Search

Despite numerous attempts to discover genetic variants associated with elite athletic performance, injury predisposition and elite/world-class athletic status, there has been limited progress to date. Past reliance on candidate gene studies predominantly focusing on genotyping a limited number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or the insertion/deletion variants in small, often heterogeneous cohorts have not generated the kind of results that could offer solid opportunities to bridge the gap between basic research in exercise sciences and deliverables in biomedicine. A retrospective view of genetic association studies with complex disease traits indicates that transition to hypothesis-free genome-wide approaches will be more fruitful. In studies of complex disease, it is well recognized that the magnitude of genetic associations is often smaller than initially anticipated and, as such, large sample sizes are required to identify them robustly. Thus, alternative approaches involving large-scale, collaborative efforts, within which high-resolution genome-wide data is generated and interrogated using advanced bioinformatics approaches, are likely necessary for meaningful progress to be made. Accordingly, a symposium was held on the Greek island of Santorini from 14-17th May 2015 to review the main findings in exercise genetics and genomics and to explore promising trends and possibilities. The symposium offered a forum for the development of a position stand. Among the participants, many were involved in ongoing collaborative studies. A consensus emerged among participants that it would be advantageous to bring together all current studies and those recently launched into one new large collaborative initiative, which was subsequently named the Athlome Project Consortium. Sin financiación 3.044 JCR (2016) Q2, 26/84 Physiology, 68/167 Genetics and Heredity; Q3, 104/190 Cell Biology 1.448 SJR (2016) Q2, 106/351 Genetics, 47/191 Physiology No data IDR 2016 UEM

Introduction This paper studies physiological and biochemical indicators in the systematic training of sprinters. This paper analyzes the data measured during the athletes’ training process and studies the detailed data of their physical functions. Objective This study aimed to find a link between exercise data and biochemical indicator data in sprinter athletes. By analyzing the data from this article, the researchers were able to find the optimal training program for the athletes. Methods High-intensity aerobic training tests were performed with statistical analysis of various physiological and biochemical indicators. Results Hemoglobin data were shown to be highly sensitive to intensity. The researchers found that long-term high-load training in athletes can lead to physical fatigue. This fatigue production is positively correlated with the intensity of the training load. Conclusion There is a strong positive correlation between biochemical and physiological indicators on performance levels in sprinter athletes. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies – Investigating the results. RESUMO Introdução Este artigo estuda o monitoramento de indicadores fisiológicos e bioquímicos no treino sistemático de velocistas. Este documento analisa os dados medidos durante o processo de treino das atletas e estuda os dados detalhados de suas funções físicas. Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi encontrar uma ligação entre os dados de exercício e os dados de indicadores bioquímicos nas atletas velocistas. Ao analisar as informações deste artigo, os pesquisadores conseguiram encontrar um programa de treino ideal para as atletas. Métodos Foram empegadas experiências de treino aeróbico de alta intensidade, com análise estatística de vários indicadores fisiológicos e bioquímicos. Resultados Os dados de hemoglobina mostraram-se altamente sensíveis à intensidade. Os pesquisadores descobriram que o treino a longo prazo de alta carga em atletas pode acarretar numa fadiga física. Essa produção de fadiga está positivamente correlacionada com a intensidade da carga de treino. Conclusão Há uma forte correlação positiva entre indicadores bioquímicos e fisiológicos nos níveis de desempenho em atletas velocistas. Nível de evidência II; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação de Resultados. RESUMEN Introducción Este trabajo estudia el seguimiento de los indicadores fisiológicos y bioquímicos en el entrenamiento sistemático de los velocistas. Este artículo analiza los datos medidos durante el proceso de entrenamiento de los atletas y estudia los datos detallados de sus funciones físicas. Objetivo El objetivo de este estudio fue encontrar una relación entre los datos del ejercicio y los datos de los indicadores bioquímicos en los atletas velocistas. Al analizar las informaciones de este artículo, los investigadores pudieron encontrar un programa de entrenamiento óptimo para los atletas. Métodos Se realizaron pruebas de entrenamiento aeróbico de alta intensidad con análisis estadístico de varios indicadores fisiológicos y bioquímicos. Resultados Los datos de la hemoglobina se mostraron muy sensibles a la intensidad. Los investigadores descubrieron que el entrenamiento de alta carga a largo plazo en los atletas puede conducir a la fatiga física. Esta producción de fatiga está positivamente correlacionada con la intensidad de la carga de entrenamiento. Conclusión Existe una fuerte correlación positiva entre los indicadores bioquímicos y fisiológicos en los niveles de rendimiento de los atletas velocistas. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

Este texto corresponde a la versión en castellano de la ponencia del autor titulada «The philosophical theories on sport role modeling and the characteristics of role-model programs» presentada en las jornadas correspondientes a la 14 Sesion International conjunta para Presidentes y Directores de Academias Olímpicas Nacionales y miembros de Comités Olímpicos Nacionales, celebrada por la Academia Olímpica Internacional entre el 6 y el 13 de Mayo del 2018, en su sede de Olimpia (Grecia)., En este artículo, se analizan las dificultades a la hora de desarrollar programas para la conversión de atletas olímpicos en modelos a seguir. Para ello, primero se mostrará cómo los atletas son tomados como modelos a seguir en nuestra sociedad. Posteriormente se expondrá un análisis filosófico del concepto de modelo a seguir, basado en la distinción que establece Feezell entre «modelo a seguir» y «ejemplar moral». Tras ello, se analizará si los atletas tienen la obligación de servir de modelo para otros, distinguiendo entre dos propuestas al respecto, a saber: la ejemplarista y la escéptica. Por último, serán analizados cuatro desafíos surgidos a raíz de las distinciones conceptuales, In this paper, I analyze the difficulties involved in developing role-model programs in Olympic sports. To do so, I will show how today’s athletes are regarded as role models in the larger society. Then, drawing on Feezell’s distinction between “role models” and “moral exemplars,” I will provide a philosophical analysis of the concept of “role model.” Next, I will explore the question whether athletes have role modeling obligations, drawing a distinction between two approaches to the issue, namely: exemplarism and scepticism. Lastly, I will examine four challenges for the development of role-model programs that arise from the philosophical distinctions presented in the paper

