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Intra-operative ultrasound has become a relevant imaging modality in neurosurgical procedures. While B-mode, with its intrinsic limitations, is still considered the primary ultrasound modality, intra-operative contrast-enhanced ultrasound (ioCEUS) has more recently emerged as a powerful tool in neurosurgery. Though still not used on a large scale, ioCEUS has proven its utility in defining tumor boundaries, identifying lesion vascular supply and mapping neurovascular architecture. Here we propose a step-by-step procedure for performing ioCEUS analysis of the brain, highlighting its neurosurgical applications. Moreover, we provide practical advice on the use of ultrasound contrast agents and review technical ultrasound parameters influencing ioCEUS imaging.

Multiple sclerosis is a complex, autoimmune-mediated disease of the central nervous system characterized by inflammatory demyelination and axonal/neuronal damage. The approval of various disease-modifying therapies and our increased understanding of disease mechanisms and evolution in recent years have significantly changed the prognosis and course of the disease. This update of the Multiple Sclerosis Therapy Consensus Group treatment recommendation focuses on the most important recommendations for disease-modifying therapies of multiple sclerosis in 2021. Our recommendations are based on current scientific evidence and apply to those medications approved in wide parts of Europe, particularly German-speaking countries (Germany, Austria, Switzerland).Die Multiple Sklerose ist eine komplexe, autoimmun vermittelte Erkrankung des zentralen Nervensystems, charakterisiert durch inflammatorische Demyelinisierung sowie axonalen/neuronalen Schaden. Die Zulassung verschiedener verlaufsmodifizierender Therapien und unser verbessertes Verständnis der Krankheitsmechanismen und -entwicklung in den letzten Jahren haben die Prognose und den Verlauf der Erkrankung deutlich verändert. Diese Aktualisierung der Behandlungsempfehlung der Multiple Sklerose Therapie Konsensus Gruppe konzentriert sich auf die wichtigsten Empfehlungen für verlaufsmodifizierende Therapien der Multiplen Sklerose im Jahr 2021. Unsere Empfehlungen basieren auf aktuellen wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen und gelten für diejenigen Medikamente, die in weiten Teilen Europas, insbesondere in den deutschsprachigen Ländern (Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz), zugelassen sind.

BACKGROUND Intraoperative diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) tumors provides critical guidance to surgeons in the determination of surgical resection margins and treatment. The techniques and preparations used for the intraoperative diagnosis of CNS tumors include frozen sectioning and cytologic methods (squash smear and touch imprint). Cytologic specimens, which do not have freezing artifacts, are important as an adjuvant tool to frozen sections. However, if the amount of submitted tissue samples is limited, then it is difficult to prepare both frozen sections and squash smears or touch imprint specimens from a single sample at the same time. Therefore, the objective of this study was to derive cells directly from filter paper on which tumor samples are placed. METHODS The authors established the filter paper-assisted cell transfer (FaCT) smear technique, in which tumor cells are transferred onto a glass slide directly from the filter paper sample spot after the biopsy is removed. RESULTS Cell yields and diagnostic accuracy of the FaCT smears were assessed in 40 CNS tumors. FaCT smears had ample cell numbers and well preserved cell morphology sufficient for cytologic diagnosis, even if the submitted tissues were minimal. The overall diagnostic concordance rates between frozen sections and FaCT smears were 90% and 87.5%, respectively (no significant differences). When combining FaCT smears with frozen sections, the diagnostic concordance rate rose to 92.5%. CONCLUSIONS The current results suggest that the FaCT smear technique is a simple and effective processing method that has significant value for intraoperative diagnosis of CNS tumors. Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:277–282. © 2016 American Cancer Society.

Restoration of damaged central nervous system structures, functional recovery, and prevention of neuronal loss during neurodegenerative diseases are major objectives in cerebellar research. The highly organized anatomical structure of the cerebellum with numerous inputs/outputs, the complexity of cerebellar functions, and the large spectrum of cerebellar ataxias render therapies of cerebellar disorders highly challenging. There are currently several therapeutic approaches including motor rehabilitation, neuroprotective drugs, non-invasive cerebellar stimulation, molecularly based therapy targeting pathogenesis of the disease, and neurotransplantation. We discuss the goals and possible beneficial mechanisms of transplantation therapy for cerebellar damage and its limitations and factors determining outcome.

