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Copyright of Collected Papers of the Law Faculty of the University of Rijeka / Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci is the property of Pravni fakultet Sveucilista u Rijeci and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ius et Praxis (07172877) is the property of Universidad de Talca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This comment aims to show how Klaus Eller's paper on 'The Political Economy of Tenancy Contract Law'1 raises the stakes of private law scholarship and contributes to the larger project of remodeling legal institutions in a progressive direction. The comment starts by contextualising the rapid spread of the Law and Political Economy (LPE) movement; illustrates through examples the generative impact of LPE on contemporary contracts scholarship; and highlights two strands of Eller's original contribution to such literature: a welcome reflection on the value and limits of Materialisierung, and a radical widening of the private law inquiry to include institutional dimensions of legal reform. The point of fostering such new directions is not to ditch the very logic of private law and its endogenousmechanisms of justice, which are still essential to progressive legal work. What is no longer tenable is to keep seeking socially oriented solutions exclusively within the private law arsenal of possibilities, even when it has become obvious that only a synergic approach can produce accurate diagnoses of - and perhaps cures for - the structural predicaments of the market economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Con-textos Kantianos: International Journal of Philosophy is the property of Con-Textos Kantianos (CTK) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anali Pravnog Fakulteta u Beogradu is the property of University of Belgrade, Faculty of Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper discusses the issue of alternating custody under Czech law both from the point of view of civil law and especially from the point of view of tax law. The author focuses especially on the gaps in law pertaining to the tax benefits available to parents having alternating custody of their children and presents some recommendations de lege ferenda. The article also focuses on the issue of single-household custody and the resulting private law and tax law consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arts Magazine is the property of Thamar University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Direito da Cidade is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents the issues that determine the security of business transactions, whose proper functioning is endangered by so-called usurers. It discusses crimes under Art. 304 § 1-3 of the Penal Code. The offense of usury, regulated in Art. 304 § 1 of the P.C., provides for the criminal liability of persons who, by taking advantage of the compulsory position of another natural person, legal entity, or organizational unit without legal personality, conclude a contract with it, imposing an obligation on it to perform disproportionate to the consideration. Article 304 § 2 and 3 of the P.C. regulate new types of usury, introduced into the legal system by the amendment of May 14, 2020, which penalizes behavior directed against consumers, consisting in demanding excessive interest or non-interest costs for providing a benefit with the obligation to return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organized crime and related economic crime are the focus of interest for all modern, well-organized states. Theoreticians generally agree that organized crime has closely followed the development of modern states, while economic crime has evolved with the development of the economy and business, both at national and supranational levels, alongside the expansion of information and communication technologies. Despite being viewed as two distinct types of crime, economic and organized crime are highly interdependent and interconnected. While a small number of economic crime offenses lack the characteristics of organized crime, a significant number of criminal activities exhibit organized elements within the realm of the economy and economic activities. Thus, the relationship between these two types of crime is directly proportional, wherein the development of organized crime follows the development of economic crime, and vice versa. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the paper consists of three interconnected and interrelated parts. The first part elucidates the philosophy of organized crime. It highlights the problems of defining, the lack of a unique definition, and its multidisciplinary nature. Additionally, it presents the most significant characteristics and manifestations of organized crime in theory and practice. The second part deals with the issues of economic crime. Similarly to the first part, it discusses the process of determining and defining the concept of economic crime, presenting its basic characteristics and contemporary types. Finally, the third part of the paper examines the relationship between these two categories of crime.

Restrictive agreements are agreements among market participants that significantly restrict, distort or prevent competition. This paper aims to elucidate the concept of restrictive agreements as a form of competition infringement within the scientific, professional and businesslegal communities. The paper systematizes the definitions of this concept and examines the relevant laws and regulations governing it. Additionally, the paper will analyze and evaluate the efficacy of the Commission for the Protection of Competition, highlighting both its strengths and weaknesses in making decisions on the prevention of monopolies. Through an analysis of the commission’s decisions concerning companies operating within the territory of the Republic of Serbia, this paper identifies challenges and proposes solutions to enhance the Commission’s effectiveness.