Introduction The increasingly tense and aggressive competition in the competitive sports field has led to a continuous increase in the athletes’ exercise load. Sports injuries resulting from this increased load are also increasing. Research in this area helps prevent jumping sports injuries and guides protocols for treatment. Currently, research on sports injuries in athletics jumping events is relatively rare. Objective This paper examines sports injuries in sport jumping athletes. Methods This article investigates injuries in 16 vault athletes with 5 to 10 years of training. Results Distance jumping is a significant risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament injuries. The risk of injury when landing on one foot is more significant than when landing on both feet. Especially when the body is in a state of neuromuscular fatigue, this will significantly increase the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Conclusion Excessive local exercise load, incorrect technical movements, and physical fatigue are the leading causes of sports injuries. Coaches should organize training and competitions reasonably. Athletes need to reinforce the protection of the knees, ankles, and other frequently injured parts. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result. RESUMO Introdução A competição cada vez mais tensa e feroz no campo esportivo competitivo tem levado a um aumento contínuo da carga de exercícios dos atletas. As lesões esportivas resultantes desse aumento de cargas também estão aumentando. Pesquisas nessa área ajudam a prevenir lesões esportivas de saltos e guiam protocolos de tratamento. Atualmente, as pesquisas sobre lesões esportivas em provas de atletismo em salto esportivo são relativamente raras. Objetivo Este artigo analisa as lesões esportivas dos atletas de salto esportivo. Métodos Este artigo investiga as lesões esportivas em 16 atletas em salto esportivo com 5 a 10 anos de treino. Resultados Salto à distância é um fator de risco significativo para lesões do ligamento cruzado anterior. O risco de lesão ao pousar em um pé é mais significativo do que ao pousar em ambos os pés. Especialmente quando o corpo está num estado de fadiga neuromuscular, isso aumentará significativamente o risco de lesão do ligamento cruzado anterior. Conclusão Excessiva carga de exercício local, movimentos técnicos incorretos e fadiga física são as principais causas de lesões esportivas. Os treinadores devem organizar treinamentos e competições razoavelmente. Os atletas precisam reforçar a proteção dos joelhos, tornozelos e outras partes frequentemente lesionadas. Nível de evidência II; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação de Resultados. RESUMEN Introducción La competición cada vez más tensa y feroz en el ámbito deportivo competitivo ha llevado a un aumento continuo de la carga de ejercicio de los atletas. Las lesiones deportivas derivadas de este aumento de las cargas también están aumentando. Investigaciones en este ámbito ayudan a prevenir las lesiones deportivas por salto y a orientar los protocolos de tratamiento. En la actualidad, investigaciones sobre las lesiones deportivas en las pruebas de salto del atletismo son relativamente escasas. Objetivo Este artículo examina las lesiones deportivas en atletas de salto. Métodos Este artículo investiga las lesiones deportivas en 16 atletas de salto deportivo con 5 a 10 años de entrenamiento. Resultados Los saltos de distancia son un factor de riesgo significativo para las lesiones del ligamento cruzado anterior. El riesgo de lesión al aterrizar sobre un pie es más importante que al aterrizar sobre los dos pies. Especialmente cuando el cuerpo se encuentra en un estado de fatiga neuromuscular, esto aumentará significativamente el riesgo de lesión del ligamento cruzado anterior. Conclusión La excesiva carga de ejercicio local, los movimientos técnicos incorrectos y la fatiga física son las principales causas de las lesiones deportivas. Los entrenadores deben organizar los entrenamientos y las competiciones de forma razonable. Los atletas necesitan reforzar la protección de rodillas, tobillos y otras partes que se lesionan con frecuencia. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

