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1. Where Is the Flowery Kingdom? Inquiry Exercises for Elementary Students. Service Center Papers on Asian Studies, No. 6.

Author

Association for Asian Studies, Columbus, OH. Service Center for Teachers of Asian Studies. and Hantula, James

Abstract

These 20 inquiry exercises bridge the "understanding gap" between elementary school students' impressions and the reality of China. The exercises involve students in developing relevant understandings about China and the world, as well as in extending their skills in social studies and social education. Arranged alphabetically by title, the exercises include initiatory, developmental, and culminating inquiry into the affective and cognitive domains of learning. In all of the exercises, a possible instructional use is identified, teaching techniques and devices are described, and, when appropriate, teacher comments are also suggested. Students are asked to find the answer to a researchable question. For instance: one exercise involves determining China's place in the world by counting references to China from sources such as newspapers and recording the information in comparison with that for other countries. Students then construct a mental map of the world. Another exercise involves the identification of attitudes toward China through role playing. (Author/JH)

Published
1974

2. Recent Materials on China and U.S.-China Relations. An Annotated Bibliography. Service Center Paper on Asian Studies, No. 8.

Author

Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Service Center for Teachers of Asian Studies. and Goldberg, Robert

Abstract

This bibliographic essay of books, articles, and audiovisual aids on China is designed to help teachers and community educators identify new materials for use in planning classroom units and community education programs, and to present some emerging themes in America's new relationship with China around which discussions could be organized. The listings are arranged into six parts: (1) accounts by recent visitors to China, (2) general books about China and U.S.-China relations, (3) major areas of professional interest in China, (4) important issues in Sino-American relations, (5) Chinese periodicals and Chinese perspectives, and (6) resources for teachers. Most of the materials included in this annotated bibliography date from 1971-74. Each bibliographic selection includes the complete title, publisher, number of pages, price, and a short annotation. The unit on resources for teachers suggests resource and curriculum guides, periodicals and newspapers, starter kits, maps, and audiovisual materials appropriate for the secondary classroom. Exceptionally useful and highly recommended works are starred. (Author/JR)

Published
1974

3. Pioneers: A Case Study of a Film Caught in the Two Line Struggle in Literature and Art in the People's Republic of China. Occasional Paper No. 77-5.

Author

State Univ. of New York, Stony Brook. American Historical Association Faculty Development Program., Morrison, Linda, Morrison, Linda, and State Univ. of New York, Stony Brook. American Historical Association Faculty Development Program.

Abstract

The controversy surrounding the Chinese film "Pioneers" is analyzed and presented as a case study of a film caught in the recent two-line struggle in literature and art in the People's Republic of China. Within the history of the arts in China, there has been a difference of opinion between those in favor of the continued portrayal of bourgeois themes and those who believe in the exclusive depiction of the struggles of the worker. Those two opposing views have come to be called the two-line struggle in literature and art. "Pioneers" is a feature length film documenting the successful establishment of a model revolutionary industrial community near Siberia. It was filmed in the early 1970s at the suggestion of Premier Chou En-lai. However, upon its completion in 1975, its release was banned by Chiang Ch'ing, Mao's wife, whom he had made overseer of all fine arts productions. She condemned the film for glorifying the achievements of specific individuals. Mao disagreed with her decision, but she persisted in keeping the film and its producers under surveillance. Since the arrest of Chiang Ch'ing in October 1976, Mao's successor has allowed the film to be released. Perhaps this indicates his support of Chou En-lai and Mao or perhaps he sees no serious errors in revolutionary thought in the film's content. (Author/AV)

Published
1977

4. Introducing Asian Studies in Elementary Education: China and India. Service Center Papers on Asian Studies Number 3.

Author

Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Service Center for Teachers of Asian Studies. and Hantula, James N.

Abstract

Two possible approaches for teaching Asian studies at the elementary level are provided in this teaching guide. Focus is upon presenting selected, crucial aspects of Indian and Chinese culture to students who then compare cultural differences and likenesses. Cognitive and affective objectives are incorporated into the curriculum and, moreover, a paradigm for measuring cognitive and emphatic understanding of significant elements of Chinese and Indian cultures provides the teacher with an index of the degree of success or failure of this approach. The unit on China employs case studies of Chinese communities through which students study the physical setting, real life, and the ideal life of a Chinese community. Students are introduced to the rural and urban subcontinent in the unit on India by planning a vicarious trip to India in which each student begins to investigate what he takes along the trip as an insight into his own culture. Each unit suggests appropriate concepts to be developed, an outline of content, and a variety of instructional activities. A bibliography is included describing available, multi media materials on China, India, and Asia. (SJM)

Published
1972

5. The Development of Counseling and Psychotherapy in China.

Author

Zheng, Richang, Zhang, Wen, Li, Tan, and Zhang, Shanshan

Abstract

The paper discusses the development of counseling and psychotherapy in China. These have developed rapidly for more than ten years, with special technique integration, varied methods, and the spread of concepts. But measured by scientific criterion, it still is in the primary stage of development. Although the number of diversified forms of counseling and psychotherapy increased very fast, there still lacks a unified administration. The paper states that the cause is from a lack of an assessment and examination system of qualification for the counselors or therapists, therefore quality of service cannot be guaranteed. It recommends the founding of a supervision and training system in order to ensure the consistent, effective direction and systematized training for counselors and therapists. In light of the fact that there are still many prejudices against counseling and therapy, it recommends efforts be taken to publicize general knowledge about mental health, counseling, and psychotherapy to make people not be ashamed of it but believe in the strength of science. (Contains 13 references.) (JDM)

Published
1997

6. Chinese Students Avoid Interpersonal Communication: An Analysis of the Problem and Suggestions for Retention.

Author

Elkins, Michael

Abstract

Juxtaposing Chinese and American culture, this paper anticipates problems Chinese students have with their perception of the interpersonal communication course and suggests lesson plans American teachers can utilize. The paper first discusses salient patterns within the American and Chinese educational systems, noting that Chinese students are praised for engaging in collectivist behavior, while the American system emphasizes self-reliance and self-confidence. The paper then presents six complete lesson plans (listing objectives, materials, procedures, discussion questions, and selected references) that teach interpersonal and intercultural communication theory. The themes of the lesson plans presented in the paper are: (1) misconceptions about multicultural education; (2) appropriateness of self-disclosure depending on cultural background; (3) Chinese values and collectivist behavior; (4) greater self-awareness; (5) salience of the power of "disequilibrium"; and (6) perceptions of higher education. The paper concludes that interpersonal communication teachers need to incorporate a more multicultural instructional approach. Contains 22 references. (RS)

