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1. Bio-refinery system in a pulp mill for methanol production with comparison of pressurized black liquor gasification and dry gasification using direct causticization

Author

Naqvi, Muhammad, Yan, Jinyue, and Dahlquist, Erik

Subjects
*CHEMICAL processes, *PULP mills, *METHANOL, *SULFATE pulping process, *BIOMASS energy, *ELECTRIC power production, *CLIMATE change, *RENEWABLE energy sources, *CARBON dioxide, *CHEMICAL reduction
Abstract

Abstract: Black liquor gasification (BLG) for bio-fuel or electricity production at the modern pulp mills is a field in continuous evolution and the efforts are considerably driven by the climate change, fuel security, and renewable energy. This paper evaluates and compares two BLG systems for methanol production: (i) oxygen blown pressurized thermal BLG; and (ii) dry BLG with direct causticization, which have been regarded as the most potential technology candidates for the future deployment. A key objective is to assess integration possibilities of BLG technologies with the reference Kraft pulp mill producing 1000air dried tonnes (ADt) pulp/day replacing conventional recovery cycle. The study was performed to compare the systems’ performance in terms of potential methanol production, energy efficiency, and potential CO2 reductions. The results indicate larger potential of black liquor conversion to methanol from the pressurized BLG system (about 77million tonnes/year of methanol) than the dry BLG system (about 30million tonnes/year of methanol) utilizing identical amount of black liquor available worldwide (220million tDS/year). The potential CO2 emissions reduction from the transport sector is substantially higher in pressurized BLG system (117million tonnes/year CO2 reductions) as compared to dry BLG system (45million tonnes/year CO2 reductions). However, the dry BLG system with direct causticization shows better results when considering consequences of additional biomass import. In addition, comparison of methanol production via BLG with other bio-refinery products, e.g. hydrogen, dimethyl ether (DME) and bio-methane, has also been discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2012
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2. Assessing the Environmental Co-Benefits of Climate Change Actions

