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Research on precipitation regularity in the past 120 years is an important link in analyzing the precipitation characteristics of watersheds. This paper systematically analyzes the characteristic changes of centennial precipitation data in the Haihe River basin with the help of CRU data, PCI, SPI, and the Pearson type III curve. The results show that the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation in the Haihe River basin has a more obvious inconsistency. The temporal distribution shows the characteristics of relatively stable in the early period and increasing fluctuation in the later period, the concentration of precipitation gradually decreases, and the overall drought level decreases. The spatial distribution shows a general pattern of gradually decreasing from southwest to northeast, the overall trend of summer precipitation changes from stable to north–south extremes, and the distribution probability of extreme precipitation events in the basin decreases from southeast to northwest, while the drought-prone area transitions from the northeast to the west and southwest of the basin. Under the influence of both climate change and human activities, the seasonal distribution of precipitation tends to be average, the area affected by extreme precipitation rises, and the arid area shifts to the inland area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecological water diversion project in the Heihe River Basin is the first successful case in China in which the ecological systems in a river basin have been rescued. This project serves as a valuable example for the management of ecosystems in other inland river basins.This paper reviews the integrated studies of the water-ecosystem-economy relationship in the Heihe River Basin and concludes that sustainable development in inland river basins requires the basin to be considered as a whole, with the relationships between the upstream, midstream and downstream areas of the basin coordinated appropriately. Successful development in these basins will be reflected in an improved output per cubic meter of water and the implementation of integrated river basin management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The rainfall-runoff relationship has changed under climate change and human activities in the TRH region. • The impacts climate indicators of rainfall-runoff ratio in the sub-basins of TRH region were different. • The contribution rates of human activity in the YRB were a little higher than that in the YARB. Identifying the impact of climate change and human activities on rainfall-runoff relationship in the Three-River Headwaters (TRH) region is essential for water source conservation, ecological security, and biodiversity maintenance of China and East Asia. In this paper, the runoff-rainfall ratio was used as the index of rainfall-runoff relationship. Different methods were employed to identify the impact indicators and quantitative assessment of rainfall-runoff relationship from 1957 to 2016. The results are the following: (1) the rainfall-runoff relationship has changed in the source regions of Yangtze River basin (YARB) and Yellow River (YRB), and runoff-rainfall ratio has increased by 2.9% and decreased by 3.2%, respectively; (2) the main climate indicators of runoff-rainfall ratio were rainfall, potential evaporation and sunshine hours in the YARB, and rainfall, potential evaporation and temperature in the YRB; (3) the contribution rates of human activity in the YRB were a little higher than that in the YARB, and the contribution rates of climate change and human activity were 90.9% and 9.1% in the YARB and 42.9% and 57.1% in the YRB. The results can provide invaluable information for managing water resources and taking ecological protection measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]