Published
1994

7. Self-deprecation Phenomena in Chinese Face-work: Ritual and Pragmatic Implications.

Author

Zhang, Yuanzhong

Abstract

This paper examines the Chinese self-deprecation phenomenon from a sociopragmatic perspective, analyzing the ritual and pragmatic implications that arise from face-work sought to fulfill the face needs of interlocutors in communicative events. It defines self-deprecation as the act of ritual or purposeful disparaging of one's own prestige, achievements, or competence in order to achieve desired contextual effects through oral or written forms of communication. The paper notes that previous research on pragmatics and social interaction has concentrated solely on either the normative or instrumental functions of self-deprecation, asserting that these two lines of inquiry cannot be separated from one another if the social, cultural, and historical contexts are considered. It suggests that self-deprecation is best treated as a construct responsive to social sanctions, psychological needs, and communicative goals. An alternative interpretation is proposed to make the universal model of face more compatible with the language- and culture-specific characteristics of Chinese. The paper suggests that understanding the self-deprecation phenomenon provides better understanding of the importance of face in learning and instruction, especially for adolescents and adults. (SM)

Published
1999

8. The Expansion of Education in China: 1949-1995.

Author

Fan, Lianghuo

Abstract

This paper presents an empirical case study on the expansion of education in China (excluding Taiwan) since the foundation of the People's Republic of China in 1949 to 1995. The study uses an estimation of the national primary school enrollment rates from 1949-1951 and that in the period of "the Cultural Revolution," and uses the available official statistics of China in other years. The paper argues that currently available theories about expansion of education, mainly based on the observation of western countries, cannot be well applied to this general pattern. Factors influencing China's unique educational development include economics, politics, and public policy. The paper offers an exploratory view of the general pattern of educational development and its implications for the future. (Contains 25 references.) (EH)

Published
1997

9. Education of Chinese Muslims: Changes in the 20th Century.

Author

Chiang, Linda H.

Abstract

The word Islam means submission, as in "submission to the will of God." Islam in China has been propagated over the past 1,300 years primarily among the people now known as "Hui." Hui teaching (Hui jiao) was the general term once used in China for Islam. The Hui are unique among the 55 identified minority nationalities in China in that they are the only nationality for whom religion is the only unifying category of identity, even though many members of the Hui nationality may not practice Islam. The Chinese government has made policy modifications for minority students so that each student can reach a certain "cultural level." Since many young people are eager to partake in modernization to obtain higher social status and living standards, Muslim religious study will have a difficult time attracting young members to practice the faith. A description of a traditional view of Islamic education and its scholars is outlined. Chinese Muslims and their education is compared with the philosophy of Islam. Chinese educational reform and the impact upon Chinese Muslims is discussed. (BT)

Published
2001

10. Research in Rhetoric in China.

Author

Garrett, Mary M.

Abstract

In the last 5 or 6 years, there has been an outburst of scholarly work published about traditional and contemporary Chinese rhetoric. Some of these pieces have appeared in communication journals and some in English and composition journals, and disciplinary boundaries may have prevented getting a good idea of exactly what, and how much research, is going on. Most of the work done so far concerns rhetoric of the Classical Chinese period or of the modern era--much more remains to be done. The great wealth of texts, both of theory and of practice, have so far received almost no attention from rhetoricians. Early Chinese philosophy is an extremely rhetorical phenomenon, therefore an understanding of rhetoric is crucial for understanding Chinese political and intellectual life. (A bibliography of 20 recent works on Chinese rhetoric is attached.) (CR)

Published
1996

11. American Drama through Chinese Eyes.

Author

Brown, Joanne

Abstract

An American instructor taught a 5-week course on the family in American drama to a group of graduate English majors on the campus of Hebei Teachers' University in the People's Republic of China. The instructor learned as much about Chinese culture as the students learned about American culture. Lecture is the standard pedagogy even in graduate level classes. Students were stumped by the instructor's request that they write about the plays before being told what the plays meant. Nonetheless their observations were stimulating. For example, excerpts from their comments show that students were highly critical of Tom's escape from the Wingfield family in Tennessee Williams'"The Glass Menagerie." The Chinese culture places more emphasis on communal responsibility than on individual fulfillment. In reading Arthur's Miller's "Death of a Salesman," the students continued in the vein of social critique, laying all the blame for Willy's tragedy on the American capitalistic society. Some students saw in Lorraine Hansberry's "A Raisin in the Sun" a confirmation of their worst fears of American bigotry; others appreciated the cohesiveness of the African-American family. After some initial confusion, students liked Edward Albee's "The American Dream" enormously and read its indictment of human folly as universal, perhaps because of its comedic and non-realistic mode. The students had a particularly difficult time with Marsha Norman's "'Night, Mother" because they could not understand how a lack of an autonomous self could drive someone to desperation. (TB)

Published
1995

12. Zhuang Zi's Rhetorical Thoughts.

Author

Wang, Haixia

Abstract

The memory of the student uprising at Tiananmen Square in 1989 invites one professor to examine more closely what she does: rhetoric and composition, especially rhetorical invention. To examine the kind of power exercised by official Chinese public discourse and whether language could help to avoid reoccurrences such as the loss of innocent people's lives, the Taoist thought of Zhuang Zi might help. And such an examination could also benefit comparative/contrastive rhetoric studies. Many recent studies of Zhuang Zi deal with his ideas about language use and rhetoric. Zhuang Zi illustrates repeatedly in his works that things are not as different as they seem no matter how they appear to the eye; in fact, they are one in the Tao. At Tiananmen Square the students' discursive practice bore similarities to the official government one: their language decided for the audience what to think, and these rhetors seemed to be experienced with how to manipulate the audience, just as the government was. The Tao is not the absolute truth but a path to truth. For Zhaung Zi, the word is "spontaneity." This means that a person can stop doing what others think is right and can make decisions guided by the Tao. If rhetoric is to teach, it will have to include the heuristic and catalytic power of language and discourse. Comparing and contrasting rhetorics in China and in the West is challenging and more studies by rhetoricians, philosophers, and linguists are needed. (Contains 39 references.) (NKA)

Published
1995

13. An Integrated Curriculum for Kindergarten/First Grade Children Utilizing Project Approach.

Author

Hsu, Yuehkuei

Abstract

An integrated curriculum allows children's learning in all traditional subject areas to occur primarily through projects that the teachers plan and that reflect children's interests. This paper presents a curriculum web on Chinese festivals, specifically, the Chinese New Year, for kindergarten and first grade levels. The paper first presents a teacher brainstorm of a curriculum web on celebrating Chinese festivals, and then presents the thematic web for the subtopic Chinese New Year, which includes the origin of the festival, things people do, special activities, foods people eat, clothing, greetings, and the animal of the year from the Chinese zodiac. Next, the paper lists the curriculum subject areas and learning activities for the New Year subtopic: reading-listening-speaking; writing; math; science; art; social studies; music; and movement. Key events for the unit are then listed, including book making, field trips, dragon making, dragon parade, display center, and party. A student evaluation checklist for each of the subject areas is included. Two appendices contain a story map and a description of the origins of the Chinese New Year and its customs. (HTH)

Published
1995

14. 'Who Knows Not But Speaks Is Not Wise; Who Knows But Speaks Not Is Not Loyal!': Rhetoric of Philosophical Wisdom in Ancient China.