Fatigue, mood disturbances, under performance and gastrointestinal distress are common among athletes during training and competition. The psychosocial and physical demands during intense exercise can initiate a stress response activating the sympathetic-adrenomedullary and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes, resulting in the release of stress and catabolic hormones, inflammatory cytokines and microbial molecules. The gut is home to trillions of microorganisms that have fundamental roles in many aspects of human biology, including metabolism, endocrine, neuronal and immune function. The gut microbiome and its influence on host behavior, intestinal barrier and immune function are believed to be a critical aspect of the brain-gut axis. Recent evidence in murine models shows that there is a high correlation between physical and emotional stress during exercise and changes in gastrointestinal microbiota composition. For instance, induced exercise-stress decreased cecal levels of Turicibacter spp and increased Ruminococcus gnavus, which have well defined roles in intestinal mucus degradation and immune function. Diet is known to dramatically modulate the composition of the gut microbiota. Due to the considerable complexity of stress responses in elite athletes (from leaky gut to increased catabolism and depression), defining standard diet regimes is difficult. However, some preliminary experimental data obtained from studies using probiotics and prebiotics studies show some interesting results, indicating that the microbiota acts like an endocrine organ (e.g. secreting serotonin, dopamine or other neurotransmitters) and may control the HPA axis in athletes. What is troubling is that dietary recommendations for elite athletes are primarily based on a low consumption of plant polysaccharides, which is associated with reduced microbiota diversity and functionality (e.g. less synthesis of byproducts such as short chain fatty acids and neurotransmitters). As more elite athletes suffer from psychological and gastrointestinal conditions that can be linked to the gut, targeting the microbiota therapeutically may need to be incorporated in athletes' diets that take into consideration dietary fiber as well as microbial taxa not currently present in athlete's gut. La fatiga, las alteraciones del estado de ánimo, el bajo rendimiento y el malestar gastrointestinal son comunes entre los atletas durante el entrenamiento y la competición. Las demandas psicosociales y físicas durante el ejercicio intenso pueden iniciar una respuesta al estrés activando los ejes simpático-adreno-medular e hipotálamo-hipófiso-suprarrenal (HPA), lo que resulta en la liberación de estrés y hormonas catabólicas, citoquinas inflamatorias y moléculas microbianas. El intestino es el hogar de trillones de microorganismos que tienen un papel fundamental en muchos aspectos de la biología humana, incluyendo el metabolismo, la función endocrina, neuronal e inmune. Se cree que el microbioma intestinal y su influencia en el comportamiento del huésped, la barrera intestinal y la función inmune son un aspecto crítico del eje cerebro-intestino. La evidencia reciente en modelos murinos muestra que existe una alta correlación entre el estrés físico y emocional durante el ejercicio y los cambios en la composición de la microbiota gastrointestinal. Por ejemplo, el estrés inducido por el ejercicio disminuyó los niveles cecales de Turicibacter spp y aumentó Ruminococcus gnavus, que tienen papeles bien definidos en la degradación del moco intestinal y la función inmune. Se sabe que la dieta modula drásticamente la composición de la microbiota intestinal. Debido a la considerable complejidad de las respuestas de estrés en los atletas de élite (desde el intestino permeable hasta el aumento del catabolismo y la depresión), la definición de regímenes de dieta estándar es difícil. Sin embargo, algunos datos experimentales preliminares obtenidos de estudios que usan probióticos y estudios prebióticos muestran algunos resultados interesantes, que indican que la microbiota actúa como un órgano endocrino (por ejemplo, secretando serotonina, dopamina u otros neurotransmisores) y pueden controlar el eje HPA en atletas. Lo que es preocupante es que las recomendaciones dietéticas para atletas de élite se basan principalmente en un bajo consumo de polisacáridos de plantas, lo que está asociado con una diversidad y funcionalidad de microbiota reducida (por ejemplo, menos síntesis de subproductos como ácidos grasos de cadena corta y neurotransmisores). A medida que más atletas de élite sufren condiciones psicológicas y gastrointestinales que pueden vincularse con el intestino, es posible que sea necesario incorporar terapéuticamente la microbiota terapéuticamente en las dietas de los atletas que toman en consideración la fibra dietética y los taxones microbianos que actualmente no están presentes en el intestino del atleta.c La fatiga, les alteracions de l'estat d'ànim, el baix rendiment i el malestar gastrointestinal són comuns entre els atletes durant l'entrenament i la competició. Les demandes psicosocials i físiques durant l'exercici intens poden iniciar una resposta a l'estrès activant els eixos simpàtic-adreno-medul·lar i hipotàlem-hipòfiso-adrenal (HPA), el que resulta en l'alliberament d'estrès i hormones catabòliques, citoquines inflamatòries i molècules microbianes . L'intestí és la llar de trilions de microorganismes que tenen un paper fonamental en molts aspectes de la biologia humana, incloent el metabolisme, la funció endocrina, neuronal i immune. Es creu que el microbioma intestinal i la seva influència en el comportament de l'hoste, la barrera intestinal i la funció immune són un aspecte crític de l'eix cervell-intestí. L'evidència recent en models murins mostra que hi ha una alta correlació entre l'estrès físic i emocional durant l'exercici i els canvis en la composició de la microbiota gastrointestinal. Per exemple, l'estrès induït per l'exercici va disminuir els nivells cecals de Turicibacter spp i va augmentar Ruminococcus gnavus, que tenen papers ben definits en la degradació del moc intestinal i la funció immune. Se sap que la dieta modula dràsticament la composició de la microbiota intestinal. A causa de la considerable complexitat de les respostes d'estrès en els atletes d'elit (des de l'intestí permeable fins a l'augment del catabolisme i la depressió), la definició de règims de dieta estàndard és difícil. No obstant això, algunes dades experimentals preliminars obtingudes d'estudis que fan servir probiòtics i estudis prebiòtics mostren alguns resultats interessants, que indiquen que la microbiota actua com un òrgan endocrí (per exemple, secretant serotonina, dopamina o altres neurotransmissors) i poden controlar l'eix HPA en atletes. El que és preocupant és que les recomanacions dietètiques per a atletes d'elit es basen principalment en un baix consum de polisacàrids de plantes, el que està associat amb una diversitat i funcionalitat de microbiota reduïda (per exemple, menys síntesi de subproductes com a àcids grassos de cadena curta i neurotransmissors). A mesura que més atletes d'elit pateixen condicions psicològiques i gastrointestinals que poden vincular-se amb l'intestí, és possible que sigui necessari incorporar terapèuticament la microbiota terapèuticament en les dietes dels atletes que prenen en consideració la fibra dietètica i els taxons microbians que actualment no estan presents en l'intestí de l'atleta.

Introduction: Synchronized swimming is a sport that demands high cardiopulmonary capacity from the athletes, physical conditioning, excellent swimming, and aerobic metabolism preparation. Long-term exposure to cold air is a key factor that affects lung function, affecting the athlete’s performance in synchronized swimming. This exposure can lead to inflammation of the athletes’ airways, although few studies have analyzed the changes in cardiorespiratory conditioning during competition. Objective: This study aims to analyze the effect of synchronized swimming athletes’ cardiopulmonary function on competition performance in cold air environments. Methods: This paper selects volunteer swimmers for the research. Ventilation tests are performed to collect data and to analyze the effect of training on cardiorespiratory conditioning during swimming. Results: There were significant differences in small airway function, generally defined as airways with caliber < 2 mm internal diameter, without cartilage, values measured among synchronized swimmers (P

Introduction: Endurance is a quality that has been lacking in Chinese athletes. In most endurance sports training in China, there is a problem with attaching importance to high-intensity anaerobic training and ignoring aerobic training. The close combination of aerobic, strength and technical training is endurance training. A significant development trend in training. Objective: This study analyzes the relationship between aerobic training and physical endurance in basketball players. Methods: Basketball players were selected and randomly divided into groups through the analysis method with a questionnaire, observation method, and experimental method to analyze the relationship between aerobic exercise and physical endurance in basketball players. In this paper, the changes in physiological indicators of basketball players were recorded after aerobic exercise. Results: The physical endurance of basketball players were positively correlated with aerobic training time. The physiological indicators of basketball players and basketball skills after aerobic training were significantly improved (P