The paper explores the intricate landscape of implementing food safety policies within the European Union (EU) context. Through an examination of key themes, including discretion and enforcement of policies, the EU’s problem-resolution strategies, and the concept of individualization that surpasses mere adherence to laws, the paper sheds light on the complexities and nuances inherent in ensuring food safety across the diverse member states. The paper scrutinizes the role of discretion in the enforcement of food safety policies within the EU. It delves into how regulatory bodies exercise judgment in interpreting and applying policies, taking into account the varying contexts and challenges faced by member states. The discussion highlights the need for a balanced approach that considers both uniformity in enforcement and flexibility to address specific regional or sectoral requirements. Further, the paper focuses on the EU’s problem-resolution strategies concerning food safety policies. It explores the mechanisms in place for identifying and addressing challenges that arise during the implementation phase. This includes an analysis of coordination among member states, collaboration with stakeholders, and the role of regulatory bodies in mitigating issues and fostering a harmonized approach to problem-solving. In the end, the paper introduces the concept of individualization, emphasizing how a diverse range of policies and practices exists beyond mere adherence to overarching laws. This section explores the unique approaches taken by member states in tailoring food safety policies to suit their specific circumstances. It investigates the benefits and potential challenges associated with such individualization, considering its impact on overall policy effectiveness and coherence.

In contemporary societies characterized by advanced information technology and widespread accessibility to various resources, social and psychological factors leading to adverse personal and societal consequences significantly influence minors, providing fertile ground for the emergence of juvenile delinquency. Juvenile delinquency is a serious problem for all contemporary societies, encompassing different forms of deviant behaviors among minors, including criminal acts that trigger legal proceedings and sanctions. Since there are a lot of theories and studies which focus on the distinctions between delinquency and criminality, this paper does not deal with that in greater detail. Instead, it focuses on elucidating juvenile delinquency as a foundational concept for understanding diverse forms of deviant behavior from criminal, psychological, and sociological perspectives. The paper identifies causes of juvenile behavior and early indicators for identifying young offenders. The primary research objective is to explore delinquency prevention strategies tailored to offenders. The examples illustrate the most frequent criminal acts perpetrated by reported, accused, and convicted minors, categorized by gender, age, and type of criminal sanction.

Abstract: In recent years, the shaping of special legal regimes has been intensified. They discreetly influence the ideological and value orientation of the Civil law and, to an increasing extent, its structure Deviation from the general legal regime means that individuals or narrower social groups are brought either to a privileged or to a less favorable position in relation to other right holders. A more pronounced disparity between the general and the special can affect the stability of society, especially when it comes to the segment of the legal system that regulates issues related to the distribution and appropriation of goods in the domain of Real property law and Inheritance law. The introduction of new special legal regimes should affect the spread of Civil law. However, in most legal systems there is an opposite trend. New legal institutes that are in the function of implementing special legal regimes are governed by special regulations and often become part of separate, independent branches of law Dispersion is especially emphasized in the domain of Real property law The problem is that special legal regimes have not been the subject of more detailed studies in domestic doctrine. In this paper, questions concerning their conceptual definition, legal nature and practical significance are opened. In the first part, which could be conditionally called general, the current problems related to ideological and systemic dilemmas are analyzed. In the second, special, the current concept of a special property regime that applies to cultural goods is analyzed Cultural goods are material elements of the cultural heritage of our country The Constitution of the Republic of Serbia recognizes their status as goods of public interest, which implies the need for their enhanced protection. It is achieved by prescribing various public law restrictions that narrow the autonomy of the will of the owner. The paper analyzes the limitations of property entitlements for immovable and movable citiral goods, as well as for the goods that enjoy prior protection. Domestic regulations are inadequate in some segments