INTRODUCTION: Citation number can be considered a measure of a publication’s academic influence. Previous studies have suggested a citation number greater than 50 and a citation rate higher than 5 per year constitute a high impact in neurosurgery. We set out to determine and categorise the most highly influential papers related to the neurosurgical management of paediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumours between 2005-2010. METHODS: Child’s Nervous System, Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurosurgery were previously identified as publishing the most influential papers in paediatric neurosurgery. All papers published by these journals between 2005-2010 were collected from Web of Science. Papers describing surgical management of paediatric CNS neoplasms were identified and the 50 most cited were determined. RESULTS: Of the most highly cited papers, 54% were published in Child’s Nervous System, 26% in Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics and 20% in Pediatric Neurosurgery. The citation number ranged from 27-93 (mean = 43) and citations rate (per year) ranged from 2.31-8.25. Of the top 50 papers, 24% had more than 50 citations and 8 of these had a citation rate greater than 5 per year. 72% of papers were experiential studies and 24% were review articles. 42% described surgical management of craniopharyngiomas and 10% related to management of posterior fossa tumours. There were no randomised controlled trials. CONCLUSION: Between 2005-2010, 8 papers related to surgical management of paediatric CNS tumours can be considered as having high impact in the literature. The majority of papers focused on surgical management of craniopharyngiomas.

The Society of Toxicologic Pathology charged a Nervous System Sampling Working Group with devising recommended practices to routinely screen the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) in Good Laboratory Practice–type nonclinical general toxicity studies. Brains should be weighed and trimmed similarly for all animals in a study. Certain structures should be sampled regularly: caudate/putamen, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, choroid plexus, eye (with optic nerve), hippocampus, hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, midbrain, nerve, olfactory bulb (rodents only), pons, spinal cord, and thalamus. Brain regions may be sampled bilaterally in rodents using 6 to 7 coronal sections, and unilaterally in nonrodents with 6 to 7 coronal hemisections. Spinal cord and nerves should be examined in transverse and longitudinal (or oblique) orientations. Most Working Group members considered immersion fixation in formalin (for CNS or PNS) or a solution containing acetic acid (for eye), paraffin embedding, and initial evaluation limited to hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections to be acceptable for routine microscopic evaluation during general toxicity studies; other neurohistological methods may be undertaken if needed to better characterize H&E findings. Initial microscopic analyses should be qualitative and done with foreknowledge of treatments and doses (i.e., “unblinded”). The pathology report should clearly communicate structures that were assessed and methodological details. Since neuropathologic assessment is only one aspect of general toxicity studies, institutions should retain flexibility in customizing their sampling, processing, analytical, and reporting procedures as long as major neural targets are evaluated systematically.