Introduction: Muscle strength training can increase the strength of the phasic muscles, aiding in balance and body stability. Running is a physical-dominant speed sport where strength-speed is two crucial quality in the athletic training of its practitioners. It is believed that training muscle strength at high-intensity intervals can increase athletic speed performance. However, there is no determinant point to determine the peak of this relationship. Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of high-intensity interval muscular strength training on the physical conditioning of athletes. This paper also examines the relationship between muscular strength training and performance training in sprinters. Methods: Twenty sprinter volunteers were randomly selected as research subjects, divided without discrepancies into control and experimental groups, with ten people each. Mathematical statistics were used to analyze the physiological indicators of the subjects before and after muscle strength training. At the same time, the statistical correlation method was applied to analyze the performance changes of athletes before and after the exercise cycle. Results: After muscle strength training, the athletes in the experimental group were better than those before the training. The data were statistically significant (P

Introduction Ground exercise is a high-level event of Chinese women's gymnastics. Maintaining the dominant strength of women's floor exercise in China has become one of the issues that coaches, athletes and gymnastics researchers should actively discuss. A research analysis on athletes’ competition in the National Games can better reflect and illustrate the fundamental level of athletes and their overall developmental status. Objective To verify the relationship between women's floor exercise skills and competition performance. Methods The analysis and study of 65 female athletes participating in floor exercises at the National Games was carried out. In this paper, the on-the-spot statistical method is used to perform statistics on the skills and the athletes’ completion in the four games. Movement training and choreography experts were consulted. Results The performance of women's floor drills in the National Games was discussed from three aspects: the difficulty and arrangement of movements, the initial score and bonus points, and the completion of movements. Conclusion Most athletes can adapt to the changes in the new rules and master many complex movements. This also gets them a higher score. However, the choreography of the athletes’ complete movements is relatively simple and lacks features. Strength training in the lower limbs should be the key to improving the athletes’ ability in floor exercise. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes. RESUMO Introdução O exercício no solo é um evento de alto nível da ginástica feminina chinesa. Manter a força dominante do exercício físico feminino na China tornou-se uma das questões que treinadores, atletas e pesquisadores de ginástica devem discutir ativamente. Uma análise de pesquisa sobre a competição dos atletas nos Jogos Nacionais pode refletir e ilustrar melhor o nível fundamental dos atletas e seu status geral de desenvolvimento. Objetivo Verificar a relação entre as habilidades de exercício do solo feminino e o desempenho na competição. Métodos Foi efetuada a análise e estudo de 65 atletas femininas que participam de exercícios de solo nos Jogos Nacionais. Neste trabalho, o método estatístico no local é utilizado para realizar estatísticas sobre as habilidades e a conclusão dos atletas nos quatro jogos. Foram consultados especialistas em treino de movimento e coreografia. Resultados Discutiu-se o desempenho dos exercícios de piso feminino nos Jogos Nacionais a partir de três aspectos: a dificuldade e a disposição dos movimentos, a pontuação inicial e os pontos de bônus, e a conclusão dos movimentos. Conclusão A maioria dos atletas pode se adaptar às mudanças nas novas regras e dominar muitos movimentos complexos. Isto também obtém uma pontuação mais alta. Entretanto, a coreografia dos movimentos completos dos atletas é relativamente simples e carece de características. O treinamento da força nos membros inferiores deve ser a chave para melhorar a habilidade das atletas no exercício do solo. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento. RESUMEN Introducción El ejercicio en el suelo es una prueba de alto nivel de la gimnasia femenina china. Mantener la fuerza dominante del ejercicio de suelo femenino en China se ha convertido en una de las cuestiones que entrenadores, atletas e investigadores de la gimnasia deben debatir activamente. Un análisis de la investigación sobre la competición de los atletas en los Juegos Nacionales puede reflejar e ilustrar mejor el nivel fundamental de los atletas y su estado de desarrollo general. Objetivo Verificar la relación entre las habilidades del ejercicio de suelo de las mujeres y el rendimiento en la competición. Métodos Se llevó a cabo el análisis y estudio de 65 atletas femeninas que participaron en ejercicios de suelo en los Juegos Nacionales. En este trabajo se utiliza el método estadístico in situ para realizar estadísticas sobre las habilidades y la realización de los atletas en los cuatro partidos. Se consultó a expertos en formación del movimiento y coreografía. Resultados El rendimiento de los ejercicios de suelo de las mujeres en los Juegos Nacionales se analizó desde tres aspectos: la dificultad y la disposición de los movimientos, la puntuación inicial y los puntos de bonificación, y la finalización de los movimientos. Conclusión La mayoría de los atletas pueden adaptarse a los cambios de las nuevas reglas y dominar muchos movimientos complejos. Esto también obtiene una mayor puntuación. Sin embargo, la coreografía de los movimientos completos de los atletas es relativamente simple y carece de características. El entrenamiento de la fuerza en los miembros inferiores debe ser la clave para mejorar la capacidad de los atletas en el ejercicio de suelo. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Introduction: Joint strength of the lower limbs plays a decisive role in the competitive ability of long jumpers. Special strength training based on science and targeted at the strength of the lower limb joints is an essential topic for long jumpers. Objective: To analyze isokinetic muscle strength characteristics of lower limb joints in long jumpers. Methods: Voluntary jumpers were submitted to isokinetic concentric contraction tests of the lower limbs and hip joints. We also analyzed the effect of strength training on lower limb joint injury. Results: The knee muscles of the athletes have reduced eccentric contractility. The ankle of the athlete has the most vulnerable joint to injuries in the sport. Conclusion: The explosive force and eccentric contractility of long jumpers’ lower limb extensor muscles have the most significant impact on joint thrust and extension speed. Athletes need muscle strength training to develop isokinetic muscle strength. This can effectively prevent injury to lower extremity joint movements. The research findings of this paper can provide a specific theoretical basis for formulating scientific training for long jumpers. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes. RESUMO Introdução: A força conjunta dos membros inferiores desempenha um papel decisivo na capacidade competitiva nos saltadores de salto em distância. O treinamento de força especial baseado na ciência e direcionado para a força das articulações dos membros inferiores é um tópico essencial para os saltadores. Objetivo: Analisar as características de força muscular isocinética das articulações dos membros inferiores em saltadores de salto em distância. Métodos: Saltadores voluntários foram submetidos à testes de contração concêntrica isocinética dos membros inferiores e articulação do quadril. Efetuou-se também a análise do efeito do treinamento de força na lesão das articulações dos membros inferiores. Resultados: Os músculos dos joelhos dos atletas têm uma contratilidade excêntrica reduzida. O tornozelo dos atletas possui a articulação mais vulnerável a lesões no esporte. Conclusão: A força de explosão e a capacidade de contração excêntrica dos músculos extensores dos membros inferiores dos saltadores de salto longo têm o impacto mais significativo no empuxo das articulações e na velocidade de extensão. Os atletas precisam de treinamento de força muscular para desenvolver a força muscular isocinética. Isto pode efetivamente evitar lesões nos movimentos das extremidades inferiores das articulações. Os resultados da pesquisa deste trabalho podem fornecer uma base teórica específica para a formulação do treinamento científico para os saltadores de salto longo. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento. RESUMEN Introducción: La fuerza articular de los miembros inferiores desempeña un papel decisivo en la capacidad competitiva de los saltadores de longitud. El entrenamiento de fuerza especial basado en la ciencia y dirigido a la fuerza de las articulaciones de los miembros inferiores es un tema esencial para los saltadores. Objetivo: Analizar las características de la fuerza muscular isocinética de las articulaciones de los miembros inferiores en saltadores de longitud. Métodos: Los saltadores voluntarios fueron sometidos a pruebas de contracción concéntrica isocinética de los miembros inferiores y de las articulaciones de la cadera. También se realizó un análisis del efecto del entrenamiento de fuerza en las lesiones de las articulaciones de los miembros inferiores. Resultados: Los músculos de la rodilla de los atletas tienen una contractilidad excéntrica reducida. El tobillo de los atletas tiene la articulación más vulnerable a las lesiones en el deporte. Conclusión: La fuerza de explosión y la contractilidad excéntrica de los músculos extensores de las extremidades inferiores de los saltadores de longitud tienen el impacto más significativo en el empuje articular y la velocidad de extensión. Los atletas necesitan entrenar la fuerza muscular para desarrollar la fuerza muscular isocinética. Esto puede prevenir eficazmente las lesiones en los movimientos de las articulaciones de las extremidades inferiores. Los resultados de la investigación de este trabajo pueden proporcionar una base teórica específica para la formulación del entrenamiento científico de los saltadores de longitud. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Introduction: Long-distance runners cannot achieve training effects by relying only on speed endurance training. Core training exercises significantly improve stability, allowing learning of techniques with superior movement efficiency. Several factors that affect the development of athletes’ special skills are considered, highlighting their main strengths and working on intermediate characteristics. Objective: Verify the impacts of core training on athletes’ performance in long-distance running. Methods: This paper had 18 middle-distance runners as volunteers for the research. The athletes’ physical conditioning and athletic performance before and after training were examined. Statistical analyses on the indicators of the experimental and control groups were analyzed based on the T-test. Results: There were significant differences in endurance, core muscle elasticity, core strength, explosive power, and stability (P