because they provide for excessive restrictions (e.g. when determining the category of goods to which the right of pre-emption applies), because in some places they are insufficiently precise (in terms of determining the holder of the pre-emption right), or insufficiently elaborated (due to the failure to provide for the notification (die Anmerkung) of an (immovable) property that enjoys prior protection in the real estate cadastre). This emphasizes the importance of striving to achieve a fair balance between the public interest of the community, on the one hand, and the interests of owners, on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper wold like to study the relationshio between the incorrect fullfiment and the ruined holidays in the light of the recent issues in the EU 2 ESTUDOS Dereito Vol.25, n°1:1-19 (Xaneiro-Xuño, 2015) legilsation and in the national legal sistem order. The paper analyse the role of the principle of conformity to contract into the tourist contract for the assessment of damages, aimed to improve the tourist protection into the internal market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principle of proportionality refers to the criteria for fair and optimal balancing of interests. It is widely applied to international disputes and has gained institutional and scholarly acceptance in the field of international law. This paper aims to explore the longue durée of the principle, drawing on an interdisciplinary perspective on international law. It affirms the traditional role of proportionality in international legal sphere and values its familiar role in introducing flexibility in law, remaining close to its conventional interpretation. However, the paper also questions its contemporary ethos, as it is based historically on its relation to equity. To this end, it examines the historical roots of the principle as part of the early modern law of nations, as well as how such a general principle should be seen as applicable to private relationships. The aim is therefore to re-think the principle of proportionality in modern ius gentium as based on how public and private law principles need to be interpreted relative to each other and continue to be shaped continuously as an extension of their shared history. It is in this sense that we can examine the need for equity in the international sphere, which will be demonstrated concretely for three distinct areas where proportionality predominates: the law of war, the law of maritime delimitation and international human rights law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I would like to discuss what changes and problems the Covid-19 epidemic has caused in private law, particularly in the field of contract law. The most important questions are, on one hand, how the state may have intervened in private law. There is a historical precedent for this practice within each European legal system. On the other hand, how the contracting parties respond to the challenges posed by the epidemic. The third question is, for example, what solutions can be found in Hungarian private law to solve contractual problems. In examining these issues, I use certain provisions of European private law, as well as review the established case law. As a result of my paper, parties to a contract can gain insight into some of the legal issues surrounding the case and learn about possible solutions in Hungarian contract law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Selcuk Law Review / Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Selcuk Law Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

More than one-half of all people living with HIV are women and 80 percent of all HIV-positive women in the world live in sub-Saharan Africa. This paper demonstrates that the legal origins of these formerly colonized countries significantly determine current-day female HIV rates. In particular, female HIV rates are significantly higher in common law sub-Saharan African countries compared to civil law ones. This paper explains this relationship by focusing on differences in female property rights under the two codes of law. In sub-Saharan Africa, common law is associated with weaker female marital property laws. As a result, women in these common law countries have lower bargaining power within the household and are less able to negotiate safe sex practices and are thus more vulnerable to HIV, compared to their civil law counterparts. Exploiting the fact that some ethnic groups in sub-Saharan Africa cross country borders with different legal systems, we are able to include ethnicity fixed effects into a regression discontinuity approach. This allows us to control for a large set of cultural, geographical, and environmental factors that could be confounding the estimates. The results of this paper are consistent with gender inequality (the 'feminization' of AIDS), explaining much of its prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa. (JEL I12, J15, J16, K11, K15, O15, O17) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Direito GV is the property of Fundacao Getulio Vargas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista CES