Durant el període de formació del Sistema Nerviós Central (SNC) una multitud de factors participen en el desenvolupament de les diferents estructures cerebrals. Aquests factors controlen tant la migració cel·lular com el correcte posicionament de les diferents cèl·lules dins el SNC. La Reelina és un proteïna soluble de matriu extracel·lular expressada al llarg del desenvolupament i de l'edat adulta, encara que la seva funció principal s'hipotetitza durant el desenvolupment. La present tesi abarca tres funcions diferents de la Reelina en el control de la migració cel·lular durant el desenvolupament i l'edat adulta.En el primer apartat d'aquesta Tesi, hem demostrat que la Reelina pot controlar el nivell de fosforilació en mode I de la proteïna MAP1B durant la migració de les neurones que formen l'escorça cerebral. Aquesta fosforilació en mode I s'ha associat al control de l'estabilitat dels microtúbuls durant la migració cel·lular. L'estudi morfològic que hem desenvolupat en l'animal deficient per la proteïna MAP1B ens ha corraborat que existeix una relació entre la cascada de senyalització desencadenada per la Reelina i l'activitat de la proteïna MAP1B. Finalment també hem descrit que en resposta a la Reelina la quinasa GSK3-beta fosforila principalment MAP1B en mode I, encara que la participació, en menor grau, de la quinasa Cdk5/p35 no pot ser descartada.En el següent punt del nostre estudi, hem relacionat la via de senyalització MAPK/ERK amb la cascada activada per la Reelina. Hem comprovat que la Reelina pot induir la fosforilació d'mDab1 i la subseqüent activació de la proteïna PI3K, que a la seva vegada pot fosforilar a la proteïna Akt1/PKB. A partir d'aquest resultats, hem demostrat que l'activació de PI3K en reposta a la Reelina indueix l'activació de MEK1/2 i que aquesta activació desenvoca en la fosforilació de les proteïnes Erk1 i Erk2. També hem descrit que les formes fosforilades d'Erk1/2 en resposta a Reelina es transloquen a nucli en neurones corticals on indueixen l'expressió del factor de transcripció Egr-1. Un punt important d'aquest estudi es basa en el fet que hem pogut relacionar la cascada Reelin-MAPK/ERK en el procés de desadhesió de les cèl·lules de la zona subventricular (o SVZ) que participen en la via de la migració rostral (o RMS). A partir del fet que en presència de la Reelina, les cèl·lules que surten d'explants de SVZ no migren homofílicament sino que pateixen un proces de desadhesió migrant de forma individualitzada, hem descrit que si bloquegem farmacològicament o genèticament la via d'activació MAPK/ERK l'efecte de desadhesió induït per la Reelina queda inhibit. Amb aquest resultat podem concloure que en resposta a la Reelina les proteïnes Erk1/2 es fosforilen i que aquesta fosforilació és necessària per que la Reelina desenvolupi els seu paper en desadhesió dels neuroblasts que participen en la RMS.El tercer i darrer punt d'aquesta Tesi es basa en el control per part de la Reelina de la migració radial de les cèl·lules granulars del cerebel. En resposta a Reelina les cèl·lules granulars del cerebel inhibeixen la seva migració i aquesta resposta es induïda mitjançant l'activació de la via de les MAPK/ERK. El bloqueig farmacològic d'aquesta via inhibeix l'efecte de la Reelina. Amb aquestes dades podem concloure que l'activació, induïda per la Reelina, de la via de les MAPK/ERK no només és important en el control de la migració en el cerbell anterior sino que també és important en el cerebel, y que aquesta pot ser una cascada de senyalització que participa àmplimant en les funcions on s'hipotetitza la funcionalitat de la Reelina., "Role of Reelin signalling during neuronal migration in the Central Nervous System"During the development of the Central Nervous System (CNS) a multitude of factors work together to generate the different brain structures. Some of these factors control both cellular migration and cellular positioning inside the CNS. Reelin is a soluble protein of the extracellular matrix expressed during both development and adulthood, however its principal function is hypothesized to occur during development. This current Thesis addresses three different functions of Reelin on neuronal migration during embryonic and postnatal development.In the first chapter, we have shown that Reelin controls mode I phosphorylation of MAP1B protein during neuronal migration in the neocortex. Mode I phosphorylation has been related to the microtubule stability during cell migration. We developed morphological studies on map1b-deficient mice that corroborated the relationship between Reelin signalling cascade and MAP1B activity. Furthermore, we also described that this relation is done through the Reelin-dependent GSK3 activation, which phosphorylates MAP1B in mode I.In the second chapter, we addressed the relationship of Reelin signalling and the MAPK/ERK pathway. We showed that Reelin induces the phosphorylation of Dab1 and subsequent PI3K/Akt1 activation. Based on these results, we first described that Reelin-dependent PI3K activation induces MEK activation, which triggers Erk1 and Erk2 (Erk1/2) phosphorylation. We also showed that these active phospho-Erk1/2 proteins translocate into the nucleus inducing the expression of the Egr-1 transcription factor. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that this Reelin-induced pathway is activated during rostral migratory stream migration when neuroblasts face Reelin expressed in the olfactory bulb. The activation of ERK pathway in response to Reelin is crucial to change neuroblast migration from tangential chain migration to radial individual migration into the olfactory bulb.In the last chapter, we studied the role of Reelin in the control of radial migration of granule cells during the postnatal development of the mouse cerebellum. We shared that cerebellar granule cell migration is blocked by Reelin stimulation through MAPK/ERK activation. Furthermore, when ERK activation was pharmacologically block the Reelin effect on granule cells migration was inhibit.