External load monitoring brings valuable information to practitioners and coaches about the physical requirements of the activity developed by their players, according to their level of competition, age and gender. This information can be used to individualize training programs and to optimize the time invested in them, making coaches and players more efficient in the process. This review asses the results reflected in the existing bibliography about the measurements of external load in the sport of basketball, synthesizing them in one article for the scientific reader. Data from 29 scientific papers has been organized and discussed, providing relevant insights about the goals and findings, sample, measurement variables and technology for monitoring external load in basketball. La monitorización de la carga externa aporta información valiosa a los profesionales y entrenadores sobre los requisitos físicos de la actividad desarrollada por sus jugadores, de acuerdo con su nivel de competencia, edad y género. Esta información se puede utilizar para individualizar los programas de entrenamiento y optimizar el tiempo invertido en ellos, haciendo que los entrenadores y jugadores sean más eficientes en el proceso. Esta revisión evalúa los resultados reflejados en la bibliografía existente sobre las medidas de carga externa en el deporte del baloncesto, sintetizándolas en un artículo para el lector científico. Los datos de 29 artículos científicos se han organizado y discutido, proporcionando información relevante sobre los objetivos y hallazgos, muestra, variables de medición y tecnología para monitorizar la carga externa en el baloncesto. O monitoramento de carga externa traz informações valiosas para os praticantes e treinadores sobre as exigências físicas da atividade desenvolvida por seus jogadores, de acordo com seu nível de competição, idade e sexo. Essas informações podem ser usadas para individualizar programas de treinamento e otimizar o tempo investido neles, tornando treinadores e jogadores mais eficientes no processo. Esta revisão avalia os resultados refletidos na bibliografia existente sobre as medidas de carga externa no esporte de basquete, sintetizando-as em um artigo para o leitor científico. Dados de 29 trabalhos científicos foram organizados e discutidos, fornecendo insights relevantes sobre os objetivos e descobertas, amostra, variáveis de medição e tecnologia para monitorar a carga externa no basquete.

