of their Departments except for Federal University of Technology because of the peculiarities of the Departments. Moreover, correlation analysis results revealed that there was no significant relationship between parents' working years (r = 0.034; P= 0.05), age (r = -.078; P= 0.05) and years of education(r = -0.045; P= 0.05) of respondents and their job aspiration. The study recommended among others that Universities offering agriculture as a course should compare their curriculum periodically and the needs of students should be considered when drafting internship plan for trainings in order to motivate to embrace agriculture as a profession thereby enhance food security in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to examine the relationship between air pollution and life expectancy considering the roles of institutional quality, agricultural output, foreign direct investment (FDI) and other socio-economic variables in Nigeria from 1981Q1 to 2019Q4. Design/methodology/approach: The study employed spliced quarterly data from annual series collected from the World Bank development indicators and Central Bank of Nigeria. The dynamic multivariate models were analysed using the vector error correction mechanism (VECM), variance decomposition and Granger causality techniques. Findings: The VECM result indicated a statistically significant adverse effect of air pollution on life expectancy. However, institutional quality, gross domestic product per capita, agricultural output, government social expenditure and school enrolment rate ameliorate the adverse health effects of air pollution, while FDI had mixed effects on life expectancy at different significance levels and at varying lag lengths. The Granger causality result revealed a uni-directional causality from air pollution to life expectancy; bidirectional causal chain between agriculture, FDI, government social expenditure and life expectancy, while a uni-directional causal linkage run from life expectancy to income per head and from school enrolment to life expectancy respectively. However, there is no evidence of causation between institutional quality and life expectancy due to weak institutional quality, but foreign direct invest causes carbon emission in a uni-directional manner in line with pollution haven hypothesis. Research limitations/implications: The study's modelling is limited by not considering the resource curse variable in the model due to paucity of data. Nigeria is the biggest crude oil exporter in Africa and ranks 13th globally with daily output of about 2.4 m barrels. Thus, the negation of resource curse in air pollution–life expectancy nexus de-emphasises the effectiveness of rich resources on health and environment. Future studies could address this limitation by incorporating resource curse in environmental-health models for Nigeria. Practical implications: It is imperative for the country to adopt stringent anti-air pollution strategies that would establish a balance between FDI attraction and agricultural expansion to the benefits of her citizens' longevity. Also, education should be considered as a strategic action to enhance life expectancy through expansion in the provision, accessibility and affordability to improved school enrolment rate. The choice of quarterly time series over annual data helped to establish the current relationship between air pollution and life expectancy using efficient estimators. Originality/value: The study contributes to literature by disaggregating yearly series into quarterly series, which has implications for the efficiency of the estimates, unlike earlier studies which ignored this fundamental process. The result of this study produced reliable policy direction for improvement in life expectancy in an emerging economy since quarterly estimates are more robust and reliable for forecasting than its yearly counterpart. The outcome of the study extended the original tenets of the Grossman's health stock theory using the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) and pollution haven hypotheses (PHH). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decline in youth population and the upsurge in ageing farmer population have resulted in low agricultural output and per capital productivity in rural Nigeria, which is a threat to the national food security. High school students' perception of agriculture and factors influencing their willingness to study agriculture in tertiary institutions were therefore investigated in this study. Information from 285 science students in high schools was analysed using descriptive statistics, Likert scale and logistic regression. Age of the students was 15.30 ± 1.17 years with almost equal distribution of both sexes. About half (50.5 %) of them wanted to study medicine where as only 4.6 % of the respondents were willing to study agriculture in the university. A higher percentage of female students (57.6 %) were willing to study agriculture in tertiary institution than their male counterparts (42.4 %). A higher percentage of students from public schools (51.4 %) were willing to study agriculture whereas 48.6 % of those from private schools were willing to do so. The students were undecided about the contribution of agriculture to national development but strongly disagreed that agriculture gives less income than other professions. Major motivating factors that can stimulate the respondents' willingness to study agriculture were career awareness program in agriculture, practical knowledge of agriculture and agricultural excursion. The likelihood of a high school student's willingness to study agriculture increased significantly with having a father who primarily practised agriculture and supports agricultural education, attending a school where crude implements are not used, visit to a mechanized farm and the youth's willingness to own a farm in the future irrespective of the course of study, while attending a private school will decrease it. In conclusion, high school students had average perception of agriculture and were not willing to study agriculture in tertiary institutions. Suggestions are presented on how to change this negative attitude towards this vital branch of science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite several investments programmes by the Nigerian Government and development institutions over the years to bridge the gender gap in schooling among children and increase enrolment in schools, most children are still found outside the walls of the classroom especially in rural areas. This research assessed how inequality in gender as it regards schooling among children affects the income as an indicator of livelihood of farming households in Kwara state, Nigeria. A sampling technique comprising of three stages was used to randomly select 200 farming households in the study area. Data were collected using questionnaire and were analyzed using the Gini-coefficient and the Ordinary Least Square method. The result showed an overall gini-coefficient for gender inequality in schooling of 0.35, with the value for boys and girls at 0.35 and 0.49 respectively. Mother's education, age of the household heads, marital status, dependency ratio, farm size and the average time spent by the children on the farm were found to significantly influence children's access to schooling. While increase in schooling cost, average years of schooling of the children affects the farm income. It was thus recommended that parents should be sensitized on the future benefits of sending their children to school. More so, credits should be made more accessible to farming households. This might help in the establishment of mechanized farm system thus reducing the need for manual labour and improving the children's opportunities of schooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participatory approaches to agricultural extension service delivery emphasize the need for accountability of extension to the end users. This study analysed farmers' perception of the accountability of agricultural extension services rendered in Oyo State, Nigeria. Structured interview schedule was used in eliciting information from 195 farmers in rural communities across the four agro-ecological zones in the study area using a two-stage random sampling technique. Data used for the study were analysed using descriptive statistics, Likert scale and the regression analysis. The study revealed that farmers perceived the level of accountability of extension tofarmers in the study area as poor. Level of education, access to training and membership of farmer-groups negatively influenced accountability at p<0.05. Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended that agricultural extension policies that will ensure accountability of extension tofarmers should be put in place. Farmers should also be enlightened in order to create awareness as to their rights as clientele in the extension process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study evaluating library use by agriculture students at Lagos State Polytechnic in Lagos, Nigeria. The study's methodology is described, and the findings that female, younger, and higher-level students are more likely to use the library are examined. The observation that the quality of library service is also an important determinant is also offered.

The article looks at National Agricultural Research Institutes (NARIs) in Nigeria as of 2011, focusing on the adequacy and use of their library resources. It discusses the importance of the country's 14 NARIs in supporting the development of its agricultural sector. It sets out criteria for evaluating libraries and reports the results of a study which utilized questionnaires, direct observation, and structured interviews to assess user satisfaction with NARI libraries' resources, services, and policies. The author concludes that there are significant weaknesses in the libraries studied, citing under-funding as a key cause. The need to upgrade information and communication technology (ICT) in the NARI libraries is also cited.