Derecho is the property of Universidad CES and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The action by stages was introduced into the Croatian civil procedure law by the 2003 Law on Amendments to the Civil Procedure Act, with the aim of increasing the general quality and ef)ficiency in providing legal protection and improving the general functioning of civil procedure. Courts do not keep records of the number of received actions by stages lawsuits but available case law indicates that difficulties do exist and thus the need for a serious approach to this issue. The aim of this paper is to point out the importance of understanding the legal institute of action by stages with an emphasis on its practical application. Participants in court proceedings who apply to the court by filing an action by stages must be aware of its legal effects at certain stages of civil proceedings. On the other hand, the court must also ensure the lawful application of this institute so as not to commit procedural violations that would jeopardize the litigants’ legal position. In this regard, the analysis of this legal institute is necessary in order to remove practical doubts and ensure its legal function. Research results of this paper have confirmed that practical doubts should not be neglected and that there is room to consider a more efficient solution than the one in existence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In conversation with several chapters of Stefan Grundmann's, Hans Micklitz's, and Moritz Renner's book on New Private Law Theory, this paper reflects on contributions that theories of communication and constitutionalization can make to our understanding of the changing role of private law in a globalizing world. More abstract ideals are checked against an assessment of recent judgments of Dutch courts in cases regarding oil company Shell's responsibility for environmental pollution in Nigeria. Such theoretical readings of case law, it is held, in the spirit of New Private Law Theory, show new directions that private law theories may choose in order to understand and strengthen the private-legal framework for societal questions of our times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of institutional variables on multinational enterprises' choice between majority and minority acquisitions in their foreign affiliates and how this choice influences their propensity to collaborate with local firms. Using the institutional theory and the transaction costs theory, we develop a number of hypotheses. In particular, we suggest that majority acquisitions will be more likely than minority acquisitions and greenfields to enter collaborative R&D projects in countries that belong to the Civil Law/Eastern European legal tradition, or countries where the protection of minority shareholders is poor. These hypotheses are tested using an unbalanced panel of subsidiaries controlled by British multinationals, located in 39 countries. The results confirm our theoretical predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Juridicas is the property of Universidad de Caldas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper begins by briefly outlining private law's evolution alongside the emergence of the Nation States; it then aims to set out the mutual influence of these concepts on national culture, tradition and identity in order to highlight the significance of the political, economic and legal as well as social and cultural contexts in which the processes of integration and Europeanisation occur. Against this background, the scope for European private law to emerge as a plural, multi-level construct and a dynamic endeavour is recognised. Building on this analysis of the significance of the diversity and commonality of cultures, traditions and identities in national private law development, institutionalised at the Union level in the principle of unitas in diversitate, the paper explores the need for a single, common European notion of culture, tradition or identity. This examination is undertaken with reference to an example, namely the evolution of the concept of consumer, from its national foundations to its engagement in Union legislation and CJEU jurisprudence. Drawing conclusions as to the need for such a common, European concept, the paper advances a plea for the recognition of a shift in the perspective of legal development, to one which acknowledges the dynamic evolution of private law within a pluralist, multi-level regulatory construct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current Austrian Civil Code goes back to 1811, after more than 200 years it still is in force in Austria - though with many amendments. Its origin and development is connected to the political history of the Austrian Empire, later the Dual Monarchy and its successor states in the 20th century. The paper analyses the significance of the Austrian Civil Code on the development of civil law in Central Europe on the verge of the collapse of the old empires and the emergence of the new political systems. Especially the question of the influence of the Austrian Civil Code on Polish law and inversely the influence