No basquetebol, atletas substitutos que entrem na partida apenas no segundo quarto de jogo (Q2) permanecem inativos por um longo, porém não objetivamente conhecido período de tempo. Objetivo: determinar a duração média do primeiro período (Q1) do basquetebol profissional, a duração média entre o término do aquecimento e início da partida (AQ-IP) e do segundo quarto (AQ-Q1), considerando diferentes competições e fases. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 126 jogos de quatro competições Novo Basquete Brasil (NBB 2011/2012), American Cup2017, Eurobasket 2017 e Aobasket 2017. Foram calculados os percentis de cada variável, além da comparação entre competições e entre fases da competição (fase classificatória e playoffs). Resultados: A média±desvio-padrão (mediana) da duração de Q1, AQ-IP e AQ-Q1 (min:s) foi de 17:47±02:08 (14:44), 02:05±00:36 (02:08) e 20:16±02:08 (20:23), respectivamente. O Q1 dos jogos da Afrobasket foi mais longo que os do NBB (., In basketball, substitute athletes who enter the match only in the second quarter of the game (Q2) remain inactive for a long, but not objectively known period of time. The objective of this paper is to determine a professional basketball first quarter (Q1) elapsed time, the time-interval from the end of warming-up period to the start of the game (AQ-IP), and to the start of the second quarter (AQ-Q1), considering different tournament and competition phases. The sample was composed by 126 matches of four tournaments: Novo BasqueteBrasil (NBB 2011/2012), American Cup 2017, Eurobasket 2017 e Afrobasket 2017. Statistical analysis determined percentiles for each variable, comparing among tournaments and between competition phases (regular season vs. playoff). The results shows that Mean±standard-deviation(median) of Q1, AQ-IP and AQ-Q1 (min:s) were 17:47±02:08 (14:44), 02:05±00:36 (02:08) e 20:16±02:08 (20:23), respectively. Afrobasket games’ Q1 were longer than NBB’s (p, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

The Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire were tested with 36 adolescent short-track skaters. This paper discussed the overall situation of self-concept of adolescent athletes in short track speed skating team and the relationship between them. The results showed that the self-concept score of athletes was obviously lower than that of the Chinese norm（p＜0.01）. The six factors of adolescent athletes' self-concept were positively correlated with extroversion-introversion（r=0.114~0.560, p＜0.05）, but they are negatively correlated with neuroticism and psychoticism（r=0.142~0.637, p＜0.05）. The interpretation of physical appearance and attributes, anxiety, behavior on the extroversion-introversion, neuroticism and psychoticism were 28.4%, 22.2% and 39.5% respectively. The interpretation of extroversion-introversion factors and neuroticism to self-concept were 26.9% and 42.5% respectively. The conclusion showed that self-concept and personality were mutually influenced and restrained in the process of development. What's more，physical appearance and attributes, anxiety and behaviors were the dominant factors that influenced the extroversion-introversion, neuroticism and psychoticism scores respectively. extroversion-introversion and the psychoticism were the most important personality features that affected the development level of self-concept. La Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale y el Eysenck Personality Questionnaire fueron probados con 36 adolescentes patinadores de pista corta. Este documento examina la situación general de autoconcepto de los atletas adolescentes en el equipo de patinaje de velocidad en pista corta y la relación entre ellos. Los resultados mostraron que la puntuación de autoconcepto de los atletas fue obviamente inferior a la de la media china (p ＜ 0.01).Los seis factores del autoconcepto de los atletas adolescentes fueron positivamente correlacionados con la extroversión-introversión (r = 0.114 ~ 0.560, p ＜ 0.05), pero están negativamente correlacionados con el neuroticismo y psicoticismo (r = 0.142 ~ 0.637, p ＜ 0.05).La interpretación de la apariencia física y los atributos, la ansiedad o el comportamiento en la extroversión-introversión, neuroticismo y psicoticismo fueron 28.4%, el 22.2% y el 39.5%, respectivamente. La interpretación de los factores de extroversión-introversión y el neuroticismo del autoconcepto fueron 26.9% y el 42.5%, respectivamente. La conclusión muestra que el autoconcepto y la personalidad son mutuamente influenciados y contenidos en el proceso de desarrollo. Además, la apariencia física y sus atributos, la ansiedad y el comportamiento fueron los factores dominantes que influyeron en las puntuaciones de extroversión-introversión, neuroticismo y psicoticismo respectivamente. La extroversión-introversión y el psicoticismo fueron las características de personalidad más importantes que afectan al nivel de desarrollo del autoconcepto.

The aim of this paper is to analyse different interactions of the variables (age, position, or quality of the team and the league) and the crowdsourcing Transfermarkt values of male players in the top European leagues. All players (n = 2259) in the five most highly valued European leagues&mdash, Spain, England, Italy, France, and Germany&mdash, from the 2017/2018 season were included in this study. Data were retrieved from the open-source football database (Transfermarkt). The present economic value (VPRESENT) and maximum economic value (VMAX) of all players with professional contracts were registered. Regression analysis evidenced a significant influence of the level of the team, the birth month, the league, the playing position and the age of the player on mean and maximum economic value (p &lt, 0.05). This analysis confirms that the players participating in the UEFA Champions League, Premier League teams, playing as attacking midfielders, and born in the first quarter of the year are the most economically valued in terms of both current value (R2 of 0.33) and maximal value (R2 of 0.36). Therefore, international football entities must take into account the financial balance between competitions&mdash, and not only at the domestic level, as the attractiveness and balance of European competitions may be directly affected.