Author

Cai, Guanjun

Abstract

The persistent cultural conservatism in Western scholarship has led to the exclusion of Chinese rhetoric from the canon of rhetorical studies. However, the assumption that Chinese culture does not have a rhetorical tradition is misleading and inappropriate. It stems from any number of notions: that the Chinese language is not as logical as those of Western cultures; that rhetoric is an outgrowth of democracy while China's system of politics is hierarchical; that rhetoric is about logical thinking as defined by Western culture. Robert Oliver, however, contends that rhetoric should be seen as a culturally relative term, designating a "mode of thinking." While it is true that the Chinese political system is hierarchical--no two people are considered equal--this system engendered its own kind of rhetoric. The Machiavellian rhetorical theories of Han Fei-tzu illustrate the necessity of a certain kind of persuasion suited to the imbalance of power between the speaker and listener. Couching and phrasing an argument correctly could be a matter of life and death in ancient China. In ancient Chinese oratory, the speaker is always male, a person of authority and nobility; his motive is to carry out his social duty, for example, to help the ruler make just policies and promote social harmony. The audience is usually one person, the ruler, who is passive and less cooperative than the audience generally envisioned in Western rhetorical theories. (Contains 22 references.) (TB)

Published
1994

15. Conflicts and Adaptation: A Discussion of Individualism-Oriented Therapeutic Counseling and Its Implications for Chinese College Counselors.

Author

Yue, Xiaodong

Abstract

Therapeutic counseling, for either clinical or developmental purposes, has been traditionally influenced by the socio-cultural values in Western society. Central to these values, it can be argued, is liberal individualism that attempts to bring to people an increased sense of self-control and self-determination. As a result, many of the therapeutic approaches popular in the West are firmly grounded in such a premise. For Chinese people, however, whose cultural values are predominantly sociocentric and collectivistic in nature, it is inappropriate to simply implement these kinds of therapeutic approaches. Three conflicts were identified in a recent study about the role of college counselors as expected by Chinese college students: authoritarian/non-authoritarian role of counselor; judgmentalism/non-judgmentalism; and passivity/activity. It is pivotal that a counseling model takes into account Chinese cultural values regarding norms for appropriate social interactions. Chinese college counselors should take on these roles in talking with students: (1) be heuristic--more active and confrontive in identifying the problems for the client; (2) be active--more dynamic and innovative in talking with the client; (3) be discrete--more task-oriented in therapy and specify goals for the client as clearly as possible; and (4) be direct--more open and candid in attitudes toward the client. (LLL)

Published
1992

16. Education and Life in China: Report of a Visit to the People's Republic.

Author

Kincaid, Marylou B.

Abstract

This paper describes a 21-day visit to the People's Republic of China made by the author and 20 other Americans in August, 1973. The overall focus is on the role of the individual in the development of contemporary China and the attempts to integrate individual and collective goals. The process of socialization in China is examined through a description of the society's major institutions, the role of women, the concepts of work and career, and the integration of theory and practice in education. The political consciousness-raising processes in the society are examined along with recent trends in physical and mental health care, urbanization and industrialization, and marriage and family planning. (Author)

Published
1975

17. A Factor Analysis of Peking Opera: Its Functions in Mass Communications.

Author

Cheng, Philip H.

Abstract

The study reported in this paper examined the structure and function of Chinese opera (also known as Peking opera) as an effective communication medium of social control and change in China, a land populated by 800 million people and nourished by a 5,000-year-old civilization. The study followed structural-functional analysis, content analysis, and factor analysis and was mainly based on ten Peking opera plays--five traditional and five revolutionary. Findings of the study indicate that the Chinese Communist revolutionary plays deal mostly with the salvation factor, which advocates the full dedication of the masses to the revolutionary causes; that traditional plays are mostly concerned with the family security factor, which stresses the importance of family love, individual rights, and human feelings; and that the traditional opera functions for social control, while the revolutionary opera works for social change. Appendixes contain data pertaining to the study. (JM)

Published
1975

18. Early Childhood Rearing Practices in the People's Republic of China.

Author

Alston, Frances Kemper

Abstract

This paper describes and interprets observations of Chinese children made by an American early childhood educator during a 3-week visit to the People's Republic of China in 1975. It was observed that Chinese infants dispalyed no anxiety when approached by strangers. Toddlers evidenced none of the rebelliousness associated with American children of the same age, even when expected to share toys or sit in chairs for long periods of time. Caretakers gave these children consistent, affectionate physical stimulation. In the primary schools (for children aged 7-12), large group lessons and recitation as well as out of class tutoring for slow learners appeared to be planned so as to preclude failure by any child. School children were found to be friendly, bright, and spontaneous, but conforming. Their conformity is attributed to careful management of aggression in the schools and society. It is concluded that (1) some developmental landmarks which Americans accept as universal are actually culture bound, and (2) the control of competition, aggression and violence within a society does not necessarily eliminate such qualities as liveliness, initiative and self reliance, but it does appear to require the sacrificing of individuality. (CW)

Published
1976

19. Papermaking and Poetry. ArtsEdge Curricula, Lessons and Activities.

Author

John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, Washington, DC. and Withroe, J.

Abstract

In this lesson, designed to be taught within a unit on China, primary-grade students will learn about the history of papermaking and its origins in China and even learn how to make their own paper. After learning about Chinese art and culture in the lesson, students will write their own "cinquain" poem about China. The lesson presents an overview; suggests length and grade levels; lists subjects and subtopics; cites intelligences being addressed and dimensions of learning; notes materials needed and teacher resources; and discusses National Standards for Arts Education and other standards. It then cites instructional objectives; lists strategies; and provides a detailed, step-by-step instructional plan for the teacher to follow in the classroom. The lesson also suggests assessment and extension activities. A papermaking and poetry rubric is attached. (NKA)

Published
2002

20. The Effects of the Cultural Revolution on Educational Policies of Higher Education in the People's Republic of China.

Author

Kwong, Stanley T.

