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Abstract: One of the major barriers that hinder the application of forward osmosis (FO) processes is the lack of optimized membranes that possess high water flux, low salt leakage and good anti-internal concentration polarization (ICP) and anti-fouling/anti-scaling properties during practical FO operations. In this study, novel composite FO hollow fiber membranes with an RO-like selective skin and an NF-like secondary selective skin were successfully developed for the first time. The fabrication procedures involved making ultrafiltration hollow fiber substrate using poly(amide–imide) (PAI) polymer material via phase inversion method, followed by interfacial polymerization (IP) and chemical modification to yield a polyamide RO-like inner skin and a positively charged NF-like outer skin, respectively. It was found that the sequence of conducting IP on the substrate inner surface prior to the chemical modification of the outer skin was preferred in order to achieve better performance for the resultant double-skinned hollow fibers. The newly developed FO hollow fibers exhibited high water permeability of 2.05L/m2 hbar and 85% rejection to NaCl at 1bar pressure as well as superior FO water flux of 41.3L/m2 h and low ratio of salt flux over water flux of 0.126g/L when using DI water and 2.0M NaCl as feed and draw solutions, respectively, in the active layer facing draw solution (AL-DS) orientation. Furthermore, the experimental results showed that the composite FO hollow fiber membrane was able to outperform single-skinned membrane when the feed contains divalent ions or the feed exhibits high scaling tendency to membrane. This suggested that the integration of RO- and NF-like two selective skins in FO membrane is an effective way to minimize the ICP effect, mitigate the membrane scaling and thus enhance the feasibility of FO processes for practical applications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: For the first time, a specially designed pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) hollow fiber membrane has been successfully developed and applied in the PRO process to demonstrate its potential for power generation. The membrane fabrication method is similar to that used for making thin-film composite (TFC) forward osmosis hollow fiber membranes, but further optimization and improvement have led to a new type of TFC hollow fiber membranes with much greater mechanical strength in addition to its excellent separation property and high water flux. The TFC PRO hollow fiber membranes have a water permeability (A) of 9.22×10−12 m/(sPa), salt permeability (B) of 3.86×10−8 m/s and structural parameter (S) of 4.6×10−4 m. It can withstand hydrostatic pressure as high as 9bar with its relatively large dimension of 0.98mm lumen diameter. This PRO hollow fiber membrane is superior to all other PRO membranes reported in the open literature in terms of power density. A power density as high as 10.6W/m2 can be achieved using seawater brine (1.0M NaCl) and wastewater brine (40mM NaCl), which suggests that the newly developed PRO hollow fiber membrane has great potential to be applied in PRO processes to harvest salinity gradient energy. A higher pressure is preferred as it allows generation of higher power density (pressures of 12bar may be optimal for seawater as the high salinity stream), and this can be realized by reduced fiber dimension. Further optimization of the membrane structure will be performed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Forward osmosis (FO) has received intensive studies recently for a range of potential applications such as wastewater treatment, water purification and seawater desalination. One of the major challenges to be overcome is the lack of an optimized FO membrane that can produce a high water flux comparable to commercial RO membranes. Two types of thin-film composite FO hollow fibers with an ultra-thin polyamide-based RO-like skin layer (300–600nm) on either the outer surface (#A-FO) or inner surface (#B-FO) of a porous hollow fiber substrate have been successfully fabricated. These novel composite FO hollow fibers have been characterized by a series of standard protocols and benchmarked against commercially available FO flat sheet membranes and reported NF hollow fibers used for the FO process. The characterization reveals that the FO hollow fiber membranes possess a large lumen. The substrates are highly porous with a narrow pore size distribution. The active layers present excellent intrinsic separation properties with a hydrophilic rejection layer and good mechanical strength. The #B-FO hollow fiber membrane can achieve a high FO water flux of 32.2L/m2 h using a 0.5M NaCl draw solution in the active rejection layer facing draw solution (AL-facing-DS) configuration at 23°C. The corresponding salt flux is only 3.7g/m2 h. To the best of our knowledge, the performance of the #B-FO hollow fiber is superior to all FO membranes reported in the open literature. The current study suggests that the optimal FO membrane structure would possess a very small portion of sponge-like layer in a thin and highly porous substrate, which suggests a way for further improvement. