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In a prospective and randomised clinical study, acetabular cups were implanted free-hand (control group n=22) or with computer assistance using an image-free navigation system (study group n=23). The cup position was determined postoperatively on pelvic CT. An average inclination of 42.3 degrees (range: 30 degrees -53 degrees ; SD+/-7.0 degrees ) and an average anteversion of 24.0 degrees (range: -3 degrees to 51 degrees ; SD+/-15.0 degrees ) were found in the control group, and an average inclination of 45.0 degrees (range: 40 degrees -50 degrees ; SD+/-2.8 degrees ) and an average anteversion of 14.4 degrees (range: 5 degrees -25 degrees ; SS+/-5.0 degrees ) in the computer-assisted study group. The deviations from the desired cup position (45 degrees inclination, 15 degrees anteversion) were significantly lower in the computer-assisted study group (p0.001 each). While only 11/22 of the cups in the control group were within the Lewinnek safe zone, 21/23 of the cups in the study group were placed in this target region (p=0.003).

This paper aims at applications of Lyapunov functions as tools for analyzing concrete dynamical systems with computer assistance, even for non-gradient-like systems. We want to know concrete form of Lyapunov functions around invariant sets and their domains of definition for applying Lyapunov functions to various analysis of both continuous and discrete dynamical systems. Although there are several abstract results for the existence of Lyapunov functions, they cannot induce a systematic and concrete procedure of Lyapunov functions with explicit forms. In this paper, we present a numerical verification method which can validate Lyapunov functions with explicit forms and their explicit domains of definition, which can be applied to arbitrary dynamical systems with (hyperbolic) equilibria or fixed points. The proposed procedure provides us with a powerful validation tool for analyzing asymptotic behavior of dynamical systems.

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a severe and widely spread eye disease. Exudates are one of the most prevalent signs during the early stage of DR and an early detection of these lesions is vital to prevent the patient’s blindness. Hence, detection of exudates is an important diagnostic task of DR, in which computer assistance may play a major role. In this paper, a system based on local feature extraction and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification is used to develop and compare different strategies for automated detection of exudates. The main novelty of this work is allowing the detection of exudates using non-regular regions to perform the local feature extraction. To accomplish this objective, different methods for generating superpixels are applied to the fundus images of E-OPHTA database and texture and morphological features are extracted for each of the resulting regions. An exhaustive comparison among the proposed methods is also carried out., This paper was supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Project GALAHAD [H2020-ICT2016-2017, 732613]. The work of Adri´an Colomer has been supported by the Spanish Government under a FPI Grant [BES-2014-067889]. We gratefully acknowledge the support of NVIDIA Corporation with the donation of the Titan Xp GPU used for this research.

This paper outlines a non-destructive method that is suitable for evaluation of condition demonstrated by gas turbine blades and is based on digital processing of images acquired from the blade surface in visible light. To enable high clearness of these images the particular attention is paid to the problem of how to provide optimum conditions for investigations and mitigate geometrical distortions of images acquired from maintenance operations. The paper demonstrates that there are relationships between operation lifetime of blades and discoloration of their surfaces due to overheating of the blade material. These relationships are revealed by digital analysis of images acquired for the blade surfaces and expressed as statistical parameter of the first and second order. To improve unambiguity of the analysis results a low-pass filter was applied. It was demonstrated that these relationships are suitable for evaluation how much the status of the blade material microstructure is altered

The paper presents the background of the diagnostic analysis for railways and trams (DART), automatic diagnostic analysis tool for the track geometry measurement data—as separate track data files or track data read from the database. The diagnostic module indicates the “weak locations” in the track, which can be further analysed in detail by the diagnostician. DART track diagnostician's computer assistance system helps to save some 90–95% of labour consumption. All software mentioned in the paper has been developed within the framework of the project.