Abstract

Mao Tse-Tung's view of education and society is based on the belief that the great masses of people are collectively rational. If the masses do not see what society as a whole objectively requires, however, the leaders must be patient and resort to education and explanation, or the requirements must be altered to meet the objections. By the mid 1960's a trend in China's education had developed to create a group of experts to lead China towards modernization. Maoists considered this trend as an attempt to reimpose an elitist society and sharpen, rather than diminish, class divisions. As a result, the cultural revolution brought sweeping reform to the Chinese educational system. These changes included more emphasis on rural and vocational education instead of narrow academic descriptives. Entrance requirements for higher education institutions were eliminated to increase the enrollment of students from less advantaged backgrounds. Tests and examinations were eliminated as a criterion for advancement in order to place more emphasis on learning and less on competition. In addition, all students and teachers were required to participate in manual labor to increase their socialist consciousness. (Author/DE)

Published
1974

21. Aesthetics in Asian Child Care Settings.

Author

Honig, Alice S.

Abstract

This speech presents observations, made on a trip in June 1976, of the aesthetic environments of children in China, Japan, and Hong Kong. Home, school and day care environments are compared in terms of living and play space, room decor, the presence of art and toys, dramatic play and performance, music, nature and outdoor appreciation, food and clothing. A limited amount of residential space was evident in all the countries visited. Space available to day care centers and kindergartens fluctuated greatly in China and Hong Kong, whereas in Tokyo generous amounts of outdoor space were provided as a policy for kindergartens. In China, children's art was confined to art classrooms. Folk art and traditional art forms were highly encouraged, however, and Chinese children often showed a high level of skill. Hong Kong child care centers and Japanese kindergartens were filled with colorful posters, toys, and children's art; Japanese kindergartens also provided children with exposure to traditional dress and ritual. In China, emphasis was placed on public performance of dance, drama, and music featuring real-life themes related to national goals. Dramatic play was observed in Hong Kong and puppet dramas were common in Japan but there was little emphasis on public performance in either site. Exposure to beautiful outdoor plant and flower arrangements was available in Japan; in contrast, outdoor space was generally used for vegetable gardening in China. It is concluded that the growth of aesthetic sensibility and artistic skills is encouraged in each of the sites visited, although different factors are emphasized in each milieu. (SB)

Published
1977

22. [Films: China and Japan].

Author

Illinois Univ., Urbana. Center for Asian Studies. and Gumport, Roberta H.

Abstract

The history of filmmaking in China and Japan and film usage in teaching are considered in this document. Pointing out how films describe historical context and culture, the document also describes various techniques of film making. Films in China were heavily influenced by western models and have tended to be tools of the power structure, as reflected by the Goumindang government, which enacted strict censorship laws in 1930 preventing the release of films that were: (1) critical of the regime, (2) dealt with the war with Japan, or (3) presented unfavorable social realities. Currently, there is a movement toward artistic freedom within strict limits. The film industry in Japan, thriving since the early 1900s, experienced the artistic growth of Japanese films as a result of freedom from corresponding restrictions imposed by the war. Japanese films are divided into two categories: (1) contemporary life films; and (2) period films. An overview of the films of five influential Japanese film makers and a brief list of their films is provided. There are numerous Chinese films available for rent and a brief description of five classic films made between 1937 and 1969 is included. Descriptions of films available for classroom use are included. (NL)

Published
1987

23. Crisis in China: Prospects for U.S. Policy. Report of the Strategy for Peace, U.S. Foreign Policy Conference (30th, Warrenton, Virginia, October 19-21, 1989).

Author

Stanley Foundation, Muscatine, IA. and Christensen, Kathy

Abstract

This report summarizes the roundtable discussion of 19 China experts at a conference on the development of U.S. policy convened four months after the democracy demonstrations that took place in China in spring, 1989. The group's discussion highlighted five major areas of uncertainty over China's course in the short-term to intermediate future: (1) the extent of changes in Chinese life caused by the abrupt political changes of May and June 1989, and the eroding economy; (2) understanding key relationships within the Chinese military and between the military and civilian leaders; (3) how much change has occurred in the balance of power between the center in Beijing and the provinces; (4) the degree of consolidation of power by China's current leaders; and (5) the effect of stricter central economic policies on the long-term performance of the economy. The keynote address by Richard H. Stanley, which is given in full, asked the conferees to consider two underlying issues in their deliberations: (1) the changing national power relationships including the relative erosion of U.S. power; and (2) the profound global systemic changes that are rendering old policy assumptions obsolete. (NL)

Published
1989

24. China Unit and Resource Packet. The China Project of the American Forum for Global Education.

Author

American Forum for Global Education, New York, NY., Larkin, Julie, and Dowling, Seamus

Abstract

This unit of study focuses on belief systems from China. It is crucial that students understand there are different ways of viewing the world, all of which may be valid. The 20 lessons in the unit stem from the presumptions that place students in the role of "historian" for the duration of these China studies. The unit is divided into the following sections: "A Note to the Teacher"; "Standards Addressed in This Unit"; "Resources"; "Literacy Connections"; "Historian Tips"; "Essential Questions for Inquiry"; "Document Based Questions"; "Lesson Plans"; and "Resource Packet." The unit contains the following lessons: "Historian Tip 1: What Is a Historian?"; "Historian Tip 2: What We Already Know about China"; "Historian Tip 3: Where Is China?"; "Historian Tip 4: Maps of China";"Historian Tip 5: The Daily Lives of the Ancient Chinese"; "Historian Tip 6: The Chinese Zodiac"; "Historian Tip 7: Oracle Bones"; "Historian Tip 8: The Chinese Writing System"; "Historian Tip 9: Chinese Paper Making"; "Historian Tip 10: Confucian Sayings"; "Historian Tip 11: Chinese Folktales and Confucius"; "Historian Tip 12: Confucian Relationships"; "Historian Tip 13: The Life of Buddha"; "Historian Tip 14: The Four Noble Truths and the Eight Fold Path"; "Historian Tip 15: Karma"; "Historian Tip 16: The Silk Route"; "Historian Tip 17: Daoism"; "Historian Tip 18: Legalism"; "Historian Tip 19: School Rules in 1315 and Today"; and "Historian Tip 20: Gender Stereotypes, China in the 1300s and the U.S. Today." (BT)

Published
2000

25. Chinese Immigrants and China: An Introduction to the Multi-Media Package on China.

Author

Toronto Board of Education (Ontario). Research Dept. and Witzel, Anne

Abstract

The multi-media packages on the ethnic groups in Toronto are an attempt to introduce Toronto teachers, especially teachers of English as a second language, to some of the cultures and societies from which their students come. This paper is an introduction to the multi-media package on China. In the preparation of the guide certain themes and issues emerged. These themes and issues became the criteria for the selection of materials in the package and for the emphasis of the paper. The package gives only a sample of Chinese culture; the text is limited to provide a few reference points to encourage further exploration of Chinese culture, history, and society. Divisions in the guide are: China Now, Chinese Immigrants to China, Hong Kong and the Chinese Immigrant, and Chinese Culture. There is a brief list of primary sources used in the preparation of the guide, as well as a list of the contents of the multi-media package which includes books, audio-visual materials, and prints. Related documents are SO 004 349, ED 066 383, and ED 067 332. (OPH)

Published
1969

26. China's Population Program at the Grassroots Level: Report on a Field Trip, Summer 1972.

Author

California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena. and Chen, Pi-chao

Abstract

The goals of the Caltech Population Program are to increase understanding of the interrelationships between population growth and socioeconomic and cultural patterns throughout the world and to communicate this understanding. This series of occasional papers is one step in the process of communicating research results. The papers deal primarily with problems of population growth and the interaction of population change with such variables as resources, food supply, environment, urbanization, employment, economic development, and social and cultural values. This third paper in the series reports the observations and findings of the author during a trip to China in 1972. The emphasis is on birth control programs in urban areas and in the villages. Political considerations as well as cultural and institutional obstacles are discussed. (LS)

Published
1973

27. Effect of Chinese Parental Practices on Their Adolescent Children's School Performance, Moderated by Student's Conformity to Parents, Self-Esteem, and Self-Efficacy.