of Polish lawyers on the development of the Austrian Civil Code is addressed. Due to the character of the inclusion of the Polish parts into the Austrian Empire in the 18th century the paper raises the question of the role of civil law in forced unions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies employing network analysis to reveal hidden mechanisms in judicial decision making, both in common law as well as civil law countries often use rather vague concepts of 'importance' of judicial decisions, concepts that are not always thoroughly explained, tend towards certain relativity and are used together with other similar words [(legal) relevance, (legal) significance...], with or without attempting explanation of these concepts, or relying purely on operationalization. This paper argues that in the context of legal systems that do not recognize a doctrine of precedent this approach is either oversimplified, or even erroneous. It further shows that 'importance' of past case-law is essentially a matter of the judge's choice. Approaching this concept in this manner allows me to show that this choice is explainable within the theoretical framework provided by theories of relevance. This paper focuses on two major approaches to relevance: linguistic pragmatism and information retrieval, and shows that the concept of optimal relevance, as understood by theories of relevance, may serve well as an underlying explanatory framework for answering the question of why judges tend to argue by referring to past case-law even in those legal systems that do not recognize a doctrine of binding precedent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Law / Teise is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this paper is to present the dynamics of events and dependencies, which resulted in the enactment of the Bernese Civil Code, as well as the importance and consequences of this work in the development of civil law and civil society in the canton of Bern. The paper addresses the issues concerning the question as to whether it is possible for an act of civil law to become a source of rules which, not finding sufficient protection in the existing constitutional system, cause changes in the latter. Did the codification of private law and the act of providing the ideas of freedom and equality with statutory protection result in the fall of the governance existing in Bern in the first half of the 19th century? Or was it perhaps the result of the accumulation of internal and external circumstances, leading to a formal sanctioning of systemic changes which had already occurred? The process of codification and systemic change in Bern constitutes an excellent example of the interdependence between private and public-legal legislation and the fact that constitutional law does not always have to be the primary source of state protection covering basic social values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using comparative and axiological method, the author considers the following issues: the purposefulness of right of retaining possession; definition and legal nature; optimal conditions for its establishment in contemporary domestic and comparative law; its contents and effect. The subject of this paper is analysis of regulation of right of retention possession in Serbian positive law; two Drafts of the future Serbian Civil Law; as well as the retention model-rule of the 2008 Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR). The author estimates that right of retaining possession should exist in Serbia’s future civil law, because it has a triple justification. The paper contains explained proposal for the future regulation of retention as a quasi real right in rem and assessment of its compliance with EU ACQUIS. The author concludes that the direction of the further evolution of retention in European law is common, and that is - recognition of the broader content and stronger effect of the institute, in order to protect the interests of the retinent more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nisu is the property of Law Faculty in Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Luridica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This scientific work is devoted to the study of the topical issue of the legal nature of such a legal parameter as civil law terms in their relation to legal facts -- significant external phenomena in relation to subjective law, which entail the occurrence, change or termination of relevant substantive rights and obligations. languages. In the course of work on the article the author used general scientific and special scientific methods of cognition, in particular formal-legal, analysis and synthesis, system-structural, comparative-legal. The paper studies the social relations that develop in the field of temporal regulation of subjective law during its existence in unity and interconnection, as well as considers the dynamics of legal science in the field. The falsity of the scientific thesis on the identification of terms with legal facts, ie external factors influencing the content of law, has been established. On the contrary, as established, the