This paper is a result of a fruitful cooperation between the computer science and the dental diagnosis experiences. The study presents a new approach of applying computer algorithms to radiographic images of dental implantation used for bone regeneration. We focus here only on the contribution of the computer assistance to the clinical research as the periodontal therapy is beyond the scope of this paper. The proposed system is based on a pattern recognition approach, directed to recognize density changes in the intra-bony affected areas of patients. It comprises different modules with new algorithms specially designed to treat the patients’ radiographic images more accurately. The system includes digitizing, detecting the complicated region of interest (ROI), defining reference area to correct any projection discrepancy of the follow up images, and finally to extract the distinguishing features of the ROI as a basis for determining the rate of new bone density accumulation. This study is applied to two typical dental cases for a patient who received two different operations. The results are very encouraging and more accurate than traditional techniques reported before.

Bondy and Mercier (2011) defined a switching at a vertex of a digraph to be the operation of reversing the directions of the edges incident with that vertex. They asked which digraphs have the property that every switching produces a digraph isomorphic to the original, which they called switching-stability. That version of the problem was solved for oriented graphs by the second author and Schweitzer (McKay and Schweitzer, 2014). In this paper we generalise the problem in several directions. As well as oriented graphs, we consider graphs with coloured vertices or edges, and various types of switching which apply to them. We further consider r -switching-stable graphs, which are those for which any r distinct switchings together produce a graph isomorphic to the original. Finally, we consider what happens if the isomorphism relation between graphs is weakened to isomorphism up to converse (reversal of all directed edges or changing of all colours). Our proofs employ a combination of group theory and combinatorics, with a small amount of computer assistance.

Breast cancer is a multifactorial disease. A spectrum of internal and external factors contributes to the disease promotion such as a genetic predisposition, chronic inflammatory processes, exposure to toxic compounds, abundant stress factors, a shift-worker job, etc. The cumulative effects lead to high incidence of breast cancer in populations worldwide. Breast cancer in the USA is currently registered with the highest incidence rates amongst all cancer related patient cohorts. Currently applied diagnostic approaches are frequently unable to recognise early stages in tumour development that impairs individual outcomes. Early diagnosis has been demonstrated to be highly beneficial for significantly enhanced therapy efficacy and possibly full recovery. Actual paper shows that the elaboration of an integrative diagnostic approach combining several levels of examinations creates a robust platform for the reliable risk assessment, targeted preventive measures and more effective treatments tailored to the person in the overall task of breast cancer management. The levels of examinations are proposed, and innovative technological approaches are described in the paper. The absolute necessity to create individual patient profiles and extended medical records is justified for the utilising by routine medical services. Expert recommendations are provided to promote further developments in the field.

Posttraumatic orbital reconstruction is one of the most fascinating fields in reconstructive craniomaxillofacial surgery. Hardly any other field in craniomaxillofacial surgery has changed so much in terms of diagnostics, biomaterial selection for reconstruction, surgical techniques including approaches and quality control. In particular, in the field of reconstructive orbital surgery all advances in modern medical treatment are summarized and represented. Reconstructive orbital surgery thus became the medical field spearheading all reconstructive surgical specialties in terms of use of DICOM-data, computer assistance, change towards patient-specific solutions and establishing digital workflows for adequate quality control during all phases of treatment, i.e. pre-, intra- and postoperative. With this paper, this evolutionary process shall be demonstrated as well as display the spirit of change that was necessary to optimize reconstructive orbital surgery and to improve medical care in all areas of reconstruction. Finally, reconstructive orbital surgery could prove to be a highly foreseeable field nowadays, thus giving the next generation of CMF-surgeons a huge opportunity to drive this topic further into the future.

The volume of published academic research is growing rapidly and this new era of “big literature” poses new challenges to evidence synthesis, pushing traditional, manual methods of evidence synthesis to their limits. New technology developments, including machine learning, are likely to provide solutions to the problem of information overload and allow scaling of systematic maps to large and even vast literatures. In this paper, we outline how systematic maps lend themselves well to automation and computer‐assistance. We believe that it is a major priority to consolidate efforts to develop and validate efficient, rigorous and robust applications of these novel technologies, ensuring the challenges of big literature do not prevent the future production of systematic maps.

