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Background: With the spread of Covid-19 disease, health interventions related to the control, prevention, and treatment of this disease and other diseases were given real attention. The purpose of this systematic review is to express facilitators and barriers of using mobile health (mHealth) interventions during the Covid-19 pandemic., Methods: In this systematic review, original studies were searched using keywords in the electronic database of PubMed until August 2022. The objectives and outcomes of these studies were extracted. Finally, to identify the facilitators and barriers of mHealth interventions, a qualitative content analysis was conducted based on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis method with Atlas.ti 8 software. We evaluated the studies using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT)., Results: In total, 1598 articles were identified and 55 articles were included in this study. Most of the studies used mobile applications to provide and receive health services during the Covid-19 pandemic (96.4%). The purpose of the applications was to help prevention (17), follow-up (15), treatment (12), and diagnosis (8). Using SWOT analysis, 13 facilitators and 18 barriers to patients' use of mHealth services were identified., Conclusion: Mobile applications are very flexible technologies that can be customized for each person, patient, and population. During the Covid-19 pandemic, the applications designed due to lack of interaction, lack of time, lack of attention to privacy, and non-academic nature have not met their expectations of them., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: Following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the health authorities recommended the implementation of strict social distancing and complete lockdown regulations to reduce disease spread. The pharmacists quickly adopted telemedicine (telepharmacy) as a solution against this crisis, but awareness about this technology is lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to explore the patients' perspectives and preferences regarding telepharmacy instead of traditional in-person visits., Methods: An electronic questionnaire was designed and sent to 313 patients who were eligible for the study (from March to April 2021). The questionnaire used five-point Likert scales to inquire about motivations for adopting telepharmacy and in-person visits, their perceived advantages and disadvantages, and the declining factors of telepharmacy. Finally, the results were descriptively analyzed using SPSS 22., Results: Of all 313 respondents, a total of 241 (77%) preferred appointments via telepharmacy while 72 (23%) preferred in-person services. There was a significant difference between the selection percentage of telepharmacy and in-person services (chi-square 91.42; p < 0.0001). Preference bout the telepharmacy system versus in-person visits to the pharmacy was associated with factors such as "reducing the incidence of contagious disease" (4.41; ± 0.78), "spending less time receiving pharmaceutical services" (4.24; ± 0.86)), and "traveling a shorter distance for receiving pharmaceutical services" (4.25; ± 0.86). "Reducing costs" (90.87%), "saving time" (89.21%), and "reducing the incidence of contagious disease" (87.13%) were the most important reasons for choosing telepharmacy services. Also, "face-to-face communication with the pharmacist" (25%), "low internet bandwidth" (25%), and "reduction of patients' anxiety and the increase of their peace of mind" (23.61%) were the most important reasons for choosing in-person visits., Conclusion: Survey data indicate that most participants are likely to prefer the use of telepharmacy, especially during crises such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. Telepharmacy can be applied as an important means and a crucial service to lessen the load on healthcare organizations and expand drug supply shelters in pharmacies. However, there are still substantial hurdles to overcome in order to successfully implement the telemedicine platform as part of mainstream practice., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused serious concerns in pregnant women. Self-care mHealth applications can provide helpful guidelines for COVID-19 prevention or management in case of infection. This study aimed to develop and then assess a self-care smartphone-based application to provide self-care for pregnant women against COVID-19. The present study was conducted in two phases. First, a needs assessment was performed based on the opinions of 30 obstetricians and pregnant women. Then, relying on the results, a smartphone-based application was prototyped and assessed in terms of its usability and user satisfaction. To assess the application, 36 pregnant women (11 infected with COVID-19) were asked to use the application for a week. The QUIS questionnaire 5.5 was used for assessment, and the results were analyzed via descriptive statistics in SPSS 23. According to the obstetricians and pregnant women, of the 41 information requirements, 35 data elements were noted to be essential in the needs assessment. Features of the application were placed in four categories of User's Profile, Lifestyle, Disease Management and Control, and Application Functions (e.g., introducing high-risk places in terms of COVID-19 prevalence in each city, introducing specialized COVID-19 medical centers to pregnant women to receive services, medication management, stress management and control, nutrition and diet management, sleep management, contacting physicians, doctor's appointment reminder, searching the available educational materials, and making application adjustments such as text font, size, and color). With an average score of 7.94 (out of 9), pregnant women rated the application at a good level. The application can be used to reduce anxiety and stress about COVID-19 in mothers, provide access to reliable information to answer possible questions, identify high-risk locations, and provide pregnant women with instant access to healthcare facilities and information related to COVID-19 self-care processes., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Khadijeh Moulaei et al.)

