18 results
Search Results
2. The development and evaluation of a PDA-based method for public health surveillance data collection in developing countries
- Author
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Yu, Ping, de Courten, Maximilian, Pan, Elaine, Galea, Gauden, and Pryor, Jan
- Subjects
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POCKET computers , *PUBLIC health surveillance , *MEDICAL statistics , *MEDICAL informatics , *OPEN source software , *COMPUTERS in medicine ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
Abstract: Background and purpose: EpiData and Epi Info are often used together by public health agencies around the world, particularly in developing countries, to meet their needs of low-cost public health data management; however, the current open source data management technology lacks a mobile component to meet the needs of mobile public health data collectors. The goal of this project is to explore the opportunity of filling this gap through developing and trial of a personal digital assistant (PDA) based data collection/entry system. It evaluated whether such a system could increase efficiency and reduce data transcription errors for public surveillance data collection in developing countries represented by Fiji. Methods: A generic PDA-based data collection software eSTEPS was developed. The software and the data collected using it directly interfaces with EpiData. A field trial was conducted to test the viability of public health surveillance data collection using eSTEPS. The design was a randomised, controlled trial with cross-over design. 120 participants recruited from the Fiji School of Medicine were randomly assigned to be interviewed by one of six interviewers in one of the two ways: (1) paper-based survey followed by PDA survey and (2) PDA survey followed by paper-based survey. Data quality was measured by error rates (logical range errors/inconsistencies, skip errors, missing values, date or time field errors and incorrect data type). Work flow and cost were evaluated in three stages of the survey process: (1) preparation of data collection instrument, (2) data collection and (3) data entry, validation and cleaning. User acceptance was also evaluated in the two groups of participants: (1) data collectors and (2) survey participants. Results: None of the errors presented in 20.8% of the paper questionnaires was found in the data set collected using PDA. Sixty-two percent of the participants perceived that the PDA-based questionnaire took less time to complete. Data entry, validation and cleaning for the PDA-based data collection from 120 participants took a total of 1.5h, a 93.26% reduction of time from 20.5h required using paper and pen. The cost is also significantly reduced with PDA-based protocol. Both data collectors and participants prefer to use PDA instead of paper for data collection. The trial results prove that eSTEPS is a feasible solution for public health surveillance data collection in the field. Several deficiencies of the software were also identified and would be addressed in the next version. Conclusion: eSTEPS offers the potential to meet the need for an effective mobile public health data collection tool for use in the field. The eSTEPS field trial proves that PDA was more efficient than paper for public health survey data collection. It also significantly reduced errors in data entry. The later benefit was derived from the software providing its users with the flexibility of building their own constraints to control the data type, range and logic of data entry. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Paper Versus Digital Data Collection for Road Safety Risk Factors: Reliability Comparative Analysis From Three Cities in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
- Author
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Shivam Gupta, Abdulgafoor M. Bachani, Niloufer Taber, Nino Paichadze, Amber Mehmood, and Adnan A. Hyder
- Subjects
Male ,Paper ,Matching (statistics) ,020205 medical informatics ,Digital data ,Population ,Health Informatics ,02 engineering and technology ,law.invention ,information technology ,law ,Risk Factors ,Statistics ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Seat belt ,Prevalence ,Humans ,Cities ,education ,mHealth ,Categorical variable ,population surveillance ,Developing Countries ,Reliability (statistics) ,education.field_of_study ,Original Paper ,Data collection ,public health informatics ,Data Collection ,Accidents, Traffic ,Reproducibility of Results ,Geography ,Female ,Medical Informatics - Abstract