The paper considers the possibility of hydrocarbon deposit remote detection using the specially developed software application entitled “geologist’s computer assistant”. Its tasks defined as logiccomputational operations on data, facts and other information, hypothesis processing, intellectual decisionmaking support. The appropriate algorithmic and software tools of expert systems are offered for this tasks solving.

This note states the correction of arguments in the proof of Theorem 3.2 in the original paper.

Percutaneous cryoablation is a minimally invasive procedure of hypothermia for the treatment of tumors. Several needles are inserted in the tumor through the skin, to create an iceball and kill the malignant cells. The procedure consists of several cycles alternating extreme freezing and thawing. This procedure is very complex to plan, as the iceball is formed from multiple needles and influenced by major blood vessels nearby, making its final shape very difficult to anticipate. For computer assistance to cryoablation planning, it is essential to predict accurately the final volume of necrosis. In this paper, a fast GPU implementation of 3D thermal propagation is presented based on heat transfer equation. Our approach accounts for the presence of major blood vessels in the vicinity of the iceball. The method is validated first in gel conditions, then on an actual retrospective patient case of renal cryoablation with complex vascular structure close to the tumor. The results show that the accuracy of our simulated iceball can help surgeons in surgical planning.

An L-shaped embedding of a tree in a point set is a planar drawing of the tree where the vertices are mapped to distinct points of the set and every edge is drawn as a sequence of two axis-aligned line segments. Let \(f_d(n)\) denote the minimum number N of points such that every n-vertex tree with maximum degree \(d\in \{3,4\}\) admits an L-shaped embedding in every point set of size N, where no two points have the same abscissa or ordinate. The best known upper bounds for this problem are \(f_3(n)=O(n^{1.22})\) and \(f_4(n)=O(n^{1.55})\), respectively. However, no lower bound besides the trivial bound \(f_d(n) \ge n\) is known to this date. In this paper, we present the first examples of n-vertex trees for \(n\in \{13,14,16,17,18,19,20\}\) that require strictly more points than vertices to admit an L-shaped embedding, proving that \(f_4(n)\ge n+1\) for those n. Moreover, using computer assistance, we show that every tree on \(n\le 11\) vertices admits an L-shaped embedding in every set of n points, proving that \(f_d(n)=n\), \(d\in \{3,4\}\), for those n.

The Bohnenblust-Hille inequality for $m$-linear forms was proven in 1931 as a generalization of the famous 4/3-Littlewood inequality. The optimal constants (or at least their asymptotic behavior as $m$ grows) is unknown, but significant for applications. A recent result, obtained by Cavalcante, Teixeira and Pellegrino, provides a kind of algorithm, composed by finitely many elementary steps, giving as the final outcome the optimal truncated Bohnenblust-Hille constants of any order. But the procedure of Cavalcante \textit{et al.} has a fairly large number of calculations and computer assistance cannot be avoided. In this paper we present a computational solution to the problem, using the Wolfram Language. We also use this approach to investigate a conjecture raised by Pellegrino and Teixeira, asserting that $C_m=2^{1-1/m}$ for all $m\in\mathbb{N}$ and to reveal interesting unknown facts about the geometry of $B_{\mathcal{L}(^3\mathbb{R}^3)}$., 9 pages, 1 figure, 1 link for codes in .nb files

Studies of literary formulism in Old English poetry continue apace. Sometimes, because a "formula" is a repeated pattern within a voluminous corpus, the studies call on computer assistance.' And however they implement it, the studies commonly use either an extrinsic approach, applying to Old English practice what they can learn from other practitioners, or an intrinsic approach, deducing from the Old English product what they can discern about the poetic process behind it. This paper uses an inductive approach and computer assistance so as to supplement the results obtained by the other approaches. The paper studies a literary formula that, though well-assimilated and widely practiced in Old English poetry, has apparently received no study hitherto. The formula is the three-word a-verse (X Y Z) in which the first and last words (X, Z) are alliterating content-words and the second word (Y) is a preposition. Niles, studying the "formulas and formulaic systems" of Beowulf lines 1-25, identified weox under wolcnum (8) as formulaic because it has affinities with 651, 714, 1119, 1374, 1631, and 1770, but he did not notice that all seven half-lines are a-verses, an oversight he repeated when he came to geong in geardum (13; cf. 265, 1138, 2459). Of folce tofrofre (14), consequently, he commented only "non-formulaic, but cf. haelerum to helpe 1709a, 1961a."2 As this paper will show, however, folce to frofre is indeed formulaic.