Author

Hamilton, Kirk and Akbar, Sameer

Subjects
CARBON FINANCE, TRANSPORT OPERATIONS, FUEL SUBSIDIES, POLLUTION CONTROL, WIND ENERGY, BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION, CONGESTION, ROAD, BIOMASS ENERGY, SOLAR POWER, POLICY MAKERS, CARBON OFFSET, EMISSIONS, NATURAL CAPITAL, RENEWABLE ENERGY, NEGATIVE IMPACTS, CRUDE OIL, WATER POLLUTION, NOX, DEGRADED AREAS, CARBON LOSS, EXTERNAL COSTS, ORGANIC MATTER, TRANSPORT SECTOR, WATER TREATMENT, BLACK CARBON, FERTILIZERS, FOSSIL FUELS, MANGROVE FOREST, MASS TRANSIT, MINES, NITRATE, LOCAL AIR POLLUTANTS, AIR POLLUTANTS, CARBON CYCLING, PRIVATE VEHICLES, CROPPING SYSTEMS, PARTICULATE, FOREST MANAGEMENT, RESOURCE CONSERVATION, RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, COMBUSTION, ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION, METHANE EMISSIONS, LOW-CARBON, EROSION CONTROL, OZONE, GAS FLARING, GHGS, CARBON PRICE, ENVIRONMENTAL, METHANE COMBUSTION, NUCLEAR ENERGY, TRUE, EMISSION REDUCTIONS, COST SAVINGS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, FIRE MANAGEMENT, GREENHOUSE, SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY, ENERGY POLICY, NITROUS OXIDE, CLIMATE CHANGE, LANDFILL GAS, PASTURES, ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, NUTRIENTS, ARABLE LAND, FOREST DEGRADATION, ACCIDENTS, BIOMASS, NOISE, RAINWATER, RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, HOUSEHOLD FUEL, METHANE, CARBON MARKET, CARBON CREDITS, ELECTRICITY GENERATION, ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS, FORESTS, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE, GAS EMISSION, GREENHOUSE-GAS, LOSS OF SOIL CARBON, TRANSPORT SYSTEM, ROADS, DROUGHT, CARBON SOURCES, SOIL PRODUCTIVITY, GREENHOUSE-GAS EMISSIONS, NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS, METHANE GAS, AIR, N2O, FOREST, CO, LOCAL AIR POLLUTION EMISSIONS, AIR POLLUTION, CO2, DISEASE VECTORS, EMISSION REDUCTION POLICIES, CARBON ACCUMULATION, ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, SO2, ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS, PM10, FREIGHT, BIOLOGICAL CARBON SEQUESTRATION, AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS, CARBON EMISSION, FLOODS, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMICS, NITROGEN DEPOSITION, AIR QUALITY, VEHICLE FUEL, ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA, TRANSPORTATION, CLIMATE, EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORT, CROP LANDS, TREE SPECIES, SOX, GHG, PRESENT VALUE, FOREST CLEARANCE, FREIGHT TRANSPORT, DIESEL ENGINES, CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION, EMISSIONS FROM LAND USE, SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT, GASES, PP, TERRESTRIAL CARBON, CARBON SEQUESTRATION, CARBON MARKETS, COMMON PROPERTY, VEHICLE, EMISSIONS REDUCTION, DIESEL, AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS, AIR QUALITY IMPROVEMENTS, OZONE LAYER, ANNUAL EMISSION, BIOGAS, FORESTRY SECTOR, VEHICLE FUEL EFFICIENCY, FUEL EFFICIENT VEHICLES, RISK MANAGEMENT, GREENHOUSE GAS, LIVABLE CITIES, POWER PLANTS, CLEAN ELECTRICITY, ECOLOGY, BLACK CARBON EMISSIONS, LANDFILL, FARMS, FISH, SANITATION, FOREST PLANTATIONS, FINANCIAL INCENTIVES, TIMBER, PARTICLES, METHANE GENERATION, BUSES, FUEL SWITCHING, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY, TAX REDUCTION, CARBON FLUX, TRANSPORT POLICIES, AQUIFERS, DEBT, WASTE MANAGEMENT, BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURE, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, LOCAL AIR POLLUTION, AIR POLLUTION CONTROL, HIGHWAYS, SOIL CARBON, FOREST CARBON, PARTICULATES, ACIDIFICATION, EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, CARBON SINKS, ELECTRICITY, NITRATES, COAL, IMPACTS ON BIODIVERSITY, PARTICULATE MATTER, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON CAPTURE, CLEANER FUELS, WETLANDS, FOREST AREA, IPCC, ALTERNATIVE ENERGY, HIGHWAY, COMMON PROPERTY RESOURCES, EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS, DIESEL VEHICLES, OIL PRICES, EMISSION TRADING, LAND DEGRADATION, EMISSION REDUCTION, CARBON FUELS, LAND USE CHANGE, GREENHOUSE GASES, SOIL DEGRADATION, GASOLINE, LEACHING, TRAFFIC, SOCIAL COSTS, CADMIUM, NATURAL GAS, URBAN AIR POLLUTION, BUS, ETHANOL, HEAVY METALS, SUSTAINABLE USE, CARBON TAX, FORESTRY, URBAN TRANSPORT, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, POLLUTION REDUCTION, CARBON FUNDING, FOREST BIOMASS, WATER QUALITY, WIND, NATURAL RESOURCES, NITROGEN, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES, AFFORESTATION, ENERGY SOURCES, ECOSYSTEM, FOREST SECTOR, DEFORESTATION, EMISSION, FISHERIES
Abstract

This internal background paper has been prepared to help inform the 2010 environment strategy with respect to a proposed way forward on use of country systems. The World Bank Group environment strategy is built on three pillars: leveraging natural resources for growth and poverty reduction; managing the environmental risks to growth and development; and transforming growth paths. As part of its exploration of these three pillars, the strategy considers the question of environmental co-benefits of climate change actions. In particular, it poses the question of potential trade-offs between actions to address climate change and other local and regional environmental priorities, and considers how to maximize co-benefits arising from climate action. The primary objective of this background paper is to assess the potential for climate change mitigation and adaptation actions to provide environmental co-benefits, particularly in the quality of environmental media, flow of ecosystem services, and maintenance of biodiversity. To accomplish this, the paper is organized in five sections: section one gives provision of an organizing framework to identify and classify potential co-benefits; section two gives summary of the external literature on co-benefits; section three gives review of examples from the World Bank portfolio; section four presents initial thoughts on creation of enabling conditions for co-benefit provision; and section five gives review of implications for the environment strategy.