Background: Rapid advances in mobile technologies and applications and the continued growth in digital network coverage have the potential to transform data collection in low- and middle-income countries. A common perception is that digital data collection (DDC) is faster and quickly adaptable. Objective: The objective of this study was to test whether DDC is faster and more adaptable in a roadside environment. We conducted a reliability study comparing digital versus paper data collection in 3 cities in Ghana, Vietnam, and Indonesia observing road safety risk factors in real time. Methods: Roadside observation of helmet use among motorcycle passengers, seat belt use among 4-wheeler passengers, and speeding was conducted in Accra, Ghana; Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam; and Bandung, Indonesia. Two independent data collection teams were deployed to the same sites on the same dates and times, one using a paper-based data collection tool and the other using a digital tool. All research assistants were trained on paper-based data collection and DDC. A head-to-head analysis was conducted to compare the volume of observations, as well as the prevalence of each risk factor. Correlations (r) for continuous variables and kappa for categorical variables are reported with their level of statistical significance. Results: In Accra, there were 119 observation periods (90-min each) identical by date, time, and location during the helmet and seat belt use risk factor data collection and 118 identical periods observing speeding prevalence. In Bandung, there were 150 observation periods common to digital and paper data collection methods, whereas in HCMC, there were 77 matching observation periods for helmet use, 82 for seat belt use, and 84 for speeding. Data collectors using paper tools were more productive than their DDC counterparts during the study. The highest mean volume per session was recorded for speeding, with Bandung recording over 1000 vehicles on paper (paper: mean 1092 [SD 435]; digital: mean 807 [SD 261]); whereas the lowest volume per session was from HCMC for seat belts (paper: mean 52 [SD 28]; digital: mean 62 [SD 30]). Accra and Bandung showed good-to-high correlation for all 3 risk factors (r=0.52 to 0.96), with higher reliability in speeding and helmet use over seat belt use; HCMC showed high reliability for speeding (r=0.99) but lower reliability for helmet and seat belt use (r=0.08 to 0.32). The reported prevalence of risk factors was comparable in all cities regardless of the data collection method. Conclusions: DDC was convenient and reliable during roadside observational data collection. There was some site-related variability in implementing DDC methods, and generally the productivity was higher using the more familiar paper-based method. Even with low correlations between digital and paper data collection methods, the overall reported population prevalence was similar for all risk factors.
- Published
- 2019
4. Assessing the Potential Deployment of Biosensors for Point-of-Care Diagnostics in Developing Countries: Technological, Economic and Regulatory Aspects
- Author
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Thomas Guibentif and Daniel Migliozzi
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Cost effectiveness ,Computer science ,low-resource settings ,lcsh:Biotechnology ,Point-of-Care Systems ,Clinical Biochemistry ,malaria ,Drug Resistance ,technological breakthrough ,real-time ,Context (language use) ,Biosensing Techniques ,Review ,medical biosensors ,label-free ,Communicable Diseases ,resistance ,03 medical and health sciences ,platform ,patterned-paper technology ,lcsh:TP248.13-248.65 ,Humans ,Information flow (information theory) ,microfluidic devices ,Developing Countries ,cost-effectiveness ,business.industry ,paper ,transmission ,General Medicine ,Equipment Design ,gold ,Automation ,Maturity (finance) ,Cost reduction ,030104 developmental biology ,Risk analysis (engineering) ,Software deployment ,microscopy ,business ,point-of-care diagnostics ,Strengths and weaknesses - Abstract
Infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance are major burdens in developing countries, where very specific conditions impede the deployment of established medical infrastructures. Since biosensing devices are nowadays very common in developed countries, particularly in the field of diagnostics, they are at a stage of maturity at which other potential outcomes can be explored, especially on their possibilities for multiplexing and automation to reduce the time-to-results. However, the translation is far from being trivial. In order to understand the factors and barriers that can facilitate or hinder the application of biosensors in resource-limited settings, we analyze the context from several angles. First, the technology of the devices themselves has to be rethought to take into account the specific needs and the available means of these countries. For this, we describe the partition of a biosensor into its functional shells, which define the information flow from the analyte to the end-user, and by following this partition we assess the strengths and weaknesses of biosensing devices in view of their specific technological development and challenging deployment in low-resource environments. Then, we discuss the problem of cost reduction by pointing out transversal factors, such as throughput and cost of mistreatment, that need to be re-considered when analyzing the cost-effectiveness of biosensing devices. Beyond the technical landscape, the compliance with regulations is also a major aspect that is described with its link to the validation of the devices and to the acceptance from the local medical personnel. Finally, to learn from a successful case, we analyze a breakthrough inexpensive biosensor that is showing high potential with respect to many of the described aspects. We conclude by mentioning both some transversal benefits of deploying biosensors in developing countries, and the key factors that can drive such applications.