civil term is an intrinsic feature of it, an element of the content of law. In other words, the term determines the time limits of subjective law. That is, the term is not a cause but a consequence of the acquisition (change) of the parties to civil relations of a specific legal status. This concept allows us to consider temporal factors as elements of subjective substantive law and legal relations in general and to determine their place in the system of regulatory mechanism of civil law. The end of the temporal boundaries of subjective law has the same consequences as the completion (exhaustion) of its physical features. Therefore, the circumstance of the expiration of the term, as well as the exhaustion of the physical characteristics of the right, does not cause its termination, but is the same consequence of the legal fact (conclusion of the contract). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anali Pravnog Fakulteta u Beogradu is the property of University of Belgrade, Faculty of Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The life of companies, including the aerospace companies, depends on the business cycle. The paper presents the trends of law in ascending and descending period of the business cycle. A point of the paper is the separation of military and civil law in aerospace, public and private law, national and corporate security systems. Also the laws to be apply in relation with public authorities, private organizations, citizens are approched. In the paper are included some keys for interpretation such as the hierarchy of social values. In modern times, the humans life, rights and property must be the main protected values. The paper shows the methods to be accepted for the analyse/analysis of law in aerospace field: logical analysis, hystorical method, comparative method, social research, experimental method. In the aerospace field each of them has some particularities. The classification of laws depending of economic impact in the aerospace field is an other section. There are presented implications on cost, income, receipts, payments, duration of the activities, other restrictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces the article related to mobilizing private law, published in the October 15, 1976 issue of the journal Law and Society Review. Researcher Raymond Marks's paper, titled "Some Research Perspectives for Looking at Legal Need and Legal Delivery Systems: Old Forms or New?" critically reviews the literature on legal need and legal services delivery systems. Researcher Marc Galanter in his paper, "Delivering Legality: Some Proposals for the Direction of Research," draws attention to the possibility that existing or novel nonlegal institutions might resolve disputes less expensively and more satisfactorily than the mechanisms of the legal system. Researcher Jack Ladinsky's paper, "The Traffic in Legal Services: Lawyer-Seeking Behavior and the Channeling of Clients," deals with the problem of getting to a lawyer-the first and sometimes the last stage in the mobilization of private law. Researcher Ralph Nader's speech, "Consumerism and Legal Services: The Merging of Movements," details the practical concerns and activities of one of the country's leading consumer activists.

NFTs in museums – challenges and persuasion in the eye of an article 2 of Act on Museums This paper aims to analyse challenges and perspectives related to NFTs that Polish museums would need to consider regarding their activities, as described in art. 2 of the Act on Museums of 21 November 1996. These activities include collecting, maintaining, securing, and exhibiting artwork as well as conducting educational and research activities. Therefore, one must con-sider whether NFTs are a long-term opportunity for museums to fulfill their goals and activities or a temporary solution providing financial aid during the post-pandemic crisis. In this paper, the author describes the importance of NFTs for the art world and quotes examples of museums that already collect and exhibit NFTs or organise events about them. The paper also includes the results of a survey conducted among Polish museum professionals to obtain their opinions on this matter. Keywords: NFT, non-refundable token, Act on Museums, museums’ activities Streszczenie: Celem opracowania jest analiza wyzwań i perspektyw związanych z NFT, przed jakimi stoją muzea w kontekście ich zadań określonych w art. 2 ustawy z dnia 21 listopada 1996 r. o muzeach dotyczących gromadzenia, ochrony i udostępniania zbiorów oraz działalności edukacyjnej i naukowej. Należy zastanowić się, czy NFT stanowią dla muzeów długoterminową szansę na realizację ich celów i zadań, czy też jest to przejściowy trend, który największym placówkom może zapewnić tylko doraźną pomoc finansową w czasach popandemicznych. W artykule omówiono powody, dla których NFT mają duże znaczenie dla świata sztuki, przytoczono przykłady gromadzenia i udostępniania tokenów przez światowe muzea oraz organizowanych przez nie wydarzeń na ten temat. Zawarto także wyniki badania ankietowego mającego na celu poznanie odpowiedzi polskich muzealników na wyżej postawione pytanie badawcze.