Magic tricks based on computer science concepts help grab student attention and can motivate them to delve more deeply. Error detection ideas long used by computer scientists provide a rich basis for working magic; probably the most well known trick of this type is one included in the CS Unplugged activities. This paper shows that much more powerful variations of the trick can be performed, some in an unplugged environment and some with computer assistance. Some of the tricks also show off additional concepts in computer science and discrete mathematics.

Subject of investigation in this paper is a one-dimensional Schrödinger equation, where the potential is a sum of a periodic function and a perturbation decaying at . It is well known that the essential spectrum consists of spectral bands, and that there may or may not be additional eigenvalues below the lowest band or in the gaps between the bands. While enclosures for gap eigenvalues can comparatively easily be obtained from numerical approximations, e.g. by D. Weinstein's bounds, there seems to be no method available so far which is able to exclude eigenvalues in spectral gaps, i.e. which identifies subregions (of a gap) which contain no eigenvalues. Here, we propose such a method. It makes heavy use of computer assistance; nevertheless, the results are completely rigorous in the strict mathematical sense, because all computational errors are taken into account.

Based on symbolic dynamics, the paper provides a satisfactory and necessary condition of existence for consecutive periodic orbits of the Lorenz maps. In addition, a new algorithm with computer assistance based on symbolic dynamics is proposed to find all periodic orbits up to a certain number with little computer time. Examples for consecutive periods of orbits are raised for the Lorenz maps. With a little variation, the theorems and algorithm can be applied to some other dynamic systems.

En suivant des opinions émises par Gotthelf Bergsträsser et Angelika Neuwirth, nous explorons dans cet article la possibilité de présenter le texte coranique divisé en "kôlons", c'est-à-dire en brèves unités syntaxiques indépendantes. Concernant la méthode nous recourons au modèle de présentation du texte de l'Ancien Testament proposé par Wolfgang Richter (Biblia Hebraica Transcripta). Ainsi le texte coranique apparaît sous forme de colonnes parallèles en écriture arabe et en transcription. En partant du texte présenté de cette manière, nous proposons une analyse morpho-syntaxique automatisée du texte coranique. Dans ce cas aussi nous adaptons les résultats de la recherche informatique sur l'Ancien Testament effectuée par un groupe travaillant autour de Wolfgang Richter. Following proposals by Gotthelf Bergsträsser and Angelika Neuwirth, in this paper I will discuss what is involved in presenting the Qur' nic text in a "colometric" way, i.e. divided into small prosodic units that are syntactically independent. In so doing I follow the method applied in the presentation of the text of the Old Testament by Wolfgang Richter (Biblia Hebraica Transcripta). The text will appear in parallel columns, both in Arabic script and in transcription, in accordance with the said colometric division. Based on this presentation, a computer-aided approach to morpho-syntactic analysis will be developed. Again this will be oriented towards the results of research in computational linguistics done by a team working with Wolfgang Richter.

The aim of the paper is to examine the emergence of computer assistance in qualitativeresearch and to describe its impact on research practices. The use of data analysisprograms is approached from methodological frameworks ofbasic and structured qualitativeapproaches. Computer use is also examined from the viewpoint of concreteoperations of data analysis. Particularly the new features, which software packages areclaimed to have brought to data analysis, are discussed in the paper.It is argued that computer assisted techniques provide possibilities fr developing theoften impressionistic qualitative data analysis procedures into something more integrated,explicit and systematic. However, it is also emphasised that analysis programsthemselves do not represent any methodological approaches. By offering a special toolkitfr data processing, computer assistance should be understood only as an attempt toenhance analytic practices in qualitative research.