How do expert trainers and athletes instruct and attend to new moves? The objective of this paper is to analize communication patterns in sports settings. We propose a pragmatic view on cognition through an integrated theoretical model. We claim that communication modalities cannot be reduced to individual minds but must be understood as distributed cognitive mechanisms among different individuals and resources. We compare two case studies, an aikido session in the USA and Olympic synchronized swimming training in Spain with a video‐aided cognitive ethnography and Conversation Analysis. By exploring these specific events we have a better understanding how athletes attend to instructions by using multiple modalities. Our findings show how trainers and athletes communicate augmented information that is not available in a self‐exploratory performance. They rely on augmented information through speech, but also gesture, marking, direction of gaze and body posture. Moreover, the skills of trainers and trainees include embodied and epistemic actions. They share visual assumptions on which are the right moves. Distributed attention is at the roots of these shared and embodied skills. Distributed attention is a type of distributed cognition in sports trainings. Sin financiación 1.814 JCR (2018) Q2, 28/63 Psychology, Social 0.559 SJR (2018) Q1, 72/621 Philosophy; Q2, 101/262 Psychology (miscellaneous), 119/300 Social Psychology No data IDR 2018 UEM

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados obtenidos en el proyecto “Crecemos en Equipo” respecto a variables de salud y tests específicos de rendimiento en baloncesto. El proyecto se llevó a cabo durante el curso 2015-2016 en colaboración con la Fundación Mahou y la Fundación Balia. Mediante un programa de entrenamiento de baloncesto en jóvenes entre 12-16 años en riesgo de exclusión social, se propuso el objetivo de relacionar variables de salud y rendimiento, respecto de la percepción de esfuerzo y tiempo útil de entrenamiento (tiempo real dedicado a la realización de actividad física en los entrenamientos). Para ello, se midieron variables relativas a la salud (IMC, porcentaje de grasa corporal, flexibilidad) y tests de rendimiento específicos de baloncesto (agilidad, resistencia, salto vertical), a principio y a final de temporada. También se registró la percepción de esfuerzo individual y el tiempo útil de entrenamiento. Los resultados mostraron correlaciones negativas entre tiempo útil de entrenamiento y aumento del IMC. Además, se encontraron diferencias significativas en el IMC de dos equipos femeninos a final de temporada: el equipo que más actividad física realizó en los entrenamientos presentó una media significativamente inferior de IMC. Estos resultados sugieren que un mayor tiempo útil de entrenamiento ayuda a mantener el IMC en niveles saludables, además de señalar la importancia de monitorizar los tiempos útiles de entrenamiento para obtener mejoras asociadas a la salud de los participantes en el programa. In this paper, results of the project “Crecemos en Equipo” are reported. The project was carried out during the course 2015-2016, together with Mahou Foundation and Balia Foundation. The aim of the project was to relate health and performance variables to rated perceived exertion and useful time of training (time dedicated to physical activity during practices), through a basketball training programme for 12-16 year-old youngsters at risk of social exclusion. Health variables (BMI, body fat percentage, flexibility) and specific basketball performance tests (agility, endurance, vertical jump) were measured, at the beginning and at the end of the season. Individual perceived exertion and useful time of training were recorded in practices. Results showed negative correlations between useful training time and BMI increase. Besides, BMI significant differences were found between two female teams at the end of the season: the team with higher physical activity recorded during training sessions had a significant lower BMI mean. These results suggest that a higher useful training time helps to maintain healthy BMI levels. Moreover, monitoring useful training time is important to obtain health-related progress for the participants of the programme. Sin financiación No data (2017) UEM

El apoyo científico al entrenamiento deportivo permite la aplicación de conocimiento, protocolos, tecnología, recursos, etc. para la mejora de los procesos de entrenamiento de deportistas y entrenadores. Su realización implica la colaboración de investigadores y entrenadores. Este proceso requiere de la concreción de los objetivos y de los procesos de actuación tras el análisis del contexto, recursos y las necesidades. El presente trabajo describe un ejemplo de apoyo científico a un equipo de rendimiento (rugby femenino). Se abordan las actuaciones realizadas desde distintas perspectivas e integrándose las tecnologías para contribuir en la medida de lo posible al incremento del rendimiento de las deportistas. Scientific support to sport teams allows for the application of the knowledge, protocols, technology, resources, etc. to improve the training process used by coaches and athletes. It involves the collaboration between coaches and researchers. This process involves setting goals and protocols after analysing the context, available resources, and needs. This paper describes an example of scientific support provided to a sports team (women´s rugby) and explains the procedures carried out from different perspectives, while integrating technology to try to improve athletes´ performances. Sin financiación No data 2015

A atividade física intensa aumenta a formação de espécies reativas de oxigênio que podem causar lesões musculares e danos na membrana de eritrócitos, prejudicando o desempenho de atletas. Para prevenir os efeitos causados pelo estresse oxidativo, o organismo possui vários mecanismos antioxidantes, alguns dependentes de zinco. As propriedades antioxidantes desse mineral são explicadas pelo seu papel na regulação da síntese da metalotioneína, na estrutura da enzima superóxido dismutase e na proteção de agrupamentos sulfidrila de proteínas de membranas celulares por antagonismo com metais pró-oxidantes como ferro e cobre. Estudos têm demonstrado que a fragilidade osmótica de eritrócitos está relacionada à função do zinco na membrana celular. Atletas geralmente apresentam ingestão dietética desse mineral insuficiente para compensar as perdas aumentadas pelo suor e urina e para atender a demanda bioquímica. Este trabalho de revisão visa mostrar a importância biológica e nutricional do zinco na proteção antioxidante durante a atividade física intensa. During intense physical activity there is an increased production of reactive oxygen species that can cause muscle injury and damage to erythrocyte cell membranes, thus impairing athletic performance. In order to prevent the effects caused by oxidative stress, the organism has several antioxidant mechanisms, some of which depending on zinc. The antioxidant properties of this mineral are explained by its role in the regulation of metallothionein synthesis, in the structure of superoxide dismutase, and in the protection of sulfhydryl groups of cell membrane proteins through antagonism with pro-oxidant metals such as iron and copper. Recent studies have shown that the osmotic fragility of erythrocytes is related to the zinc function in cell membranes. Athletes generally have dietary zinc intakes inadequate to compensate for the increased sweat and urine losses to meet and the high biochemical demand. This paper reviews the biological and nutritional significance of zinc in the antioxidant protection during intense physical activity.