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract Forward osmosis (FO) membranes have received attention as an energy-efficient and low-cost technique in stream concentrating processes. In this work, a novel double-skinned hollow fiber thin film composite (TFC) FO membrane has been successfully fabricated, which consists of a one-step prepared dual layer substrate and a thin inner selective layer formed via interfacial polymerization. The substrate consists of a relatively dense ultrafiltration (UF) outer layer and a porous UF inner layer, both of which were constructed from polyethersulfone (PES) as the substrate material by using dual-layer co-extrusion technique. Compared to the commercial and reported double-skinned FO membranes, the FO membrane developed in this work exhibited a higher permeate flux with humic acid solution as feed. Furthermore, the double-skinned FO membrane was applied in concentrating activated sludge using 0.5 M NaCl as draw solution, and a permeate flux at 5.4 L/m2h was achieved after 5 h operation, which was higher than or comparable to those of the reported FO membranes. Membrane autopsies and foulant analysis suggested that the dense UF skin layer helped to reject greater-sized organic foulants (> 300 Da). This study shed light on the important fabrication features and promising application of the double-skinned hollow fiber TFC FO membrane in sludge concentration. Graphical abstract fx1 Highlights • A dual-layer UF substrate was prepared via a single-step fabrication process. • TFC FO membrane was fabricated via interfacial polymerization in the lumen of the substrate. • FO performance in sludge thickening process was investigated. • Tight UF layer helped rejecting greater-sized organics in sludge. • A permeate flux of 5.4 L/m2h was achieved after 5 h operation using 0.5 M NaCl as draw solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The performance of a forward osmosis (FO) system may be characterised by the assessment parameters: FO–RO flux ratio (J w/J w(RO)), apparent FO water permeability (J w/(π ds − π ml)), and the newly developed flux efficiency factor (J w,ob/J w,re). The former two parameters offer information on extent of internal concentration polarisation and driving force utilisation, respectively. The J w,ob/J w,re factor has practical relevance, and reveals the inevitable trade-off between flux and recovery (φ) for a FO system. The derived J w,ob/J w,re factors corresponded well to experimental observations. High water permeability, low salt-to-water permeability ratio, and large mass transfer coefficient improve the performance of a FO system, but these may also be influenced by operational and fouling effects, such as draw solute transmission, fouling resistance and cake-enhanced concentration polarisation. It was shown that membrane properties also play a significant role in fouling behaviour. Fouling amelioration factors include aeration and osmotic backwash. A thin-film composite membrane showed potential for FO application with favourable intrinsic transport parameters. It was demonstrated that a FO system could achieve stable water production with both relatively high flux efficiency (J w,ob/J w,re =0.8) and high recovery (φ =95.8%), which attested to the technology potential. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Polyamide thin film composite (TFC) membranes with tailored porous substrate and rejection layer are promising for forward osmosis (FO) applications. The current study investigates the effect of rejection layer synthesis conditions on the performance of the resulting TFC polyamide FO membranes. The influence of monomer concentrations (i.e., m-phenylenediamine (MPD) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) concentrations) on the membrane separation properties as well as FO performance was systematically studied. A strong trade-off between the water permeability and salt rejection was observed, where increasing the TMC concentration or reducing the MPD concentration resulted in higher membrane permeability but lower salt rejection. In FO tests, membranes with poor salt rejection had severe solute reverse diffusion, which enhanced the internal concentration polarization (ICP). It was found that the FO water flux was governed by both the membrane water permeability and its solute rejection. For a membrane with higher water permeability but lower solute rejection, the reduced membrane frictional resistance was compensated by the simultaneously more severe solute-reverse-diffusion-induced ICP. The net effect on the FO water flux depends on the competition of these two opposing mechanisms. Under conditions where solute reverse diffusion may cause severe ICP (e.g., high draw solution concentration and high water flux level), membranes need be optimized to achieve a high salt rejection even if this is at the expense of lower water permeability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]