THE AIM OF THIS PAPER IS TO DISCUSS THE KEY ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW IN THE MEMBER STATES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. THE ENFORCEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN THE MEMBER STATES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION WAS ALSO A NECESSITY ARISING FROM THE TREATY ON THE FUNCTIONING OF THE EUROPEAN UNION (TFEU). TAKING LEGAL ACTION IN ONE OR MORE EU COUNTRIES TO ENFORCE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IS A CHALLENGE. THE ADOPTION OF THE FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE ON THE ENFORCEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS WAS INTENDED TO STOP THE CONSIDERABLE DISCREPANCIES IN NATIONAL LAWS THAT CAUSED UNCERTAINTY AND A DIFFERENCE IN THE APPLICATION OF THIS INSTITUTION BETWEEN EU MEMBER STATES. THE PRESENT PAPER FITS SUCCINCTLY INTO PANEL VIII - PRIVATE LAW AND PUBLIC LAW REGULATIONS AS GUARANTEES OF THE PROTECTION OF THE INDIVIDUAL IN ROMANIA, PRECISELY BECAUSE THE INSTITUTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IS IN ITSELF AN INSTRUMENT TO GUARANTEE THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN INTELLECTUAL CREATION. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects on the problem of endowing Artificial Intelligence (AI) with legal subjectivity, especially with regard to civil law. It is necessary to reject the myth that the criteria of legal subjectivity are sentience and reason. Arguing that AI may have potential legal subjectivity based on an analogy to animals or juristic persons suggests the existence of a single hierarchy or sequence of entities, organized according to their degree of similarity to human beings; also, that the place of an entity in this hierarchy determines the scope of subjectivity attributed to it. Rather, it is participation or presence in social life, whatever the role, that is the true criterion of subjectivity. In addition, it is clear that even if AI is not currently a significant participant in social life, it will be in the nearest future. Despite the potential dangers associated with endowing AI with some kind of subjectivity, such a course is inescapable, and should be considered sooner rather than later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When we talk about legal Spanish, it is necessary to bear in mind that the Spanish language is the vehicle of different legal systems, not only at an international level, but also within the same country. In this regard, we focus on the particular separation of powers in Spain to deepen the issue of the autonomous communities and the special rights still in effect in some of them (Aragón, Baleares, Cataluña, Galicia, Navarra and País Vasco). The coexistence between the Spanish common civil law and the regional laws (derechos forales) not only generates conflicts in the Spanish civil jurisdiction, but also implies some linguistic peculiarities that affect the horizontal translation of different types of legal texts. After a brief history of the creation and legal evolution of Spanish regional laws (fueros), we will propose a glossary of simple and compound Spanish terms, regarding Family and Inheritance Law. These regional terms are characterized by having partial or zero functional equivalence with the Spanish and Italian common law. The object of analysis is the language of Family Law because it is characterized by a lot of technical terms and it is an area where regional laws interfere more with the common civil law. Therefore, this paper aims to offer some contribution to legal Spanish studies, by exploring the terminology of foral family laws and "the possibility of translating legal realities" (Borja Albi 2005) that don't exist in other legal systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Church in the World / Crkva u Svijetu is the property of University of Split, Catholic Faculty of Theology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Legal Records / Pravni Zapisi is the property of Union University Law School, Belgrade and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Digital de Derecho Administrativo is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyses the place of corporate relations in the system of civil law. The relevance of the problem under study is determined by the lack of a clear definition of the concept and essence of the corporation in the legislations of the countries of the post-Soviet space, in contrast to the laws of foreign countries. The task is to determine the main criteria for assessing modern corporate relations from the point of view of existing civil law. A comparative analysis of the essence of corporate relations in Ukraine and abroad was conducted, their place in the system of civil law relations was determined. An objective assessment of the results obtained during the study is given, the prospects for research in this area are indicated. The relevance of the topic is due to the lack of a clear definition of the concept of corporation and corporate relations in existing regulations of civil law. In this regard, there is uncertainty in the interpretation of the concept of corporate relations from the point of view of the current legislation. In this paper, the task is to conduct a study of corporate relations in the aspect of the current civil law of Ukraine, as well as the countries of Europe, Central Asia and the United States, with the aim of determining the main criteria for designating these relations in relation to current regulatory legal acts. The method of comparative analysis of the work of domestic and foreign researchers in this field was selected in order to identify general trends in assessing the topic under study. The current legislation in the field of civil law governing the activities of corporations and corporate relations was evaluated. The applied value of this material is to identify the main criteria for the compliance of corporate relations with civil law with a view to the subsequent application of the results in a practical aspect. Also, of practical legal value is the comparison of existing laws governing civil law in Ukraine and countries taken for comparison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of CIVILIZAR: Ciencias Sociales y Humanas is the property of Universidad Sergio Arboleda and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)