- Published
- 2018
5. Paper Test Cards for Presumptive Testing of Very Low Quality Antimalarial Medications
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Abigail A. Weaver and Marya Lieberman
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Paper ,Quality Control ,Filler (packaging) ,Primaquine ,Sulfadoxine ,medicine.medical_treatment ,030231 tropical medicine ,Pharmacology ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,01 natural sciences ,Antimalarials ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Test card ,Virology ,False positive paradox ,Medicine ,False Positive Reactions ,Laboratory Innovations ,Developing Countries ,Reagent Strips ,Quinine ,Traditional medicine ,business.industry ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Reproducibility of Results ,3. Good health ,0104 chemical sciences ,Infectious Diseases ,Pyrimethamine ,Counterfeit Drugs ,Colorimetry ,Parasitology ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Carrying out chemical analysis of antimalarials to detect low-quality medications before they reach a patient is a costly venture. Here, we show that a library of chemical color tests embedded on a paper card can presumptively identify formulations corresponding to very low quality antimalarial drugs. The presence or absence of chloroquine (CQ), doxycycline (DOX), quinine, sulfadoxine, pyrimethamine, and primaquine antimalarial medications, in addition to fillers used in low-quality pharmaceuticals, are indicated by patterns of colors that are generated on the test cards. Test card sensitivity for detection of these pure components ranges from 90% to 100% with no false positives in the absence of pharmaceutical. The color intensities from reactions characteristic of CQ or DOX allowed visual detection of formulations of these medications cut with 60% or 100% filler, although samples cut with 30% filler could not be reliably detected colorimetrically. However, the addition of unexpected fillers, even in 30% quantities, or substitute pharmaceuticals, could sometimes be detected by other color reactions on the test cards. Tests are simple and inexpensive enough to be carried out in clinics, pharmacies, and ports of entry and could provide a screening method to presumptively indicate very low quality medicines throughout the supply chain.
- Published
- 2015
6. Paper-based point-of-care testing in disease diagnostics
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Frank A. Gomez and Leila Syedmoradi
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Paper ,Point-of-care testing ,Clinical Biochemistry ,MEDLINE ,02 engineering and technology ,Disease ,01 natural sciences ,Analytical Chemistry ,Medicine ,Humans ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,Developing Countries ,Point of care ,Diagnostic Equipment ,business.industry ,010401 analytical chemistry ,General Medicine ,Paper based ,Microfluidic Analytical Techniques ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,medicine.disease ,0104 chemical sciences ,Medical Laboratory Technology ,Point-of-Care Testing ,Medical emergency ,0210 nano-technology ,business - Published
- 2017
7. Socioeconomic and Fiscal Impact of Large-Scale Gold Mining in Mali
- Author
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Sanoh, Aly and Coulibaly, Massaoly
- Subjects
PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING ,INVESTMENT ,PUBLIC SERVICE ,TAX ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,BUDGET ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,PER CAPITA EXPENDITURES ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT CAPACITY ,WATER ,health care economics and organizations ,FISCAL SPACE ,INVESTMENTS ,LOCAL CAPACITY ,MUNICIPALITIES ,SUB-NATIONAL ,FISCAL BURDEN ,GOVERNMENTS ,RETURNS ,POVERTY ,SHARES ,RESERVES ,GOODS ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,METALS ,TAX COLLECTION ,GOVERNMENT BUDGET ,CITY ,REVENUE COLLECTION ,LIVING STANDARDS ,DISTRICT ,CAPITAL INVESTMENT ,SUBSIDIES ,MARKETS ,PROFIT ,LEAD ,EXPORTERS ,SANITATION ,POLLUTION ,TRANSFERS ,STATUTORY LAWS ,DISTRICTS ,PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS ,REVENUE LEVELS ,NATIONAL BUDGET ,SERVICES ,PUBLIC SECTOR ,CORPORATE INCOME TAX ,MARKET ,DURABLE ,PAPER ,CAPITAL EXPENDITURES ,EXPENDITURE PER CAPITA ,LOCAL CAPACITIES ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,COEFFICIENTS ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,LOCAL INFRASTRUCTURE ,CENTRAL BANK ,OIL BOOM ,ELECTRICITY ,TEXTBOOKS ,LOCAL DEVELOPMENT FUNDS ,IRRIGATION ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,EXCHANGE ,ROADS ,ACCOUNTING ,BUDGETS ,TAXATION ,INCOME TAX ,SECURITY ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,LOCAL MARKETS ,STATE BUDGET ,DECENTRALIZATION ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,COMMUNITY ,FISCAL IMPACT ,DISTRICT LEVEL ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ,GOOD ,EQUIPMENT ,PUBLIC RESOURCES ,REVENUE ,TURNOVER ,TAX BURDEN ,TAXES ,EQUITY ,TREASURY ,LAND ,SPENDING ,CURRENT EXPENDITURES ,FUELS ,SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION ,MATERIALS ,GOVERNMENT REVENUE ,TAX REVENUES ,EXPENDITURES ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,FINANCIAL RESOURCES ,PUBLIC ,MANAGEMENT ,LABOR ,PROFIT MARGINS ,EQUITY RETURNS ,HOUSING ,BUDGETING ,PUBLIC GOODS ,LOCAL ECONOMY ,STREET CLEANING ,REVENUES ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT ,PUBLIC WORKS ,CAPITAL EXPENDITURE ,LOCAL TAXES ,SHARE ,INVESTMENT SPENDING ,POVERTY RATE ,MINING ,EXPENDITURE ,TAX SYSTEM - Abstract
This paper analyzes the socioeconomic, fiscal, and governance impact of gold mining in Mali. The analysis finds that, at the national level, mining plays an important role by contributing to export earnings and overall government fiscal revenue. In 2013, the mining sector represented 7 percent of gross domestic product, contributed 1.5 percent to growth in total gross domestic product, and accounted for 65 percent of total export earnings and 25 percent of total government budget revenues. At the local level, despite higher population growth, there is some evidence that outcomes (poverty and infrastructure services) are marginally better in mining communes compared with non-mining communes. Local governments receive fiscal windfalls that are spent significantly on education capital expenditures and current expenditures (salaries and non-salaries). Non-salary current expenditures are 10 times higher in mining areas. Analysis of the political economy of public service provision at the local level suggests that technical or absorptive capacities may be the bottleneck to increasing the local benefit of mining instead of corruption or accountability.
- Published
- 2015
8. Utility of Dried Blood Spots for Measurement of Cholesterol and Triglycerides in a Surveillance Study
- Author
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Dorairaj Prabhakaran, Ramakrishnan Lakshmy, Ruby Gupta, K. Srinath Reddy, and Uma Snehi
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Male ,Paper ,Surveillance study ,Correlation coefficient ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Biomedical Engineering ,India ,Bioengineering ,Toxicology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Risk Factors ,Internal Medicine ,Humans ,Mass Screening ,Medicine ,Risk factor ,Dried blood ,Developing Countries ,Triglycerides ,Mass screening ,Blood Specimen Collection ,Symposium ,Spots ,business.industry ,Cholesterol ,Biotechnology ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,chemistry ,Chronic Disease ,Female ,business ,Risk assessment ,Blood Chemical Analysis - Abstract
Background: Developing countries are facing a rise in noncommunicable diseases (NCD), which is a cause for concern. The World Health Organization has recommended a stepwise approach for NCD risk factor surveillance. Screening for risk factors in remote populations is difficult due to lack of resources and technical expertise, including standardized laboratory facilities. The collection of samples on filter paper for the assessment of risk factors circumvents the need for blood processing, storage, and shipment at ultralow temperatures. Method: Samples were collected on 3-mm Whatman filter paper from one industry (National Thermal Power Corporation) located in the periphery of Delhi as part of a surveillance carried out in industries from different parts of India. Total cholesterol was measured in serum and dried blood by the cholesterol oxidase/p-aminophenazone method and triglycerides by the glycerophosphate oxidase–peroxidase/aminophenazone method. Values obtained by the two methods were compared using Pearson correlation, and Bland–Altman plots were prepared to assess bias. Results: The correlation coefficient “ r” was 0.78 for cholesterol and 0.94 for triglycerides between dried blood spots and serum. Bland–Altman plots suggest that differences in values obtained by the two methods were within two standard deviations for most of the samples. Conclusions: Blood samples dried on filter paper can be a successful option for population screening in remote areas, provided preanalytical variations arising due to the method of blood spot preparation and storage are well controlled.