In this paper, we discuss simultaneous swinging-up of two pendulums by manual control.The single control input is applied to two pendulums with different physical parameters.Since the control task is very difficult , we propose a manual control system with computer assistance. The dynamic behavior of the two pendulums is simulated by a digital computer and its animation is shown on a CRT display. The computer generates appropriate signals to assist the human operator and the human operator manipulates the pendulum motions while watching the display.We show that successful experimental results can be obtained by using the proposed manual control system.

This paper describes the usefulness of computer assistance in the acquisition of "good" images for stenosis diagnosis and quantification in coronary angiography. The system recommends the optimal viewpoints from which stenotic lesions can be observed clearly based on images obtained from initial viewpoints. First, the viewpoint dependency of the apparent severity of a stenotic lesion is experimentally analyzed using software phantoms in order to show the seriousness of the problem. The implementation of the viewpoint determination system is then described. The system provides good user-interactive tools for the semi-automated estimation of the orientation and diameter of stenotic segments and the three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of vessel structures. Using these tools, viewpoints that will not give rise to foreshortening and vessel overlap can be efficiently determined. Experiments using real coronary angiograms show the system to be capable of the reliable diagnosis and quantification of stenosis.

IntroductionThe objective of this paper is to demonstrate the difference in post-operative complication rates between Computer-assisted surgery (CAS) and conventional techniques in spine surgery. Several studies have shown that the accuracy of pedicle screw placement significantly improves with use of CAS. Yet, few studies have compared the incidence of post-operative complications between CAS and conventional techniques.Material and MethodsThe American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database was used to identify patients that underwent posterior lumbar fusion from 2011 to 2013. Multivariate analysis was conducted to demonstrate the difference in post-operative complication rates between CAS and conventional techniques in spine surgery.ResultsOut of 15,222 patients, 14,382 (95.1%) were operated with conventional techniques and 740 (4.90%) were operated with CAS. Multivariate analysis showed that patients in the CAS group had less odds to experience adverse ev...

Advanced rapid prototyping techniques are being used to fabricate scaffolds for tissue engineering with controlled architecture. These techniques combine computer-aided design with bio-manufacturing tools to produce 3D structures in a multitude of materials. These scaffolds must be biocompatible, biodegradable, with appropriate porosity, pore structure and distribution, having both surface and structural compatibility. Structural compatibility of the host tissue corresponds to an optimal adaptation to the scaffold mechanical behaviour, referring to its mechanical properties and deformation capability. This paper proposes a computer tool to predict the mechanical behaviour of scaffolds with different topological architectures and levels of porosity. The influence of the interaction between biofluids and the scaffold is also presented.

Many problems emerge since it is widely believed that high tax rates and ineffective tax collection by government are the main causes contributing to the rise of the informal economy. Already the economists have established a relationship between tax rates and tax evasion or size of the informal economy. The higher is the level of taxation, the greater incentive is to participate in informal economic activities and escape taxes. At the macroeconomic level, there is a number of so-called indirect methods used to estimate the size and dynamics of informal economy, reported in literature as “Monetary Approach”, “Implicit Labour Supply Method”, “National Accountancy”, “Energy Consumption Method”, etc. Unfortunately, many times there are huge differences among the estimated shares of informal or underground economy obtained by various methods. For instance, in case of Romania the figures are between about 20% of GDP, obtained on the base of the energy consumption method and more than 45% computed by using the monetary approach. Also, the figures reported by the National Institute for Statistics (NIS), based on national accounts methodology, increased (mainly due to changes in methodology) from about 5% in 1992, to 18% in 1997 and to 20-22% after 2000. Adding to these figures about 7% of GDP, representing the estimated level for self-consumption in case of a rural household, legal non-registered but informal, resulted that last years the informal economy is responsible of 27-29% of national economy. In this article, coming from certain general accepted finding of the theory in matter of modelling underground economy, we concentrate on evaluating analytically the limit-values of certain important parameters involved in models used to estimate the size of underground economy and to explain the mechanisms of its dynamics. Then we shall simulate some exercises on available data. The second goal of the paper is to report some conclusions of our investigation based on data supplied by special surveys organised in Romania. Also, in order to see since certain hypotheses (referring to the complex transmission mechanism from the tax policy decisions to the effective implication of agents into informal economy) are statistically verified and to extend the study from the aggregate level to a deep research inside the population set in regions, we used data supplied by this special large survey, which already were processed and are available in our database.