A atividade física intensa aumenta a formação de espécies reativas de oxigênio que podem causar lesões musculares e danos na membrana de eritrócitos, prejudicando o desempenho de atletas. Para prevenir os efeitos causados pelo estresse oxidativo, o organismo possui vários mecanismos antioxidantes, alguns dependentes de zinco. As propriedades antioxidantes desse mineral são explicadas pelo seu papel na regulação da síntese da metalotioneína, na estrutura da enzima superóxido dismutase e na proteção de agrupamentos sulfidrila de proteínas de membranas celulares por antagonismo com metais pró-oxidantes como ferro e cobre. Estudos têm demonstrado que a fragilidade osmótica de eritrócitos está relacionada à função do zinco na membrana celular. Atletas geralmente apresentam ingestão dietética desse mineral insuficiente para compensar as perdas aumentadas pelo suor e urina e para atender a demanda bioquímica. Este trabalho de revisão visa mostrar a importância biológica e nutricional do zinco na proteção antioxidante durante a atividade física intensa.During intense physical activity there is an increased production of reactive oxygen species that can cause muscle injury and damage to erythrocyte cell membranes, thus impairing athletic performance. In order to prevent the effects caused by oxidative stress, the organism has several antioxidant mechanisms, some of which depending on zinc. The antioxidant properties of this mineral are explained by its role in the regulation of metallothionein synthesis, in the structure of superoxide dismutase, and in the protection of sulfhydryl groups of cell membrane proteins through antagonism with pro-oxidant metals such as iron and copper. Recent studies have shown that the osmotic fragility of erythrocytes is related to the zinc function in cell membranes. Athletes generally have dietary zinc intakes inadequate to compensate for the increased sweat and urine losses to meet and the high biochemical demand. This paper reviews the biological and nutritional significance of zinc in the antioxidant protection during intense physical activity.

Dopo la morte di Giovanni Hunyadi, due personnagi furono suoi successori come « atleti » del papato nella guerra contro gli Ottomani : nel 1457 l’albanese Skanderberg, già musulmano in gioventù e nel 1476 il valacco Stefano III di Moldavia, un cristiano greco, fino a quel momento militante soprattutto nel campo pro-ottomano. Essere un atleta non era solo un affare di prestigio, ma un vero ufficio cristiano, con benefici e rischi. I papi Paolo II e Sisto IV pensarono qualche volta di deporre Skanderbeg e Stefano dal loro titolo perché avevano fallito contro gli Ottomani. In entrambi i casi, gli amici italiani dei sovrani furono capaci di evitare la deposizione. Stefano fu riconosciuto da Sisto IV come monarca cristiano dopo un falso pellegrinaggio a Roma. Skanderberg, invece, non ottenne niente dal suo viaggio a Roma. L’articolo considera quindi le relazioni tra i « pilastri della crociata » (Roma e Venezia) e i loro « pedoni » sulla frontiera del « mundo cristiano libero ». After the death of John Hunyadi, two major figures took up his succession as athlete of the papacy in the fight against the Ottoman : in 1457 the Albanian Skanderbeg, a Muslim in his early years, and in 1476 the Walachian Stephen III of Moldavia, a Greek Christian previously based mainly in the pro-Ottoman camp. Being an athlete was not only a matter of prestige, but a real Christian office with benefits and risks. Popes Paul II and Sixtus IV sometimes thought of deposing Skanderbeg and Stephen as athletes because of their failure against the Ottomans. In both cases, the Italian friends of the monarchs were able to prevent such outcome. Stephen was acknowledged by Sixtus IV as Christian monarch by means of an alleged pilgrimage to Rome. But for Skanderbeg it brought no greater good, in spite of his subsequent journey to Rome. The paper therefore focuses on the peculiar relations between the « pillars of crusading » (Rome and Venice) and their « pawns » on the borders of the « free Christian world ».

The aim of this paper was to compare the sport stages of elite athletes depending on the career path they took. 476 retired elite Spanish athletes (62.5% male and 37.5% females) from 32 different sports answered a 55 items questionnaire. The starting ages of the students-athletes and the exclusively devoted to sport groups are similar. These similarities could be due to early decisions are taken by parents. Student-athletes reach also mastery stage two years earlier whereby we supposed some of the athletes do not start higher education studies as combining both activities seem to be too difficult. The best sport result was attained at different ages but it seems that the all trajectories spend seven years to achieve it. The non-student-athletes lengthened athletic career could be explained by a consequent delay in assuming new identity shifts. Finally, the student-athletes retire from four to five years before and could be explained because they usually plan more and better the retirement. In summary, the combination of a dual career with studies is the best option. El objetivo de este artículo es el de comparar las diferentes etapas deportivas de deportistas de élite en función del tipo de carrera que tomaron: trayectoria lineal, convergente o paralela. 476 atletas de élite españoles retirados (62.5% hombres y 37.5% mujeres) de 32 disciplinas deportivas distintas respondieron un cuestionario de 55 ítems. Las edades de inicio en el deporte de los deportistasestudiantes y de los que se dedicaban exclusivamente al deporte son similares. Estas semejanzas se deben a que son los padres quienes toman las decisiones en edades tempranas. Los deportistas-estudiantes alcanzan también la etapa de maestría con dos años de antelación por lo que suponemos que algunos de los atletas no empiezan los estudios superiores al parecer difícil compaginar ambas actividades. El mejor resultado deportivo fue alcanzado a diferentes edades pero parece que las cuatro trayectorias coinciden en emplear siete años en lograrlo. Aquellos no estudiantes-deportistas alargaron la carrera deportiva posiblemente debido al consecuente retraso en asumir nuevos cambios de identidad. Finalmente, los estudiantes-deportistas se retiraron entre cuatro y cinco años antes y podría explicarse por que planifican más y mejor la retirada. En resumen, la combinación de una carrera dual con los estudios es la mejor opción. Sin financiación 0.922 JCR (2017) Q4, 69/82 Psychology, Applied 0.469 SJR (2017) Q3, 122/231 Applied Psychology, 83/127 Sports Science 1.819 IDR (2017) C1, 1/42 Deporte, 5/122 Psicología UEM