Background: COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become a global pandemic, affecting most countries worldwide. Digital health information technologies can be applied in three aspects, namely digital patients, digital devices, and digital clinics, and could be useful in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic., Objective: Recent reviews have examined the role of digital health in controlling COVID-19 to identify the potential of digital health interventions to fight the disease. However, this study aims to review and analyze the digital technology that is being applied to control the COVID-19 pandemic in the 10 countries with the highest prevalence of the disease., Methods: For this review, the Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched in August 2020 to retrieve publications from December 2019 to March 15, 2020. Furthermore, the Google search engine was used to identify additional applications of digital health for COVID-19 pandemic control., Results: We included 32 papers in this review that reported 37 digital health applications for COVID-19 control. The most common digital health projects to address COVID-19 were telemedicine visits (11/37, 30%). Digital learning packages for informing people about the disease, geographic information systems and quick response code applications for real-time case tracking, and cloud- or mobile-based systems for self-care and patient tracking were in the second rank of digital tool applications (all 7/37, 19%). The projects were deployed in various European countries and in the United States, Australia, and China., Conclusions: Considering the potential of available information technologies worldwide in the 21st century, particularly in developed countries, it appears that more digital health products with a higher level of intelligence capability remain to be applied for the management of pandemics and health-related crises., (©Sharareh R Niakan Kalhori, Kambiz Bahaadinbeigy, Kolsoum Deldar, Marsa Gholamzadeh, Sadrieh Hajesmaeel-Gohari, Seyed Mohammad Ayyoubzadeh. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 10.03.2021.)

Background and Aims: Due to the COVID‐19 pandemic, a precise and reliable diagnosis of this disease is critical. The use of clinical decision support systems (CDSS) can help facilitate the diagnosis of COVID‐19. This scoping review aimed to investigate the role of CDSS in diagnosing COVID‐19. Methods: We searched four databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Embase) using three groups of keywords related to CDSS, COVID‐19, and diagnosis. To collect data from studies, we utilized a data extraction form that consisted of eight fields. Three researchers selected relevant articles and extracted data using a data collection form. To resolve any disagreements, we consulted with a fourth researcher. Results: A search of the databases retrieved 2199 articles, of which 68 were included in this review after removing duplicates and irrelevant articles. The studies used nonknowledge‐based CDSS (n = 52) and knowledge‐based CDSS (n = 16). Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) (n = 33) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) (n = 8) were employed to design the CDSS in most of the studies. Accuracy (n = 43) and sensitivity (n = 35) were the most common metrics for evaluating CDSS. Conclusion: CDSS for COVID‐19 diagnosis have been developed mainly through machine learning (ML) methods. The greater use of these techniques can be due to their availability of public data sets about chest imaging. Although these studies indicate high accuracy for CDSS based on ML, their novelty and data set biases raise questions about replacing these systems as clinician assistants in decision‐making. Further studies are needed to improve and compare the robustness and reliability of nonknowledge‐based and knowledge‐based CDSS in COVID‐19 diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Access to healthcare services for patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) was limited during the COVID-19 pandemic. A mobile application (app) can help overcome this limitation for patients and caregivers. Our study aims to develop and evaluate an app to help caregivers of patients with AD during COVID-19. Methods: The study was performed in three steps. First, a questionnaire of features required for the app design was prepared based on the interviews with caregivers of AD patients and neurologists. Then, questionnaire was provided to neurologists, medical informatics, and health information management specialists to identify the final features. Second, the app was designed using the information obtained from the previous phase. Third, the quality of the app and the level of user satisfaction were evaluated using the mobile app rating scale (MARS) and the questionnaire for user interface satisfaction (QUIS), respectively. Results: The number of 41 data elements in four groups (patient's profile, COVID-19 management and control, AD management and control, and program functions) were identified for designing the app. The quality evaluation of the app based on MARS and user satisfaction evaluation based on QUIS showed the app was good. Conclusion: This is the first study that focused on developing and evaluating a mobile app for assisting Alzheimer's caregivers during the COVID-19 pandemic. As the app was designed based on users' needs and covered both information