Author

Shen, Yuh-Ling and Peterson, Gary

Abstract

This study examined how parental practices in mainland China influence adolescents' school performance, including school motivation and grade point average (GPA), when moderated by self-esteem and self-efficacy. Participating in the study were 497 students, ranging in age from 12 to 19 years, attending six public junior and senior high schools. Subjects completed a questionnaire designed to assess adolescents' perception of parental support, reasoning, monitoring, punitiveness, and autonomy granting, as well as subjects' school motivation, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and conformity to parents. The findings indicated that all five parental practices were significant predictors of at least one of the moderating variables: conformity to parents, self-esteem, and self-efficacy. Parental support and monitoring were positive predictors of conformity, whereas parental reasoning and autonomy-granting were positive predictors of self-efficacy. Parental punitiveness and autonomy-granting predicted self-esteem. Both conformity to parents and self-efficacy had positive effects on school motivation, with self-efficacy also having a strong positive and direct influence on GPA. Self-esteem did not affect either motivation or GPA significantly. (Contains 32 references.) (KB)

Published
1999

28. Balancing Academic Achievement and Social Growth. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Chinese American Educational Research and Development Association (4th, San Jose, California, September 21, 1996).

Author

Chinese American Educational Research and Development Association, Rockville, MD.

Abstract

This proceedings is presented in three parts. Part 1 contains summaries of the keynote speech and one paper: "Sa-Jiao: An Important Concept in Understanding Chinese Students' Social Behavior" (Jing-Jyi Wu); and "Our Choices Create Our Future: A Chinese-American Perspective" (Rose Tseng). Part 2 contains summaries of three panel sessions. The first panel session, "Cultural Identity and Social Growth of Chinese and American Students," contains presentations by Michael Chang, Yuhaw Eva Lee, and Phylis Lan Lin. The second panel session, "Chinese Language Teaching and Learning: A Cantonese and Mandarin Perspective," includes five presentations by Chen-Ching Li, K.C. Leung, Chaofen Sun, Shirley H.L. Lee, and Liana Sieto. The third panel session, "Parental Involvement in School Learning," has four presentations by Li-Rong L. Cheng, Ben Liao, Jane Chiu, and Sin-Yee Poon (in Chinese). Part 3 summarizes the poster sessions: "Chinese Language Education Issues" (Guang Yang, Liping Ma, and Terrence M. Doyle); "Instructionally Related Issues" (Xianglei Chen, Marilyn M. Y. Chi, and Mei-Yan Lu); "Learner Characteristics Issues" (Liang-Tsu Hsieh, Shwu-Yong Huang, and Shu-Ling Wang); and "Education Reform Issues" (Lu Chang and Wei-Non Shu). A list of conference participants and contributors, and advertisements (in Chinese) are appended. (SPM)

Published
1996

29. Children's Literature from Northeastern Asia.

Author

Richardson, Maurine V.

Abstract

This paper presents an overview of three countries, China, Japan, and Korea, in the northeastern Asia region and provides a bibliography of children's literature from the area in the appendix. The document advocates that the global interdependence of societies necessitates an understanding of the cultures with which people must interrelate. Ramirez and Ramirez's (1994) suggestions for selection of classroom literature includes consideration of the following factors: (1) the general accuracy of the story line; (2) lack of stereotypes; (3) use of appropriate language rather than derogatory slang; (4) accurate perspective of the author; and (5) story line and illustrations that are current in fact and interpretation of children's literature. (EH)

Published
1995

30. Literacy in China: Cultural Tradition and Educational Policy: A Proposal.

Author

Seeberg, Vilma

Abstract

After discussing the mediating effect of cultural tradition on perceived objective reality and the need for a model that constructs paths from cultural factors to social behavior, this document describes a path model developed as a result of an investigation of two human resource development policy paradigms that were enforced alternately between 1949 and 1979 in the Peoples Republic of China. The role of the Confucian educational tradition is explored as the persistent independent factor that acted as an incentive for participation in education during the years of the study. Next, study findings regarding changes in educational participation during literacy campaigns and in the literacy rate of the school-age population over 30-year period are analyzed. The moderate policy direction, identified as similar to the Confucian educational ideology, is shown to have resulted in higher literacy attainment than that attained under the radical policy that is seen as contradictive to the Confucian educational tradition. Last, the importance of further path models that would show the relationship between cultural tradition and social demand for education is discussed. (CLA)

Published
1991

31. Suggestions To Buy: Television Commercials from the U.S., Japan, China, and Korea.

Author

Schmidt, Richard

Abstract

This study examined the differences in the use of language in television commercials from the United States, Japan, South Korea, and China to persuade viewers (consumers) to buy a product. Because cultural norms in these East Asian nations favor indirectness when suggesting or recommending, it was hypothesized that: 1) suggestions would be more frequent in commercials from the United States than in commercials from the Asian countries; and 2) imperatives would be the most frequent form of suggestion used in American television commercials, but not in the Asian commercials. A full evening's broadcast of television commercials from China, Japan, Korea, and the United States formed the research sample for this study, and the resulting data supported both hypotheses. American television commercials employed stronger suggestions and far more imperatives than Asian commercials. While this phenomenon (directness in American advertising versus indirectness of Asian advertisers) mirrors cultural norms, it may also be the result of selling in a market economy, or a refection of advertising conventions in each country. (JL)

Published
1990

32. The fundamental issues in promoting modern civilization of the Chinese Nation.

Author

Wang, Yanzhong

Subjects
CHINESE civilization, MODERN civilization, MODERNIZATION (Social science), CIVILIZATION, CONFUCIANISM, SUBJECTIVITY
Abstract

Since China entered the Xi Jinping Era, the CPC has formally put forward a series of significant theories on China's future development path, including Xi Jinping Thought on Culture. These theories have sparked active discussions and responses within both domestic and international academic and theoretical circles. This paper argues that when analyzing the major relationships between Chinese civilization and other civilizations worldwide, the Chinese path to modernization and the modern civilization of the Chinese Nation, and Chinese culture and its constituent ethnic cultures, we should further elucidate relationships and adhere to the three foundational principles: subjectivity, the contemporaneity of Chinese culture, and the arterial and leading attributes of Chinese culture, which encapsulate the core issues in fostering the modern civilization of Chinese Nation. A proper understanding and nuanced handling of these issues not only bolsters the perpetuation and evolution of China's excellent traditional culture but also propels the trajectory of the Chinese path to modernization and the overarching construction of the modern civilization of Chinese Nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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33. Ethical Dilemmas in the Dermatology Outpatient Department in China.