- Published
- 2010
9. Biomarker detection for disease diagnosis using cost-effective microfluidic platforms
- Author
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Maowei Dou, Sharma T. Sanjay, Hao Qi, Xiujun Li, Feng Xu, Guanglei Fu, and Rutao Liu
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Paper ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Diagnostic methods ,Luminescence ,Cost-Benefit Analysis ,Point-of-Care Systems ,Microfluidics ,Nanotechnology ,Electrochemical detection ,Disease ,Biochemistry ,Communicable Diseases ,Article ,Analytical Chemistry ,Lab-On-A-Chip Devices ,Neoplasms ,medicine ,Electrochemistry ,Environmental Chemistry ,Disease biomarker ,Humans ,Intensive care medicine ,Developing Countries ,Spectroscopy ,Extramural ,business.industry ,Microfluidic Analytical Techniques ,Microscopy, Fluorescence ,Infectious disease (medical specialty) ,Neoplasms diagnosis ,Colorimetry ,business ,Biomarkers - Abstract
Early and timely detection of disease biomarkers can prevent the spread of infectious diseases, and drastically decrease the death rate of people suffering from different diseases such as cancer and infectious diseases. Because conventional diagnostic methods have limited application in low-resource settings due to the use of bulky and expensive instrumentation, simple and low-cost point-of-care diagnostic devices for timely and early biomarker diagnosis, is the need of the hour, especially in rural areas and developing nations. The microfluidics technology possesses remarkable features for simple, low-cost, and rapid disease diagnosis. There have been significant advances in the development of microfluidic platforms for diseases biomarker detection. This article reviews recent advances in biomarker detection using cost-effective microfluidic devices for disease diagnosis, with the emphasis on infectious disease and cancer diagnosis in low-resource settings. This review first introduces different microfluidic platforms (e.g. polymer and paper-based microfluidics) used for disease diagnosis, with a brief description of their common fabrication techniques. Then, it highlights various detection strategies for disease biomarker detection using microfluidic platforms, including colorimetric, fluorescence, chemiluminescence, electrochemiluminescence (ECL), and electrochemical detection. Finally, it discusses the current limitations of microfluidics devices for disease biomarker detection and the future perspectives.
- Published
- 2015
10. Field evaluation of a prototype paper-based point-of-care fingerstick transaminase test
- Author
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Donn J Colby, Kathy Tietje, Patrick Beattie, Sariah Khormaee, Cori Anne Barfield, Nira R. Pollock, Kenneth R. Hawkins, Shailendra Kumar, Vo Minh Quang, Bernhard H. Weigl, Sarah McGray, Huyen Nguyen, Sidhartha Jain, Farzad Noubary, Matt Steele, Nguyen Van Vinh Chau, Jason P. Rolland, Whitaker College of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University--MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, and Khormaee, Sariah
- Subjects
Paper ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Fingerstick ,Intraclass correlation ,Point-of-Care Systems ,Microfluidics ,lcsh:Medicine ,02 engineering and technology ,Bioinformatics ,01 natural sciences ,Transaminase ,Liver Function Tests ,Humans ,Medicine ,Medical physics ,lcsh:Science ,Developing Countries ,Point of care ,Observer Variation ,Multidisciplinary ,Venipuncture ,biology ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,010401 analytical chemistry ,lcsh:R ,Alanine Transaminase ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,3. Good health ,0104 chemical sciences ,Test (assessment) ,Vietnam ,Alanine transaminase ,biology.protein ,lcsh:Q ,Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury ,Drug Monitoring ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Liver function tests ,Blood Chemical Analysis ,Research Article - Abstract
Monitoring for drug-induced liver injury (DILI) via serial transaminase measurements in patients on potentially hepatotoxic medications (e.g., for HIV and tuberculosis) is routine in resource-rich nations, but often unavailable in resource-limited settings. Towards enabling universal access to affordable point-of-care (POC) screening for DILI, we have performed the first field evaluation of a paper-based, microfluidic fingerstick test for rapid, semi-quantitative, visual measurement of blood alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Our objectives were to assess operational feasibility, inter-operator variability, lot variability, device failure rate, and accuracy, to inform device modification for further field testing. The paper-based ALT test was performed at POC on fingerstick samples from 600 outpatients receiving HIV treatment in Vietnam. Results, read independently by two clinic nurses, were compared with gold-standard automated (Roche Cobas) results from venipuncture samples obtained in parallel. Two device lots were used sequentially. We demonstrated high inter-operator agreement, with 96.3% (95% C.I., 94.3–97.7%) agreement in placing visual results into clinically-defined “bins” (5x upper limit of normal), >90% agreement in validity determination, and intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.89 (95% C.I., 0.87–0.91). Lot variability was observed in % invalids due to hemolysis (21.1% for Lot 1, 1.6% for Lot 2) and correlated with lots of incorporated plasma separation membranes. Invalid rates, National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (PATH Center to Advance Point of Care Diagnostics for Global Health NIBIB U54-EB007949), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U.S.) (Grant 5F30NS06468)