This paper explores the role for mechanised support for refining specifications to executable programs. The goal of refinement is to achieve the translation from specification to implementation without the introducing errors. The refinement calculus provides a set of rules for developing procedural programs from abstract specifications. A prototype editor for the refinement calculus is described that was constructed using the Cornell Synthesizer Generator. Based on our experiences, desirable features for future tools are suggested.

The four papers in this issue report findings from a research programme on the etiological origins of child speech-sound disorders of currently unknown origin. Overviews elsewhere describe an evolving classificatory framework that posits six putative subtypes within this general domain of communicative disorders (cf. Shriberg, 2002). The following introductory comments provide brief historical and clinical perspectives on the primary objective of this research: the availability of a suite of computer-assisted diagnostic markers that clinicians and clinical researchers can use to classify six etiological subtypes of child speech-sound disorders.

This paper is a summary of a multi-session group discussion among the listed authors in which they deal with three broad questions: What sorts of decisions need to be made in schools? What kinds of computer assistance would be helpful? What are the barriers to obtaining this assistance? Several general conclusions are reached, touching on the importance of the articulation of agreed-upon objectives, developing confidence in the assistance computers can give, the need for collaboration and group decision support, and the need for rigorous research.

In this capsule, we suggest some calculus problems whose solutions involve penciland-paper techniques and some form of computer assistance. These are problems that can be used as calculus laboratory projects. We expect the computer to act as a strong and convenient number-cruncher, but we expect the student to supply the conceptual framework. For some of the problems below, finding the proper scaling so that one can see the extrema is a bit difficult, but we feel that a student will profit from this trial-and-error experience. The main computational difficulty of these problems is approximating all the roots of a polynomial, so your computer package should have a reliable polynomial root finder.

The task of designing and optimizing roll pass sequence for rolling of rods and structural profiles remains an uncertain and costly process. Two computer programs were developed for assisting the roll pass design for rolling of (1) rods and (2) structural profiles. The paper describes the approach, the programs and the limited verification of the programs with the available measurements.

This paper summarizes the capabilities and applications of the general-purpose and special-purpose computer programs that have been developed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) for use in fracture mechanics analyses of HSST pressure vessel experiments. Emphasis is placed on the OCA/USA code, which is designed for analysis of pressurized-thermal-shock (PTS) conditions, and on the ORMGEN/ADINA/ORVIRT system which is used for more general analysis. Fundamental features of these programs are discussed, along with applications to pressure vessel experiments.

Two-man teams solved credible, “real world” problems for which computer assistance has been or could be useful. Conversations were carried on in one of four modes of communication: (1) typewriting, (2) handwriting, (3) voice, and (4) natural, unrestricted communication. Both experienced and inexperienced typists were tested in the typewriting mode. Performance was assessed on three classes of dependent measures: time to solution, behavioral measures of activity, and linguistic measures. Significant differences among the communication modes were found in each of the three classes of dependent variable. This paper is concerned mainly with the results of the linguistic analyses. Linguistic performance was assessed with 182 measures, most of which turned out to be redundant and some of which were useless or meaningless. Those that remain show that although problems can be solved faster in the oral modes than in the hard-copy modes, the oral modes are characterized by many more messages, sentences, words, and unique words; much higher communication rates; but lower type-token ratios. Although a number of significant problem and job role effects were found, there were relatively few significant interactions of modes with these variables. It appears, therefore, that the mode effects hold for both problems and for both job roles assigned to the subjects.