Author

Wang, Sisi and Song, Jinghui

Subjects
ETHICAL problems, NURSE-patient relationships, PATIENT-professional relations, PATIENT autonomy, MORAL agent (Philosophy)
Abstract

Objective: Ethical principles involve a sensitive clinical problem, this paper intends to reflect upon and discuss how nurses as moral agents deal with ethical dilemmas within Chinese culture and provided some orientations for further study. Methods: This paper briefly presented the nurses' ethical dilemma related to the issue of confidentiality and disclosure of STD patients' information via a case scenario. Based on Chinese cultural tradition, we focused on how to solve this situation as a clinical nurse with ethical principles and philosophical theories. The process of discussion provided eight steps by the Corey et al model to solve the ethical dilemma. Conclusion: The ability to deal with ethical dilemmas is a necessary quality for nurses. On the one hand, nurses should respect patients' autonomy and contribute positively to the relationship between confidentiality and the nurse-patient therapeutic relationship. On the other hand, nurses should combine with the current situation and make a targeted decision where necessary. Of course, professional code supported by related policies is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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34. China; Bay Area Reference Center Workshop, June 19 and 20, 1974.

Author

San Francisco Public Library, CA. Bay Area Reference Center.

Abstract

Eight papers from a two-day workshop to help librarians answer patrons' questions about China are summarized. Topics include women and child care in China, trends in the arts, China as seen in United States government documents, book publishing in China, building a Chinese resource collection, and teaching about China. The attached kit of materials includes bibliographies on the martial arts, cooking, drama-music-dance, medicine and health, the Chinese in California, visiting China, and women in China. (SK)

Published
1974

35. A Look at Children in China.

Author

ERIC Clearinghouse on Early Childhood Education, Champaign, IL. and Cohen, Dorothy H.

Abstract

This paper explores educational philosophy and its effect on children's development in the People's Republic of China. The Chinese educational system incorporates heterogeneous classrooms and opportunities to "serve the people" through meaningful, productive work in order to foster a perception of group membership among students. The students in China were observed to be healthy, happy, confident, outgoing, and considerate. Children in China under 7 years of age are usually cared for by grandparents or in nurseries, and the warmth and affection of caregivers are valued. After age 7, children are included in a community support system which incorporates units of neighbors to provide direct care for children when necessary. Children are therfore socialized by the school, family, and the community. The Chinese system of all-inclusive health care, the value placed on a stimulating environment in both the school and the home, the nonpunitive attitude maintained by teachers, and the consistency found between parent and teacher attitudes are other facets of the culture which optimize child development in China. (BRT)

Published
1976

36. Teaching About the People's Republic of China: A Guide for Ninth Grade Social Studies, Part 1. Whose Perception? How to Use this Guide; Looking at the Past to Better Understand the Present; The Message: the Ways It Is Conveyed.

Author

New York State Education Dept., Albany. Bureau of Secondary Curriculum Development.

Abstract

This guide, part 1 of a two-part publication, contains resource units on Chinese history and culture which can be used with 9th-grade students. The materials and activities, gathered by American secondary-school teachers who visited China in 1973, are intended to provide a pattern for an elective course or supplementary material for regular social studies courses. Suggested teaching techniques include readings, classroom discussion, media, research, and class reports. The resource units teach the following topics: Three Views of the Recent History of China: The Maoist View, an American (Non-Maoist View), and the Nationalist View; Chinese Revolutionary Art--The Message through the Chinese Picture-Books; The Message through Chinese Paper Cuts; The Message through Revolutionary Opera; The Message through Revolutionary Songs; and The Message through Propaganda Posters. Teacher background material, student objectives, teaching methods, discussion questions, and classroom materials are provided for each unit. Additional print and media resource materials are cited. (Author/RM)

Published
1975

37. People's Republic of China, Brief History and School Policy.

Author

Parker, Franklin

Abstract

Citing as a central focus of the Chinese government since the People's Republic of China was established in 1949, this paper presents a brief sociopolitical and historical description of China in the twentieth century and suggests reasons for its lack of modern development and low educational attainment as of 1949. The importance of education as a major factor in national policy is described with special attention to Communist ideological differences between the "red" or Maoist form and the "expert" or meritocratic model. Recent developments and the impact of economic and political reforms are having a continuing impact on Chinese educational policy. (CFR)

Published
1986

38. Education in the People's Republic of China, Past and Present: An Annotated Bibliography.

Author

Parker, Franklin and Parker, Betty June

Abstract

Designed to provide a resource to scholars, students, and other professionals needing to understand the role of education in the People's Republic of China, this work begins with an extended (26 pages) essay about China's educational enterprise: its history, development, prospects, and problems. An annotated bibliography comprised of over 3,050 entries divided into 71 subject categories follows the essay. ERIC accession numbers are cited when available. Detailed author and subject indexes to all entries are provided. The entries consist of "the most useful and easily located books, monographs, pamphlets, regularly and occasionally issued serials, scholarly papers, and selected major newspaper accounts dealing in a significant way with public and private education in the People's Republic of China before and since 1949." (TRS)

Published
1986

40. Reconstructing the concept of face in cultural sociology: in Goffman's footsteps, following the Chinese case.

Author

Qi, Xiaoying

Subjects
SOCIOLOGY, SOCIAL theory, SOCIAL sciences, SOCIOCULTURAL factors, MANNERS & customs
Abstract

Few readers notice that in a celebrated essay, Goffman, in a footnote, acknowledges the Chinese source of his concept of face. Around the time that Goffman published 'On Face-work,' Merton urged that theory development requires, among other things, clarification or refinement of concepts. If culture is taken to be effectively related to action and meaning, it is necessary to go beyond the approach in which theories, concepts, and methods developed in one socio-cultural context are simply applied to data generated in another. The present paper shows that concepts from other cultures may challenge taken-for-granted assumptions, received wisdoms, and established conventions. The paper draws on semi-structured interviews with respondents in a number of sites in mainland China. Examination of the various notions of face articulated by respondents suggests possible developments in sociological conceptualizations of face neglected in previous discussion. It is shown that an individual's face generation and outcome may arise out of another individual's status or behavior. An individual's action may give rise to a collective face outcome and a collective's circumstances may have impact on an individual's face state. Additionally, it is shown that face itself may become an object of self-conscious deliberation and construction. The paper demonstrates that conceptualizations employed by Chinese subjects can lead to the identification or illumination of properties and relations neglected in mainstream cultural sociology. New directions of research and theorization are thus encouraged by incorporation of culturally extraneous experiences and categories into mainstream sociology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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41. Chinese Cultural Preservation, Identity and Community: Examining the roles of Sin Chew Daily in Bridging Chinese Education, Cultural and Religious Rights of the Chinese Community in Malaysia.