- Published
- 2013
11. Solid waste characterization, quantification and management practices in developing countries. a case study: Nablus district - Palestine
- Author
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Despo Kassinos, Abdul Salam F. Abu Zahra, Maria Monou, Hafez Shaheen, and Issam A. Al-Khatib
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Pollution ,Paper ,Engineering ,Conservation of Natural Resources ,Environmental Engineering ,Municipal solid waste ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Developing country ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Per capita ,Animals ,Humans ,Israel ,Organic Chemicals ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Environmental planning ,Developing Countries ,Resource recovery ,media_common ,Motivation ,Waste management ,business.industry ,Data Collection ,Household Products ,General Medicine ,Arabs ,Refuse Disposal ,Incentive ,Attitude ,Sustainability ,business ,Plastics ,Waste disposal - Abstract
Solid waste management (SWM) is one of the most challenging issues faced by developing countries that suffer from serious pollution problems caused by the generation of large waste quantities. This paper presents the case study of SWM in the Nablus district - Palestine. Surveys for household residents' and SWM program operators, field investigations, on-site waste measurements and characterizations were conducted. Per capita waste generation rates varied between different localities although trends were similar. Overall, the majority of waste was organic (65.1% by weight), suggesting a strong resource recovery potential in terms of animal feed or compost. Recyclable waste (plastic, paper and card) made up 16.7% by weight the waste composition suggesting an incentive to introduce source separation. Household attitudes complemented the waste characterization study, revealing the main problems faced. SWM operators quoted on the current status, highlighting problems with disposing in unsanitary landfills, ineffective solid waste fees system, increasing solid waste quantities and lacking equipment and experienced personnel. To enhance sustainable SWM, public awareness, funding, expertise, equipment and facilities and other provisions currently lacking or inappropriate must be provided.
- Published
- 2009
12. Good on Paper.
- Author
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WILLIAMSON, BEN
- Subjects
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PAPER , *FENUGREEK , *FOOD spoilage , *FAMINES ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
The article focuses on the FreshPaper, a sheet of paper infused with spices, such as fenugreek, from Fenugreen LLC and invented by Kavita Shukla. It mentions Shukla's claims that FreshPaper can help inhibit growth of bacteria contributing to food spoilage, and her goal of helping the poor of developing world stricken by famine and malnutrition. It outlines the comments and suggestions from Nipa Banerjee, a veteran of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and professor at University of Ottawa.
- Published
- 2014
13. Pushing Paper Out the Door.
- Author
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Fairfield, Hannah
- Subjects
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HOUSEHOLDS & economics , *PAPER , *COMPUTERS & society , *PAPER industry , *ECONOMICS ,SOCIAL conditions in the United States, 1980- ,ECONOMIC conditions in developing countries ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
The article focuses on the declining use of paper in U.S. households. The ubiquitous use of microcomputers has resulted in fewer homes using paper for work, home finances, or school, and the idea of a paperless environment is increasing accepted. At the same time, the use of paper is rapidly expanding in developing countries such as China.
- Published
- 2008
14. Water, energy, paper and glass.
- Subjects
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WATER consumption , *ENERGY consumption , *PAPER ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
Compares the consumption of water, energy, paper and glass by the people in industrialized country and developing country. Average consumption of water per person in an industrialized country and developing country; Average consumption of energy by United States or Canadian citizen compared with resident of United Kingdom, France and other countries; Comparison of the consumption of printing and writing paper by a person in Finland with a person in developing world.
- Published
- 1998
15. Trendy science research communications
- Author
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Ramasarma, T.
- Published
- 2014
16. COMPARING CORRUPTION IN THE LABORATORY AND IN THE FIELD IN BURKINA FASO AND IN CANADA
- Author
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Armantier, Olivier and Boly, Amadou
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Visual Analysis Skills among Two Populations in Papua New Guinea
- Author
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Ausburn, Floyd B. and Ausburn, Lynna J.
- Published
- 1983
18. Multinational Corporate Pricing Strategy in the Developing Countries: A Reply
- Author
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Leff, Nathaniel H.
- Published
- 1977
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