La tasa de proliferación celular resulta de un balance entre varios procesos celulares: mitosis, diferenciación celular y la muerte celular apoptótica. La regulación de este balance es fundamental durante el desarrollo embrionario, la regeneración celular y el envejecimiento, así como en distintos procesos degenerativos y patológicos. Recientemente se ha clonado un gen, designado Zac1, el cuál codifica un factor de transcripción que regula la apoptosis y el paro del ciclo celular, mediante vías independientes. Se ha determinado que en ratones adultos Zac1 se expresa en la glándula pituitaria, en el cerebro, y en distintos tejidos periféricos, así como en el tubo neural de embriones de ratón con 9 días. Distintos estudios han demostrado que Zac1 está implicado en el desarrollo tumoral, en la diabetes mellitus neonatal transitoria, en la activación y/o represión de receptores nucleares, en la coactivación de la vía apoptótica p53/Apaf-1, etc. Sin embargo, su función en el sistema nervioso central es aún desconocida.La presente tesis tiene como objetivo general, determinar el papel de Zac1 en el sistema nervioso central del ratón. En este sentido, se determinó el patrón de expresión de Zac1 durante el desarrollo embrionario del neuroectodermo y mesodermo, así como, durante la maduración del sistema nervioso central (mediante técnicas de hibridación in situ e inmunohistoquímicas). Además, se caracterizó el fenotipo de las poblaciones celulares que expresan Zac1 durante el desarrollo. En el desarroollo del neuroectodermo, los resultados obtenidos muestran que Zac1 se expresa en las células madre/progenitoras del sistema nervioso central, tanto en desarrollo como en el animal adulto (zonas germinativas). Su expresión en células diferenciadas se restringe a subpoblaciones neuronales de naturaleza GABAérgica y catecolinérgica. En el desarrollo del mesodermo, los resultados revelaron que Zac1 se expresa durante todas las fases del ciclo de vida de los condrocitos (condrogénesis) y del desarrollo de las células musculares (miogénesis), sugiriendo que Zac1 puede jugar un papel importante en el desarrollo del esqueleto y del músculo esquelético.Por otra parte, se estudió el papel de Zac1 en el sistema nervioso central, analizando el fenotipo neural de los ratones mutantes para Zac1, y estudiando el papel de Zac1 en los procesos neurodegenerativos asociados con la muerte celular apoptótica. Los animales mutantes para Zac1 presentan tasas de proliferación neural superiores a la de los animales salvajes, reforzando el papel de Zac1 en el control de la tasa de proliferación celular (ciclo celular y apoptosis). Además, los resultados obtenidos muestran que la expresión regional de Zac1 es imprescindible para la selección y/o diferenciación de distintos progenitores neurales (tales como en los oligodendrocitos, las neuronas, los astrocitos, etc). En los modelos neurodegenerativos, los resultados obtenidos muestran que Zac1 es imprescindible para activar los procesos apoptóticos que conducen a la fragmentación del DNA, apuntando a su implicación en las fases tempranas de la activación de las cascadas apoptóticas.Por tanto, los novedosos resultados obtenidos en este trabajo de tesis abren distintas líneas de enfoque sobre el papel de zac1 en el sistema nervioso central, concretamente en los procesos de proliferación y diferenciación celular, en los procesos apoptóticos y en los mecanismos de plasticidad neural que ocurren durante el desarrollo temprano del organismo, así como, tras la activación neural que se desarrolla en los procesos de neurodegeneración., The proliferative rate results from a balance between cell division (mitosis), cell differentiation, and programmed cell death (apoptosis). Controlling this balance is fundamental during embryonic development, tissue regeneration, and aging, as well as in neurodegenerative process. In 1997, Spengler and collaborators cloned Zac1, a new zinc-finger transcription factor induces the cellular cycle arrest and the apoptosis, by means of independent routes, like p53. Zac1 is high expressed in the pituitary gland and in some brain areas. However, their role in the central nervous system had not been studied. In this way, this work, we study the pattern of expression of Zac1 during the maturation of the central nervous system (Valente and Auladell, 2001), as well as during the early development of neuroectoderm and mesoderm (Valente et al., 2005), in mice. In addition, we characterized these neural populations that express Zac1 during the development, demonstrating that initially (embryonic and postnatal mice) its expression is strong in neural cells with high mitotic activity (progenitors and stem cells) and later (adult mice) in interneurons of the GABAergic system. These results took to us to analyze if the strong expression of Zac1 in the central nervous system would be related to its apoptotic function. In this way, our results in neurodegenerative processes, as much in normal mice (Valente et al., 2004) as in mutant mice for Zac1 (Valente et al., 2005; results in preparation), show that although the expression of Zac1 is important in the induction of the apoptosis, is not their main function in the development and maturation of central nervous system, suggesting that Zac1 more would be implied in controlling the cellular cycle that in inducing the apoptosis. Moreover, a detail immunohistological study of the Zac1 mutant mice brain shows that the expression of Zac1 is important for the differentiation of the oligodendrocytes, interneurons and astrocytes, and suggest an important role of Zac1 in the differentiation and/or selection process of the progenitors/stem cells of the nervous system.