about AD and COVID-19, it can help caregivers perform their tasks more efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: The COVID‐19 pandemic has changed people's lifestyles as well as the way healthcare services are delivered. Undoubtedly, the difficulties associated with COVID‐19 infection and rehabilitation and those associated with quarantine and viral preventive efforts may exacerbate the need for virtual reality to be used as a part of a complete rehabilitation strategy for these individuals. Thus, the present research aimed to evaluate the potential uses of virtual reality for the rehabilitation of individuals suffering from COVID‐19. Methods: From 2019 to March 1, 2022, a systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Cochran Library, Scopus, Science Direct, ProQuest, and Web of Science databases. The papers were selected based on search terms and those that discussed the use of virtual reality in the rehabilitation of COVID‐19 patients were reviewed. Each step of the study was reviewed by two authors. Results: A total of 699 papers were found during the first search. Three papers were chosen for further investigation after a thorough evaluation of the publications' titles, abstracts, and full texts. Cross‐sectional studies, randomized controlled clinical trials, and case reports comprised 33%, 33%, and 33% of the publications, respectively. Based on the results, people suffering from COVID‐19 were the focus of two papers (66%) that employed immersion virtual reality for cognitive rehabilitation, whereas one study (33%) used non‐immersive virtual reality for physical rehabilitation. In two papers (66%), virtual reality was also offered to patients in the form of a game. Conclusion: According to the results of the present research, virtual reality games may enhance functional and cognitive consequences, contentment levels among patients, and their ability to take charge of their own health care. In light of the obstacles faced by COVID‐19 patients, alterations in the delivery of healthcare, and the significance of rehabilitation in this group during quarantine, new techniques have been considered for these patients to maintain treatment, return to regular life, and enhance their standard of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: During the COVID‐19 pandemic, college students can access health‐related information on the Internet to improve preventative behaviors, but they often judge the merits of such information and create challenges in the community. The aim of this study was to investigate information‐seeking behaviors in regard to COVID‐19 among students at Kerman University of Medical Sciences (KUMS) with the help of mass and social media. Methods: The present study is a cross‐sectional study, which was conducted using an online researcher‐made questionnaire. An invitation to participate in the study was sent to 500 students at KUMS, of which 203 were selected according to the inclusion criteria and completed the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: COVID‐19 news was mostly obtained through social media platforms such as WhatsApp, Telegram, Instagram, radio, and television, as well as online publications and news agencies. Social media platforms such as WhatsApp, Telegram, Instagram, and satellite networks such as BBC contained the most rumors about COVID‐19. Some of the most common misconceptions regarding COVID‐19 were as follows: "COVID‐19 is the deadliest disease in the world," "COVID‐19 is a biological attack," and "COVID‐19 disappears as the air temperature rises." In addition, most of the virtual training provided through mass media focused on "refraining from visiting holy places and crowded locations such as markets," "observing personal hygiene and refraining from touching the eyes, nose, and mouth with infected hands," and "the role of quarantine in reducing the incidence of COVID‐19." Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that during the pandemic, students used social media platforms the most to obtain health‐related information and these media have a significant impact on their willingness to engage in preventative behaviors and take the COVID‐19 risk seriously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) as an emerging disease decreases security among people from different countries. Sense of security can be raised via quick diagnosis of COVID-19, and its management and control using clinical decision support systems (CDSS) to prevent further spread of the disease. So, the aim of this study is to identify and introduce the applications of a CDSS in the diagnosis, management, and control of COVID-19. This cross-sectional study was conducted to identify and introduce the applications of CDSS in the diagnosis, management, and control of COVID-19. Based on the results of some meetings with infectious disease specialists and a general practitioner as well as reviewing the related literature, information about COVID-19 and CDSS was obtained. Then based on the information obtained, a questionnaire was designed electronically and distributed in a two-round Delphi method among 19 experts in the three fields of medical informatics, health information management, and infectious disease specialists. According to the literature and expert opinions, 35 applications of CDSS applications were identified in the four main groups of "diagnosis", "medication", "monitoring", and "health services". Eventually, a collective agreement was reached on 30 applications in the first and second rounds of Delphi. Among all the applications, the highest means were assigned to "monitoring the vital signs" and "helping diagnose infections and damaged lung tissue through CT scan". Introducing these applications can provide general, basic knowledge of the design and implementation of clinical decision support systems in the real world to prevent irreversible complications and even many people's death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The only way to limit the prevalence of COVID-19 is to adhere strictly to health protocol. In this regard, WHO has provided the information needed to prevent and deal with this disease on its website. To investigate the Impact of Internet Health Information on Adherence to COVID-19 Protocols, in Iran. Material and Methods: This is a cross-sectional survey and structural equation modeling which is done by students of at the Kerman University of Medical Science, Iran. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. SPSS 22.0, and SmartPLS 3software were used to analyze the data. Results: The present study investigated the impact of health information on the WHO website on adherence to COVID-19 protocols among the students of the Kerman University of Medical Sciences. The bootstrapping results indicate relationships between health information seeking constructs and information quality, satisfaction, and reputation. Regarding the other six hypotheses in the present study, it is predicted that they will be rejected in a larger sample. Conclusion: Online information is now available more easily, quickly, and at a lower cost compared to other sources, it should be constantly monitored and constantly improved in quality. Its usefulness, ease of use, accuracy, recency, and simplicity should be constantly investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If Coronavirus (COVID-19) is not predicted, managed, and controlled timely, the health systems of any country and their people will face serious problems. Predictive models can be helpful in health resource management and prevent outbreak and death caused by COVID-19. The present study aimed at predicting mortality in patients with COVID-19 based on data mining techniques. To do this study, the mortality factors of COVID-19 patients were first identified based on different studies. These factors were confirmed by specialist physicians. Based on the confirmed factors, the data of COVID-19 patients were extracted from 850 medical records. Decision tree (J48), MLP, KNN, random forest, and SVM data mining models were used for prediction. The models were evaluated based on accuracy, precision, specificity, sensitivity, and the ROC curve. According to the results, the most effective factor used to predict the death of COVID-19 patients was dyspnea. Based on ROC (1.000), accuracy (99.23%), precision (99.74%), sensitivity (98.25%) and specificity (99.84%), the random forest was the best model in predicting of mortality than other models. After the random forest, KNN5, MLP, and J48 models were ranked next, respectively. Data analysis of COVID-19 patients can be a suitable and practical tool for predicting the mortality of these patients. Given the sensitivity of medical science concerning maintaining human life and lack of specialized human resources in the health system, using the proposed models can increase the chances of successful treatment, prevent early death and reduce the costs associated with long treatments for patients, hospitals and the insurance industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preeclampsia is one of the most common complications of pregnancy that is very difficult to control and manage during the outbreak of COVID-19. One way to control and manage this disease is to use self-care applications. Therefore, the aim of this study was to design and develop a mobile-based application to facilitate self-care for women, who suffer from pregnancy poisoning in the COVID-19 pandemic. This study was conducted in two stages: In the first stage, according to the opinion of 20 obstetricians and pregnant women, a needs assessment was performed. In the second stage, based on the identified needs, the application prototype was designed and then evaluated. For evaluation, 20 pregnant women were asked to use the application for 10 days. QUIS questionnaire version 5.5 was used for evaluation. Descriptive statistics and mann-whitney test in SPSS software version 23 were used for data analysis. Out of the 66 information needs that were identified via the questionnaire, 58 were considered in designing the application. Features of the designed application were placed in 5 categories: User's profile, lifestyle, disease prevention and control, application capabilities and user's satisfaction. The capabilities of the application consist of introducing specialized COVID-19 medical centers, search for the location of medical centers and doctors' offices, drug management, drug allergies, self-assessment, stress reduction and control, nutrition and diet management, sleep management, doctor's appointment reminders, communication with other patients and physicians, application settings. Pregnant women rated the usability of the application at a good level. The designed application can reduce the anxiety and stress due to preeclampsia feel and also improve their knowledge as well as attitude towards the COVID-19 pandemic and preeclampsia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The epidemic of viral respiratory diseases in the last 20 years has affected many people around the world. In these situations, telemedicine may reduce unnecessary contacts and the risk of exposure to infection. This study aimed to review the papers performed to manage viral respiratory disease epidemics using telemedicine. Material and Methods: The PubMed and Scopus databases were searched in May 2020 for this systematic review study. Data were extracted from the final included papers based on the author, country, type of epidemic, telemedicine modality, telecommunication method, objective, participants, clinical outcome, cost, and satisfaction. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data. Results: From 365 retrieved papers, 18 papers were included. Most of the papers were done in the US and China (67%). Half of the papers were done during the COVID-19 pandemic. Real-time modality was used in 78% of the papers. The telecommunication method in half of the papers was internetbased. Patients’ management and treatment was the main objective of the six papers. In 81% of the teleconsultation papers, the consultation was performed between patients and healthcare providers. The clinical outcome of all papers showed that telemedicine was successful in the management of viral respiratory disease epidemics. Cost and satisfaction outcomes were considered in a few papers. Conclusion: There is considerable evidence to show that telemedicine is a useful and convenient method to manage and control viral respiratory disease epidemics. Therefore, countries should pay special attention to telemedicine to control the current pandemic and future epidemics and use it extensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Epidemic diseases have always caused considerable physical and financial casualties for governments. By the end of the year 2019, the Covid19 pandemic emerged for the first time in China and rapidly infected the globe. Objectives: As information technology plays a significant role in the current healthcare system, the aim of the present study was to conduct a systematic review to determine the role of electronic health in the Covid19 crisis. Material and Methods: This review was carried out on articles published from December 2019 until March 17th 2020 by searching keywords and their equivalents in "MeSH" in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases and Google search engine. Results: In total, from 72 found articles, 28 were recognized based on their research topic. After imposing inclusion and exclusion criteria, eventually 6 original articles and 8 reports were selected for further analysis. Results showed that reviewed articles had mentioned the effective role of IT in: diagnosing Corona patients, addressing the spread of the disease, providing sufficient education for the public to prevent the disease, and recognizing high-risk areas. Telemedicine, machine learning algorithms, deep learning, Augmented intelligence, neural networks, Global positioning system, and geographical information system have been the most widely used technologies. Conclusion: It was shown that defeating the Covid19 is impossible without the help of technology. Experiences with the effectivity of using electronic health in controlling and monitoring the prevalence of Covid19 can be used to deal with other pandemic diseases in the future as well; and to avoid possible casualties and economic regressions while rapidly providing solutions for similar critical situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The spread of Covid-19 showed the real ability of current technologies in the world. Mobile health (mHealth) as one of these technologies in the control, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease was very much considered. Objective: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the objectives, outcomes, facilitators, and barriers influencing the use of mHealth interventions for patients during the Covid-19 pandemic. Material and Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. We searched for the original articles published in databases such as PubMed until August 2022 using relevant keywords. Studies to be included will have mHealth as the primary intervention during the Covid-19 pandemic. A qualitative content analysis was performed the based on the theory of planned behavior and the health belief model using the ATLAS.ti software. Results: In total, 1598 articles were screened, and 50 articles were included in this study. The objectives were follow-up and self-monitoring in half of the articles. While having different objectives, 35% of the articles analyzed reported satisfaction. The overall outcomes of mHealth intervention were classified as social outcomes (e.g. facilitating social interaction), clinical outcomes (e.g. decreasing mental health problems), and cost-effectiveness (e.g., reducing commute, fuel, and time to access care). 15 facilitators and 10 barriers influencing the use of mHealth intervention for patients were identified. Conclusion: Developing a clear framework of the facilitators and barriers before the implementation of these systems could improve decision-making prior to the design and implementation of mHealth intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Covid-19 is a respiratory infection which through the spread of coronavirus particles by coughing or sneezing. A direct relationship has been observed between oral health and more severe symptoms of coronavirus. Nowadays, healthcare services can also be provided on smartphone phones. Assessing the dentists' attitude towards using this technology can help health planners provide health services. Objective: The aim of this research was to evaluate the dentists' attitude towards the application of mobile health technology in the field of oral diseases (treatment and education and self-care) during the Covid-19 pandemic. Material and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 32 dentists in Kerman and Zahedan in 2020. The data collection tool was a researcher-based questionnaire. The content validity of the questionnaire confirmed by three medical informatics specialists. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS software (version 22) using descriptive statistics (e.g. percentage, mean and standard deviation) and the paired t-test. Results: Dentists agreement was higher in education and self-care than in treatment (p <0.05, CI = 95%). According to dentists, making use of mobile technology in the field of treatment (with the highest average) (3.41±0.87) was related to "online follow-up of the visited patient" and the lowest average (2.56±1.04) was related to "asynchronous patient visit (save and send). Concerning education and self-care, the highest average (3.97±0.64) was related to "providing educational programs in the field of healthy nutrition for oral health" and the lowest average (3.19 ± 1.09) was related to "sharing patient's health records by observing confidentiality". Conclusion: Results revealed that dentists agreed with the provision of healthcare and self-care programs through mobile technology. By recognizing the infrastructures carefully, health planners can enjoy mobile capacity to manage and control oral diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Owing to their weak immune system, pregnant and lactating women are vulnerable groups during the outbreak of infectious diseases such as Covid-19, paying more attention to healthy nutrition for this group of people is of great importance. Given the importance of providing healthcare services through smart phones, this technology can be used for any purpose in the field of health. Objective: The aim of this research was to evaluate the nutritional awareness of pregnant and lactating women using social networks during the Covid-19 pandemic. Material and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in 2020 on pregnant and lactating women in Fasa and Estahban. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The content validity of the questionnaire confirmed by two medical informatics specialists. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS software (version 22) using descriptive statistics. Results: According to the results of this study, 78.1% of women used WhatsApp social network. Concerning women's knowledge about nutritional information during Covid-19, the highest average (4.53 ± 0.56) was related to "consumption of natural juices and liquids against covid-19" (with an average of 2.78% and average and more), while the lowest average (2.78 ± 1.2) was related to "consumption of fatty food and canned food during covid-19". Conclusion: Results showed that the awareness level of pregnant and lactating women about nutritional information during the Covid-19 pandemic was moderate to high. Healthcare providers can create groups on WhatsApp social network for these women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19) has raised serious concerns for pregnant women with preeclampsia. Self-care applications can be a useful solution to control and manage preeclampsia during coronavirus outbreaks. Objectives: The aim of this study is to design and development of a mobile-based application for self-care of pregnant women with preeclampsia during coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted in two stages. First, the needs assessment was performed according to the opinions of 20 obstetricians and pregnant women. The results of this step were analyzed by descriptive statistics and SPSS software version 23. Then, based on these results, a prototype of a mobile-based application was designed and developed. Results: According to obstetricians and pregnant women, out of 45 information needs, 30 data elements were introduced in the essential needs assessment stage. Features of the designed application were divided into four sections: profile of a pregnant woman with preeclampsia, disease information, disease management and control, and application capabilities. Conclusion: The designed application can provide various services for pregnant women with preeclampsia, such as diagnosing coronavirus, introducing specialized coronavirus treatment centers, and how to manage anxiety and stress against preeclampsia and coronavirus. The app also provides various capabilities to encourage pregnant women to perform self-care and self-management processes during coronavirus outbreaks and to control and manage preeclampsia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become a global pandemic, affecting most countries worldwide. Digital health information technologies can be applied in three aspects, namely digital patients, digital devices, and digital clinics, and could be useful in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic.Objective: Recent reviews have examined the role of digital health in controlling COVID-19 to identify the potential of digital health interventions to fight the disease. However, this study aims to review and analyze the digital technology that is being applied to control the COVID-19 pandemic in the 10 countries with the highest prevalence of the disease.Methods: For this review, the Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched in August 2020 to retrieve publications from December 2019 to March 15, 2020. Furthermore, the Google search engine was used to identify additional applications of digital health for COVID-19 pandemic control.Results: We included 32 papers in this review that reported 37 digital health applications for COVID-19 control. The most common digital health projects to address COVID-19 were telemedicine visits (11/37, 30%). Digital learning packages for informing people about the disease, geographic information systems and quick response code applications for real-time case tracking, and cloud- or mobile-based systems for self-care and patient tracking were in the second rank of digital tool applications (all 7/37, 19%). The projects were deployed in various European countries and in the United States, Australia, and China.Conclusions: Considering the potential of available information technologies worldwide in the 21st century, particularly in developed countries, it appears that more digital health products with a higher level of intelligence capability remain to be applied for the management of pandemics and health-related crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]