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The steady burning and stabilization of the boundary layer diffusion flame over a gasifying condensed fuel surface, commonly called the Emmons flame, is an important problem in the study of boundary layer combustion. We investigate herein, theoretically and numerically, the liftoff distance and blowout limit of the Emmons flame, through the corresponding response of the controlling triple flame in the leading edge of the bulk flame. An explicit solution of the flame liftoff distance and the critical blowout limit is derived, with the theoretical results agreeing well with the numerical simulation for an extensive range of the system parameters. In particular, it is shown that the transversal velocity gradient (TVG) ahead of the triple flame renders the flame harder to liftoff and blowout, with this effect increasing for increasing TVG and decreasing triple flame curvature, which is related to the mixture fraction gradient. Furthermore, the Spalding mass transfer number, B v , for the surface segment ahead of the flame front affects the flame stabilization and blowout limit by modifying the similarity structure of the flow and the location of stoichiometry. Thermal expansion of the flow around the triple flame together with the surface viscous drag also significantly promotes flame stabilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agglomeration of aluminum nanoparticles (nano-Al) is inevitable due to the strong van der Waals forces. It is supposed to affect the combustion characteristics of nano-Al. However, the agglomeration effect is not fully understood yet due to the worse description of the morphological evolution of agglomerates during reaction. In this paper the morphological changes of agglomerated nano-Al, which mainly results from the oxide shell thickening when the particle temperature is below the melting point of alumina, are confirmed in the thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and Hencken experiments. Three factors ( f A , f ht , and f sp ) are defined to describe the morphological changes quantitatively through proposed formulas. Thus the agglomerate could be equivalent to an effective spherical particle to help studying the effect of agglomeration on combustion. The results indicate two combustion modes for different agglomerates. The small Al agglomerate is hard to combust fully due to the strong heat transfer with ambience, corresponding to the high-temperature oxidation mode. However, at the same environment, as the agglomerate becomes larger, the maximum particle temperature ( T p,max ) increases until that the agglomerate burns fully, corresponding to the fully-fledged combustion mode. At that mode, the burning particle temperature is mainly controlled by the viscous sintering of agglomerates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boron is an attractive high-energy fuel additive. But it could not burn efficiently in practical systems due to its high ignition temperature and slow burning velocity. Finding methods to enhance the combustion of boron is desired. This work focused on the combustion characteristics of boron submicroparticles with and without plasma discharges in a hot environment supported by CH 4 /N 2 /O 2 flat flame based on the optical diagnostics. The boron submicroparticles were dispersed by the nebulization method to control the agglomeration. The well-dispersed boron flame exhibited two different burning modes, depending on the ambient temperature. As the ambient temperature was above 1520 K, the boron flame showed definitely two-stage characteristics where the upstream of particle flow was yellow, corresponding to the first-stage flame, while the downstream was green and diffusive, corresponding to the second-stage flame. The first-stage and second-stage burn times were respectively in the range of 0.46–1.08 ms and 0.92–1.87 ms, as the ambient temperature decreased from 1752 K to 1520 K. The chemical kinetics-controlled mechanism was confirmed by the nearly linear size dependence of the burn time (d 1 law). Nevertheless, as the ambient temperature was below 1520 K, the boron submicroparticles were partially burned or oxidized, exhibiting a mildly orange stream. This mild boron flame could be enhanced using a plasma discharge. The ignition delay time was shortened from 3.06 ms to 0.77 ms when the discharge was introduced at the ignition delay stage. The two-stage combustion characteristics occurred when the discharge was introduced at the combustion stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dispersed palladium on the high-surface-area ceria support is synthesized via one-step flame-assisted spray pyrolysis method, which applies a highly-quenched stagnation-point flame controlling catalyst sizes and structures. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of Pd show a significantly high binding energy for flame-made Pd/CeO 2 catalysts, possessing a value of 1.7 eV larger than the reference value in literature. It suggests that the partial electron transfer occurs from metal Pd to their supports during the synthesis process, which creates Pd electron-deficient (cationic Pd δ+ ) and Ce electron-rich (anion Ce δ − ), respectively. The catalytic activities of CH 4 oxidation are performed over the temperatures ranging from 200 °C to 600 °C. In comparison with inert support materials, the synergistic effect is found between palladium and support ceria that leads to the enhanced catalytic activity. During the heating and cooling cycles of CH 4 oxidation, Pd/CeO 2 catalysts exhibit an exceptional inhibition effect against the sintering of Pd cluster and its dispersion decrement, which is related to strong electronic interaction of metal-support interfaces induced by the aforementioned partial electron transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temporal release of K from single pinewood particles of four different initial masses (20–50 mg) in a Hencken burner was measured in-situ by laser-induced break down spectroscopy (LIBS). Particle temperature during the combustion was measured by two-color pyrometry. A calculation method was developed to determine the K release flux across the plume based on LIBS measurement and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. For all the 4 particle sizes, the temporal release rate of K showed a peak during devolatilization, a monotonous increase during char combustion and a monotonous decrease during the ash stage. It is found that the cumulative fraction of released K was below 4% in the devolatilization stage and ∼20% in the char combustion stage. The particle mass did not have significant influence on the K release. The mechanism of the K release during the char combustion was analyzed, based on the initial portioning of K as inorganic K and organically-bound Char-K. The inorganic K releases mainly by thermal decomposition. The Char-K releases mainly by converting first to inorganic K when the char is burnt and then by releasing to gas phase from the inorganic K. A kinetic model for the release of K during pinewood char combustion was developed on this basis. The kinetic parameters for the release of K was found to be influenced by the initial partitioning between the inorganic K and the Char-K. The correlated initial proportion of inorganic K in pinewood char was found to be 0.37, while the correlated pre-exponential factor and the activation energy for K release were 12.5 1/s and 89.9 kJ/mol, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]