Author

Miew Luan Ng and Yuen Beng Lee

Subjects
SELF-preservation, EDUCATION, CULTURAL maintenance
Abstract

Since its existence, Sin Chew Daily (SCD) as the largest circulating Chinese press in Malaysia plays the role of bridging the Chinese community with the ruling government. SCD does this by informing the government of the day about the demands of the Chinese community in terms of Chinese culture, Chinese education and Chinese language in multiethnic Malaysia. As the Chinese culture is an important element to the Chinese community and as the indicator of their cultural identity, the implementation of affirmative action and ethnic based policies that favor the Bumiputeras (literally, sons of the soil) has been deemed as sidelining other Malaysians. As such, the Chinese community has taken up efforts of self-preserving the Chinese language, Chinese culture, and Chinese education and such efforts of preserving and safeguarding the Chinese culture are carried out through various platforms including on SCD. This paper uses content analysis to examine the efforts of Chinese cultural preservation by SCD as it highlights issues of education, cultural and religious rights of the Chinese community to the ruling government from May 1, 2012, to April 30, 2013, one year before the 13th Malaysian General Election (GE13). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020

42. Imitation in Chinese Preschool Children: Influence of Prior Self-Experience and Pedagogical Cues on the Imitation of Novel Acts in a Non-Western Culture.

Author

Wang, Zhidan and Meltzoff, Andrew N.

Subjects
CHINESE people, PRESCHOOL children, IMITATIVE behavior, SOCIAL learning, CHILD psychology
Abstract

Both prior experience and pedagogical cues modulate Western children's imitation. However, these factors have not been systematically explored together within a single study. This paper explored how these factors individually and together influence imitation using 4-year-old children born and reared in mainland China (N = 210)—a country that contains almost one-fifth of the world's population, and in which childhood imitation is under-studied using experimental methodology. The behavior of children in this culture is of special interest to theory because traditional East Asian culture places high value on conformity and fitting in with the group. Thus, high-fidelity imitation is emphasized in the local culture. This value, practice, or norm may be recognized by children at a young age and influence their imitative performance. In this study, we crossed prior self-experience and pedagogical cues, yielding four demonstration groups in addition to a control group. This design allowed us to investigate the degree to which Chinese preschoolers' imitation was modulated by the two experimental factors. High-fidelity imitation was significantly modulated by prior self-experience but not by pedagogical cues, as measured by the number of novel acts imitated and also the serial order of these acts. This study (i) expands our understanding of factors that modulate imitation of novel behaviors in preschoolers and (ii) contributes to efforts to broaden research beyond Western societies to enrich our theories, particularly regarding social learning and imitation. Imitation is a key mechanism in the acquisition of culturally appropriate behaviors, mannerisms, and norms but who, what, and when children imitate is malleable. This study points to both cross-cultural invariants and variations to provide a fuller picture of the scope and functions of childhood imitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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43. Consumer perceptions of brand functions: an empirical study in China.

Author

Guo, Xiaoling (Martine), Hao, Andy Wei, and Shang, Xiaoyan

Subjects
CONSUMER research, CONSUMER behavior, BRAND loyalty, CULTURE
Abstract

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine consumers' perception of brand functions in an emerging market: China. The study also aims to investigate the impact of brand functions on brand loyalty. Design/methodology/approach – A two-phase study was conducted. The first phase consisted of 15 personal in-depth interviews while the structured questionnaires were used to collect data in the second stage and a total of 256 consumers participated in this study. Findings – The study finds general support that consumer perceives both utilitarian and expressive functions of the brand. Specifically, the results of the research show that for Chinese consumers, brands accomplish various functions such as "recall of past experiences", "quality sign" and "identify". Moreover, "recall of past experiences" is a unique brand function for Chinese consumers and has a positive impact on brand loyalty. Originality/value – To the authors' knowledge, this paper is the first to shed light on examining consumer perceptions of brand functions in the Chinese market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2011
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44. Empowerment of the older adults in the context of Chinese culture: an evolutionary concept analysis.

Author

Shibo Zhang, Junfeng Li, Jingjie Zou, Yating Ai, Siqi Qin, Xixi Xiao, Hui Hu, and Yuncui Wang

Subjects
OLDER people, BURDEN of care, QUALITY of life, CULTURE, RESEARCH personnel
Abstract

Background: With the increasing focus on addressing the challenges of aging, researchers have begun to recognize the potential impact of empowering older individuals in addressing retirement issues. However, within different cultural contexts, there still needs to be a more precise analysis regarding the definition of empowering older individuals. Objective: To define and analyze the concept of empowering older individuals within the cultural context of China. Method: Using Rodgers' concept analysis approach, a search was conducted in five databases (PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan fang Data, and VIP Chinese Journal Platform) for studies on empowering older individuals from the time the databases were established until February 2023. The main disciplines involved in the search included nursing, medicine, and public health. Results: Out of the 7,028 studies, 50 articles met the inclusion criteria. The identified attributes are as follows: support system, belief change, and behavioral autonomy. The antecedents were grouped into four categories: physical obstacles, psychological concerns, personal needs and external challenges. The consequences were determined to be improved quality of life, reduced burden of old-age care, gain respect, and self-actualization. Conclusion: Empowering older individuals is a dynamic and evolving concept that involves aligning personal aspirations with appropriate external resources and expressing a certain degree of belief and behavioral change. This study deepens our understanding of empowering older individuals through comprehensive concept analysis, and the identified attributes, antecedents, and consequences of empowering older individuals can be utilized in practice, education, and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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45. Preservice teacher education students' epistemological beliefs and conceptions about learning.

Author

Kwok-Wai Chan

Subjects
LEARNING, TEACHERS, EDUCATION, STUDENTS
Abstract

questionnaire was administered to 231 Hong Kong preservice teacher education students to examine their epistemological beliefs and conceptions of learning. Pearson correlation analysis showed significant pairs of epistemological beliefs and conceptions of learning. Regression and path analysis showed epistemological beliefs had significant predictor relationships with conceptions of learning. Four structural equation models were proposed to examine the predictive relationships between epistemological beliefs and selected pairs of quantitative and qualitative conceptions of learning, and the models were validated by confirmatory factor analysis. The results support the hypothesis that epistemological beliefs have significant predictive relationships with quantitative and qualitative conceptions of learning, implying epistemological beliefs play an important role in students' learning. The paper concludes with implications drawn for the future direction of educational practices and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2011
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46. Exploring Chinese Humor: Reviews and Reflections.