[cat] L'objectiu general d'aquesta tesi ha estat el d'aprofundir en la funció de les molècules que fan possible que la migració neuronal es dugui a terme, permetent així un correcte desenvolupament del sistema nerviós central. Per assolir aquesta fita, ens hem centrar en les molècules de guia Reelina i Netrina-1, la proteïna adaptadora Dab1, i l'hormona tiroïdea, els mutants de les quals presenten greus alteraciones en el cervell degudes a migraciones neuronals aberrants en les primeres etapes de desenvolupament.

Virus infections of the central nervous system (CNS) may result in the loss of myelin sheaths without axonal destruction. Severe neurological symptoms occur as a consequence of this phenomenon which is called primary demyelination. The sequence of events leading to primary demyelination during the course of viral infections of the CNS is only partially understood. Although it is well established that cytolytic infection of the Oligodendroglia cell can cause primary demyelination, mononuclear infiltrates in subacute and chronic courses of the disease indicate that immunological events may take part in this process (reviewed by Johnson (1)). For several reasons, investigations into the dynamic interactions between virus infection of the CNS and the local immune response cannot be conducted in man. (1) Usually clinical specimens are restricted to cerebrospinal fluid which gives limited information about pathological events occuring in the brain parenchyma (2). It is not known at which time point of the preceeding systemic infection, the virus enters the brain and biopsies are taken too rarely and infrequently to understand the kinetics of the events (3). The general absence of genetic homogeneity in man complicates attempts to detect the influence of the immunogenetic background on the course of the disease. In contrast, intracerebral infections of rodents with the murine hepatitis virus JHM (MHV-4) are excellent models to study the relationships between virus-induced demyelination and the local immune response. Based on the work of Cheever (2), animal models of JHM virus-induced demyelinating encephalomyelitis have been developed in mice as well as in rats (3–5). In recent years striking similarities in the course of the infection in both rodents have been detected which might give the impression that these two models can substitute for each other. However, subtle but important differences do exist. Therefore, in the present review attempts are made to summarize and compare the knowledge about demyelinating encephalomyelitides in rats and mice, giving emphasis to the role of the local immune response in the brain.

A century ago this year, Pío del Río‐Hortega (1921) coined the term ‘oligodendroglia’ for the ‘interfascicular glia’ with very few processes, launching an extensive discovery effort on his new cell type. One hundred years later, we review his original contributions to our understanding of the system of cytoplasmic channels within myelin in the context of what we observe today using light and electron microscopy of genetically encoded fluorescent reporters and immunostaining. We use the term myelinic channel system to describe the cytoplasm‐delimited spaces associated with myelin; being the paranodal loops, inner and outer tongues, cytoplasm‐filled spaces through compact myelin and further complex motifs associated to the sheath. Using a central nervous system myelinating cell culture model that contains all major neural cell types and produces compact myelin, we find that td‐tomato fluorescent protein delineates the myelinic channel system in a manner reminiscent of the drawings of adult white matter by Río‐Hortega, despite that he questioned whether some cytoplasmic figures he observed represented artefact. Together, these data lead us to propose a slightly revised model of the ‘unrolled’ sheath. Further, we show that the myelinic channel system, while relatively stable, can undergo subtle dynamic shape changes over days. Importantly, we capture an under‐appreciated complexity of the myelinic channel system in mature myelin sheaths., Using fluorescent reporter protein and immunostaining we revisit Pío del Río‐Hortega’s exquisite drawings of the cytoplasm of CNS myelin. Together, these data highlight an under‐appreciated complexity of the myelinic channel system. We employ 3D reconstructions to illustrate some key features.

Silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) are widely invested in medicine, industry, agriculture, consuming products, optical imaging agents, cosmetics, and drug delivery. However, the toxicity of these NPs on human health and the ecosystem have not been extensively studied and little information is available about their behavioural toxicities. The current study aimed to find out the behavioural alterations that might be induced by chronic exposure to 10 nm SiO2 NPs. BALB/C mice were subjected to 36 injections of SiO2 NPs (2 mg/kg Bw) and subjected to 11 neurobehavioural tests: elevated plus‐maze test, elevated zero‐maze test, multiradial maze test, open field test, hole‐board test, light‐dark box test, forced swimming test, tail‐suspension test, Morris water‐maze test, Y‐maze test and multiple T‐maze test. Treated mice demonstrated anxiety‐like effect, depression tendency, behavioural despair stress, exploration and locomotors activity reduction with error induction in both reference and working memories. The findings may suggest that silica NPs are anxiogenic and could aggravate depression affecting memory, learning, overall activity and exploratory behaviour. Moreover, the findings may indicate that these nanomaterials (NMs) may induce potential oxidative stress in the body leading to neurobehavioural alterations with possible changes in the vital organ including the central nervous system.

Sex hormones, including androgens and estrogens, play an important role in autonomic, reproductive and sexual behavior. The areas that are important in these behaviors lie within the spinal cord and brainstem. Relevant dysfunctional behavior in patients with altered androgen availability or androgen receptor sensitivity might be explained by the distribution of androgens and their receptors in the central nervous system. We hypothesize that autonomic dysfunction is correlated with the androgen sensitivity of spinal cord and brainstem areas responsible for autonomic functions. In this study, androgen receptor immunoreactive (AR‐IR) nuclei in the spinal cord and brainstem were studied using the androgen receptor antibody PG21 in four uncastrated young adult male cats. A dense distribution of AR‐IR nuclei was detected in the superior layers of the dorsal horn, including lamina I. Intensely stained nuclei, but less densely distributed, were found in lamina X and preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic cells of the intermediolateral cell column. Areas in the caudal brainstem showing a high density of AR‐IR nuclei included the area postrema, the dorsal motor vagus nucleus and the retrotrapezoid nucleus. More cranially, the central linear nucleus in the pons contained a dense distribution of AR‐IR nuclei. The mesencephalic periaqueductal gray (PAG) showed a dense distribution of AR‐IR nuclei apart from the most central part of the PAG directly adjacent to the ependymal lining. Other areas in the mesencephalon with a dense distribution of AR‐IR nuclei were the dorsal raphe nucleus, the retrorubral nucleus, the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area of Tsai. It is concluded that AR‐IR nuclei are located in specific areas of the central nervous system that are involved in the control of sensory function and autonomic behavior. Furthermore, damage of these AR‐IR areas might explain related dysfunction in humans., In this study, androgen receptor immunoreactive (AR‐IR) nuclei in the spinal cord and brainstem were studied using the androgen receptor antibody PG21 in four uncastrated young adult male cats. It is concluded that AR‐IR nuclei are located in specific areas of the central nervous system that are involved in the control of sensory function and autonomic behavior. Furthermore, damage of these AR‐IR areas might explain related dysfunction in humans.

St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) is a neglected mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes severe neurological disease in humans. SLEV replication in the central nervous system (CNS) induces the local production of interferons (IFNs), which are attributed to host protection. The antiviral response to SLEV infection in the CNS is not completely understood, which led us to characterize the roles of IFNs using mouse models of St. Louis encephalitis. We infected mice deficient in type I IFN receptor (ABR−/-) or deficient in Type II IFN (IFNγ−/-) and assessed the contribution of each pathway to disease development. We found that type I and II IFNs play different roles in SLEV infection. Deficiency in type I IFN signaling was associated to an early and increased mortality, uncontrolled SLEV replication and impaired ISG expression, leading to increased proinflammatory cytokine production and brain pathology. Conversely, IFNγ−/- mice were moderately resistant to SLEV infection. IFNγ deficiency caused no changes to viral load or SLEV-induced encephalitis and did not change the expression of ISGs in the brain. We found that type I IFN is essential for the control of SLEV replication whereas type II IFN was not associated with protection in this model.