Census taking requires large numbers of maps to ensure that every part of the country is assigned for enumeration purposes, and that no area is counted more than once. There has been a major increase in the degree of automation in the cartographic support of census operations. After several years of planning and development, 1200 census tract collection maps, comprising approximately one-sixth of the census enumeration areas in Canada, were produced with computer assistance for the 1986 Census of Canada. This paper highlights the approach successfully used at Statistics Canada to convert urban census enumeration area map production from a traditional manual drafting operation to a largely automated system, and summarizes the benefits of this conversion. It also describes one of the algorithms used for automatically placing text on the maps. Entreprendre un recensement requiert un grand nombre de cartes geographiques afin de s'assurer que la moindre parcelle du pays soit consideree pour fins d'enumeration et qu'aucune ne le soit plus d'une fois. Le degre d'automatisation dans la production de cartes geographiques pour operations de recensement a connu un accroissement marque. Apres plusieurs annees de planification et de developpement, 1 200 cartes enumeratives de secteurs de recensement, couvrant environ un sixieme de toutes les regions du Canada, ont ete produites par ordinateur en vue du Recensement canadien de 1986. Cet article souligne l'approche employee avec succes par Statistique Canada afin de passer d'une production de cartes enumeratives urbaines traditionnellement esquissees a la main a une production largement automatisee et resume les benefices d'une telle conversion. L'article decrit egalement un des algorithmes utilise pour disposer automatiquement le texte sur les cartes.

Costly problems of conflict between parties with different objectives occur frequently in business and industry. One particular example of this arises in labor-management negotiations. In this paper a hypothetical labor-management conflict is examined using a new interactive microcomputer-based conflict analysis program. The conflict analysis is performed in a step-by-step manner from the point of view of an external arbitrator, with screen displays from the program presented at each step. The program provides a convenient medium for coming to conclusions about correct actions in a conflict situation, and thus to the resolution of the labor-management confrontation.

The paper will review methods of measuring and improving the beam properties and cyclotron performance for both the internal and external beams. Recent advances in computer assistance and instrumentation will be presented together with beam dynamics considerations used in planning and interpreting experiments. Features peculiar to the new high-energy, high-intensity machines and the coming generation of heavy ion machines will be discussed.

02 breathing in healthy adults causes a small decrease in heart rate ( H R ) (2 ) . In healthy fulHerrn infants 02 breathing also leads to a small decrease in HR (1) . When the mother is breathing pure 0 2 , a decrease of FHR and LVA in the fetus can be observed (4) . These observations have been confirmed previously (5). Using an algori thm for Computer determination (CD) of FHR level and LVA (3), i t was the aim of this paper to study the behaviour of FHR and LVA before and during maternal 02 breathing with Computer assistance.

The instructional capability of the training simulator has improved in tempo with simulation technology. The business of shaping student behaviors has achieved a leap forward in efficiency due to digital computation and the computer display terminal. This paper discusses the impact of computer assistance on the capability for structuring and controlling synthetic flight training, and examines the instructional potential of the “new breed” of flight simulators presently on-line or in the developmental stage. A number of recent innovations in instructor station design is described. These developing, student-centered instructional techniques for promoting training effectiveness place the simulator quite realistically in contention as a major flight training medium of the future.

The goals of the paper are: ( 1) to suggest that library and information science already depend heavily on statistical techniques; (2) to present examples of the need for greater knowledge of statistics, especially inferential statistics, among librarians and information scientists; and (3) to argue that library school students can be taught inferential statistics. In support of (1) and (2) a study of the 1,157 articles published in 1975 in 36 library and information science journals showed that about 45 per cent of the articles made some use of statistics and that about 3 per cent of the articles, concentrated in the leading journals, used inferential statistics. Not only does the latter percentage indicate that authors missed opportunities to make more penetrating analyses of many sets of data, but also it is related to mistakes in the conclusions that some authors draw from their descriptively analyzed data. In support of (3), a description is given of the research methods course at the author's institution, in which students learn inferential statistics with computer assistance.