Author

Yue Xiao Dong

Subjects
CHINESE humorous stories, CONFUCIANISM & education, WIT & humor, TAOISM, CHINESE poetry, SOCIAL interaction, HUMOROUS stories
Abstract

Background: Humor is of great significance for both the individual and the society, and promotes health as well as creativity. But under the influence of Confucianism, Chinese intellectuals have been despising humor for thousands of years. Research studies concerning humor were rare and sporadic in Chinese society. Thus conceived, this paper attempts to reflect on how humor was developed in Chinese society and how it should be considered now. Aims: This paper attempts to examine the social and historical development of humor, and characteristics of humor in Chinese society. It also examines how humor is viewed by Confucianism and Daoism as well as the recent developments humor in Chinese society. Arguments: Humor was first documented around 2,500 BC in China when the first Chinese poetry and literary books appeared. Zhuangzi, a co-founder of Taoism, is recognized as the first humorist in China. Chinese humor has been mostly characterized by joke-telling and funny show-performing. Humor has been traditionally given little respect in Chinese culture mainly due to the Confucian emphasis on keeping proper manners of social interactions. Confucius himself executed some humorists for their "improper performing" before the Kings of Qi State and Lu State. The term humor was translated by Mr. Lin Yu-tang in 1920s and it has been increasingly popular in China. During the "Cultural Revolution" (1966-1976), however, humorists of various kinds were all criticized and even prosecuted. Since 1980s, humor got rehabilitated as an important element of creativity, personal charisma and social harmony Conclusion: Important as it is, humor has rarely been studied in Chinese societies. Of the few studies conducted, it was shown that (1) humor was not valued by the Chinese even though they all enjoyed it; (2) humor was often considered the least important factor in ration to creativity, and ideal Chinese personality. The paper concludes by arguing that humor is not an imported entity from the West, it has been in existence in Chinese culture for thousands of years and it ought to be enhanced for now and future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2009

47. Unpacking the effect of IT capability on the performance of export-focused SMEs: a report from China.

Author

Zhang, Man, Sarker, Saonee, and Sarker, Suprateek

Subjects
INFORMATION technology & economics, BUSINESS enterprises, MARKETS, INTERNATIONAL markets, INTERNATIONAL trade, EXPORTS, INFORMATION technology management, ECONOMICS, INTERNATIONAL economic relations
Abstract

Export-focused small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in China face a number of barriers to success, two primary ones being the liability of foreignness and resource scarcity. In order to transcend these challenges and be able to survive/prosper in the hypercompetitive international market, where players include large resourceful multinational organizations with experience in varied national contexts, these firms need to develop different organizational capabilities. In this paper, we specifically examine the role of a key organizational capability – information technology (IT) capability – and its different dimensions, in determining performance of export-focused SMEs in China. Our study reveals that IT capability has a positive impact on such firms' performance. This finding indicates the need for their owners/managers to invest in IT capability. Further, the study also highlights specific sub-dimensions of IT capability that export-focused Chinese SMEs should (or should not) develop, so as to derive maximum performance-related gains for the minimum amount spent on IT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2008
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48. Audio-Visual Materials for Chinese Studies.

Author

American Association of Teachers of Chinese Language and Culture, New York, NY., Ching, Eugene, and Ching, Nora C.

Abstract

This publication is designed for teachers of Chinese language and culture who are interested in using audiovisual materials to supplement classroom instruction. The listings objectively present materials which are available; the compilers have not attempted to evaluate them. Content includes historical studies, techniques of brush painting, myths, art forms, personal studies, and educational and economic documentaries. Grade level ranges from elementary to college level and adult. The four major sections include listings of audiovisual materials, addresses of producers and distributors, subject index, and general index. Within the audiovisual materials section, items have been classified by categories to enable teachers to choose the kind of media they prefer. There are over 300 films, 61 feature-length films, nine videotapes, 122 filmstrips, 53 slide collections, 9 overhead transparency collections, 7 photographic series, 132 audiotapes, and 98 records. Annotations for each entry provide information about the producer, rental or purchase price, component parts, length, and a description of content. Materials are coded according to type in the subject and general indexes. (AV)

Published
1974

49. A Bi-Dimensional View of Numerical Thinkingin Ancient Chinese Culture.

Author

Jiuquan Han, Zhehui Wang, and Dongyan Xue

Subjects
NUMERACY, CHINESE people, COLLECTIVE behavior, CHINESE national character
Abstract

This paper explores the numerical thinking in ancient Chinese culture anthropologically from Lévy-Bruhl's (1995) "principe de participation" in pré-logique and Lévi-Strauss' (1997) multi-valued logic, and cognitively from the Gestalt school and Gentner's (1998) research on analogy. It is argued that the schematization, humanization, legalization and aestheticalization of numbers was a centuries-old evolutionary process in which analogy-based numeral thinking arose from individual similarity/proximity categorization and developed into collective representations dominant in ancient Chinese national thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2011

50. Abject Desires in Lisa See's Peony in Love.

Author

CHIN KOON POH, AWANG, MOHAMMAD EWAN, TERMIZI, ARBAAYAH ALI, and TOH HAW CHING, FLORENCE

Subjects
SOCIAL norms, PATRIARCHY, CHINESE people, PEONIES, GROUP identity
Abstract

The establishment of the Manchu led-Qing dynasty in 1636 led to the continuation of Confucianism as the dominant belief system in China. Based on these Confucian principles of patrilineality and patrilocality, women were expected to portray exemplary feminine virtues that required them to remain subservient and obedient to the men in her family. This oppressive practice placed women lower in the hierarchy as, unlike men, they were denied the means and avenue to express their subjectivities and, consequently, had to repress their desires to conform to a collective identity. Female desires are viewed as a form of abject as they do not conform to the female codes of behaviour assigned by the patriarchal system. To follow their desires would mean going against the gender norms of the society. As such, women's desires are attributed abject qualities due to their ability to disrupt the boundaries of the dominant system and are thus subject to censorship. Lisa See's Peony in Love (2007) depicts the struggles and predicament of Chinese women who had to repress their desires due to their gender. Using Julie Kristeva's concept of the abject, this study intends to examine how the female protagonist, Peony negotiates her position within the patriarchal setting to reclaim her sense of identity. According to Kristeva, the abject can distort boundaries due to its transgressive nature. For this reason, the study will set out to identify representations of abject desires and their implications on Peony. This study argues that it is through these representations of abject desires that enable Peony to subvert the patriarchal boundaries and reclaim her sense of identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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