Traumatic spinal cord injury is a fatal acute event without effective clinical therapies. Following the trauma, immediate neural protection and microenvironment mitigation are vitally important for nerve tissue repair, where stem cell-based therapies could be eclipsed by the deficiency of cells due to the hostile microenvironment as well as the transport and preservation processes. Effective emergency strategies are required to be convenient, biocompatible, and stable. Herein, we assess an emergency cell-free treatment using mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes, which have proven capable of comprehensive mitigation of the inhibitory lesion microenvironment. The clinically validated fibrin glue is utilized to encapsulate the exosomes and in-situ gelates in transected rat spinal cords to provide a substrate for exosome delivery as well as nerve tissue growth. The emergency treatment alleviates the inflammatory and oxidative microenvironment, inducing effective nerve tissue repair and functional recovery. The therapy presents a promising strategy for effective emergency treatment of central nervous system trauma., Graphical Abstract Graphical abstract Image, graphical abstract

Introduction Juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) is a rare autoimmune/inflammatory disease with significant morbidity and mortality. Neuropsychiatric (NP) involvement is a severe complication, encompassing a heterogeneous range of neurological and psychiatric manifestations. Methods Demographic, clinical, and laboratory features of NP-SLE were assessed in participants of the UK JSLE Cohort Study, and compared to patients in the same cohort without NP manifestations. Results A total of 428 JSLE patients were included in this study, 25% of which exhibited NP features, half of them at first visit. Most common neurological symptoms among NP-JSLE patients included headaches (78.5%), mood disorders (48.6%), cognitive impairment (42%), anxiety (23.3%), seizures (19.6%), movement disorders (17.7%), and cerebrovascular disease (14.9%). Peripheral nervous system involvement was recorded in 7% of NP-SLE patients. NP-JSLE patients more frequently exhibited thrombocytopenia (9/L) ( p = 0.04), higher C-reactive protein levels ( p = 0.01), higher global pBILAG score at first visit ( p < 0.001), and higher SLICC damage index score at first ( p = 0.02) and last ( p < 0.001) visit when compared to JSLE patients without NP involvement. Conclusions A significant proportion of JSLE patients experience NP involvement (25%). Juvenile-onset NP-SLE most commonly affects the CNS and is associated with increased overall disease activity and damage.

The paper describes modifications of microwave techniques for in vivo rapid inactivation of brain enzymes. These modified techniques offer greater rapidity and homogeneity of inactivation. The microwave-treated brain remains suitable for regional dissection.

As the mammalian central nervous system matures, its regenerative ability decreases, leading to incomplete or non‐recovery from the neurodegenerative diseases and central nervous system insults that we are increasingly facing in our aging world population. Current neuroregenerative research is largely directed toward identifying the molecular and cellular players that underlie central nervous system repair, yet it repeatedly ignores the aging context in which many of these diseases appear. Using an optic nerve crush model in a novel biogerontology model, that is, the short‐living African turquoise killifish, the impact of aging on injury‐induced optic nerve repair was investigated. This work reveals an age‐related decline in axonal regeneration in female killifish, with different phases of the repair process being affected depending on the age. Interestingly, as in mammals, both a reduced intrinsic growth potential and a non‐supportive cellular environment seem to lie at the basis of this impairment. Overall, we introduce the killifish visual system and its age‐dependent regenerative ability as a model to identify new targets for neurorepair in non‐regenerating individuals, thereby also considering the effects of aging on neurorepair., In contrast to findings in zebrafish, this study reveals a striking age‐related decline in optic nerve regeneration in the short‐living killifish, with different phases of the repair process being affected depending on the age. Interestingly, while resembling zebrafish at young age, the regenerative ability is more mammalian‐like at old age. As in mammals, both a reduced intrinsic growth potential and a non‐supportive cellular environment seem to lie at the basis of impaired nerve regeneration.