Published
2010

3. Wood-Based Biomass Energy Development for Sub-Saharan Africa : Issues and Approaches

Author

World Bank

Subjects
NUTRIENT CONTENT, CARBON FINANCE, CLEAN DEVELOPMENT, FOSSIL FUEL EMISSIONS, NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, WOOD FUEL, APPROACH, ENERGY POVERTY, SOLID FUELS, NATURAL FORESTS, BIOMASS ENERGY, URBAN HOUSEHOLDS, CHARCOAL PRODUCTION, PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, EMPLOYMENT, ENERGY PRICE, EMISSIONS, RENEWABLE ENERGY, JATROPHA, RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS, CLIMATIC CONDITIONS, OIL EQUIVALENT, ELECTRIFICATION, FOREST SERVICE, FOREST COVER, BLACK CARBON, FOSSIL FUELS, AIR POLLUTANTS, ENERGY SOURCE, CARBONIZATION, PARTICULATE, FOREST RESOURCES, SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT, FOREST MANAGEMENT, DEMAND FOR ENERGY, COLORS, COMBUSTION, ORGANIC CARBON, ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY, TRADITIONAL ENERGY SECTOR, CARBON FUND, ENERGY DEVELOPMENTS, EXPLOITATION, PETROLEUM, GLOBAL WARMING, PRIMARY ENERGY, ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY, LOW-CARBON, FUEL CONSUMPTION, PYROLYSIS, GHGS, RAIN, FUEL SOURCES, EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION, ENVIRONMENTAL, BIOMASS FUEL, EMISSION REDUCTIONS, FOSSIL FUEL, PRICE CHANGES, ENERGY PROJECT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, GREENHOUSE, FORESTRY PROJECTS, COMBUSTION CHAMBER, CHRONIC BRONCHITIS, TRADITIONAL BIOMASS, BIOMASS BURNING, CLIMATE CHANGE, SUSTAINABLE FOREST, RURAL ENERGY DEVELOPMENT, AGRICULTURAL CROPS, RURAL ENERGY, FOREST DEGRADATION, BIOMASS, FOREST ECOSYSTEM, RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, METHANE, CARBON CREDITS, FORESTS, BIOMASS SECTOR, ENERGY CONSUMPTION, CROP WASTE, AIR, FOREST REMOVAL, ENERGY RESOURCES, FOREST, CO, AIR POLLUTION, ENERGY SECURITY, PRECIPITATION, DEGRADED LANDS, CO2, FOREST INVESTMENT, FUELWOOD RESOURCES, COMMERCIAL ENERGY, ECONOMIC VALUE, SOLID BIOMASS, RURAL USERS, CONVERSION EFFICIENCY, GRID ELECTRICITY, FUELS, FUEL SOURCE, BIOMASS FUELS, KEROSENE, TAX REVENUES, SOURCE OF ENERGY, HOUSEHOLD ENERGY USE, REDUCING EMISSIONS, CARBON BIOMASS, LIGHTING, ACCESS TO MODERN ENERGY, ENERGY STRATEGIES, FOREST LAW, CARBON MONOXIDE, CLIMATE, ENERGY NEEDS, UNEP, GHG, CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM, INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY RESEARCH, CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION, EMISSIONS FROM LAND USE, SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT, INVESTMENTS IN ENERGY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, OXYGEN, COOKING, ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES, CARBON SEQUESTRATION, ENERGY DEVELOPMENT, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, VILLAGE LEVELS, POPULATION GROWTH, CARBON NEUTRAL, FOSSIL, ACCESS TO ENERGY, WOOD FUELS, RENEWABLE ENERGY PROGRAM, ENERGY OUTLOOK, OIL, RENEWABLE ENERGY ACCESS, BALANCE, FOREST LOSS, RELIABILITY OF SUPPLY, BIOGAS, RENEWABLE ENERGY INVESTMENTS, GREENHOUSE GAS, ABSENCE OF OXYGEN, PRIMARY SOURCE OF ENERGY, MODERN FUELS, CONVERSION OF WOOD, SOLID BIOMASS FUEL, RAW MATERIAL, RURAL AREAS, CHARCOAL, PARTICLES, AGRICULTURAL WASTE, ENERGY MANAGEMENT, FUEL SWITCHING, ENERGY DEMAND, NATURAL RESOURCE, FOREST STOCKS, BURN FUEL, CROP, ATMOSPHERE, EFFICIENT STOVES, FORESTRY SYSTEMS, WOOD BURNING, ENERGY STRATEGY, FOREST CARBON, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, GENERATION, CARBON SINK, SMOKE, ACCESS TO ENERGY SERVICES, BIOFUELS, EUCALYPTUS PLANTATIONS, CLEAN ENERGY INVESTMENT, BIOMASS ENERGY RESOURCES, ELECTRICITY, COAL, PARTICULATE MATTER, CARBON DIOXIDE, WOODY BIOMASS, EUCALYPTUS TREES, ALTERNATIVE FUELS, FOREST RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, ELECTRIC GRID, FOREST AREA, ALTERNATIVE ENERGY, BIOMASS ENERGY USE, FUEL USE, LAND DEGRADATION, ENERGY USE, ENERGY PLANNING, LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS, GREENHOUSE GASES, FUEL TYPES, CLEAN ENERGY, WOOD CONSUMPTION, HEAT, WOOD ENERGY, COMBUSTION PROCESS, EMISSIONS FROM ENERGY, SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, RESIDENTIAL ENERGY, PRODUCTION OF CHARCOAL, QUANTITY OF FUEL, BIOMASS USE, ETHANOL, FORESTRY, DUNG, LOSS OF FOREST, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, WOOD SPECIES, AVAILABILITY, PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE, WIND, BIOMASS PRODUCTION, USE OF BIOMASS, NATURAL RESOURCES, ENERGY SECTORS, HOUSEHOLD ENERGY, COLLECTION SYSTEMS, AFFORESTATION, ENERGY SOURCES, FUEL WOOD, DEFORESTATION, EMISSION, TONS OF CARBON, FOREST AREAS
Abstract

Nearly half the world's population and about 81 percent of Sub-Saharan African (SSA) households rely on wood-based biomass energy (fuel wood and charcoal) for cooking. This degree of reliance is far greater than in any other region. While the use of biomass fuels in China, India and much of the developing world has peaked or will do so in the near future, SSA's consumption will either remain at very high levels or even grow over the next few decades. Population growth, coupled with strong urbanization dynamics and relative price changes of alternative fuels, offset the important achievements made over the past decade by significant investments in energy access, rural and urban electrification, off-grid energy developments, and the promotion of alternative energy sources. With increasing economic development, the demand for energy is increasing as well and consumers depend on a broader portfolio of energy sources to satisfy growing energy needs. While electricity and other energy sources are needed to satisfy additional energy needs emerging with economic development, a vast majority of Sub-Saharan African consumers continue to use wood based biomass energy for cooking. Especially electricity is not regarded a suitable alternative for cooking given equipment and use costs. Biomass burning in cook stoves also emits black carbon (BC) as part of visible smoke, which is particulate matter that results from incomplete combustion. Climate science now views BC as the second or third largest warming agent after carbon dioxide, alongside methane. In the case of biomass cooking, the warming effects of BC and the cooling effects of organic carbon that is also emitted during the burning appear to be closely balanced. Given the present uncertainty about the net impact, additional research is currently underway. Black carbon has also an impact at the regional level: it accelerates melting of ice and snow, and contributes to regional pollution which can alter climatic conditions and precipitation patterns over a wide area. This paper advocates that any policy reform should entail a combination of clear rules, transparent enforcement, strong incentives and awareness-creation/capacity development. Key stakeholders and the general public need guidance by way of information campaigns, training, and demonstration projects to ensure that awareness-deficits or false perceptions do not curtail policy implementation. The bureaucratic and administrative barriers e.g. overcomplicated forest management planning requirements, complex fiscal systems and land tenure procedures may inhibit development and thus warrant critical reflection. The regulatory framework needs to integrate externalities in order to promote adequate pricing of charcoal, and thus enhance regional economies.

Published
2011