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Definition: Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have great potential in various areas such as medicine, cancer therapy and diagnostics, biosensing, and material science. In particular, magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles are extensively used for numerous bioapplications due to their biocompatibility, high saturation magnetization, chemical stability, large surface area, and easy functionalization. This paper describes magnetic nanoparticle physical and biological properties, emphasizing synthesis approaches, toxicity, and various biomedical applications, focusing on the most recent advancements in the areas of therapy, diagnostics, theranostics, magnetic separation, and biosensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green tea polyphenols have attracted significant interest due to their promising therapeutic potential as antitumor agents. These include catechins that have been explored for various tumors with minimal side effects. This paper demonstrates the fabrication and characterization of dendrimerized magnetic nanoparticles, as delivery vectors for epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Glutamic acid-functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles (Glu–Fe3O4) were synthesized and modified with the polyethylene glycol polyamidoamine dendrimers of generations 3, 5, and 6. Nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry. In aqueous colloidal suspensions, they showed a rapid temperature increase under varying magnetic fields, suggesting their potential in chemothermal therapeutic applications. The loading efficiency of the dendrimerized nanoparticles was calculated to be 32.7%, 51.1%, and 56.4% for generations 3, 5, and 6, respectively. In acidic environments, a sustained drug release profile with an increasing but incomplete release was observed. Importantly, EGCG-loaded nanoparticles induced controlled cell death in human cervical cancer cells, demonstrating a 40% reduction in cell population over 24 h at the highest concentration used, with a linear dose-response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many scientific and technological areas have benefited, in the last few decades, considerably from the introduction of nanomaterials especially the biomedical field. Despite the use of a myriad of drugs to diagnose and treat diseases, the dilemma is how to selectively target diseased cells while lessening collateral harmfulness to surrounding healthy tissues. Novel advances in theragnostics showed that nanoparticles (NPs), owing to their exceptional physicochemical properties, are an exceptional integrated platform for this purpose. This review paper first depicts nanoparticles in their general structural aspects and second, in their application in medicine (bioconjugation with drugs, cellular internalization, drug delivery and phagocytosis). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic nanoparticles have been discovered to be promising materials for various biomedical applications; for example, they have been used for cancer detection, screening, and chemotherapy studies during the last few decades. Likewise, magnetic nanoparticles have significant antibacterial properties, and similarly, they can be applied for magnetic resonance imaging purposes. These sensors are meant to detect certain biomarkers, which are substances that can be linked to the beginning or progression of cancer both during and after therapy. Magnetic nanoparticles have several unique properties that are being employed widely in cancer therapy as drug delivery agents to precisely target the targeted spot using an external magnetic field in vivo. Magnetic resonance imaging can also be used in conjunction with antineoplastic drug treatment personalized to the individual. We have presented an overview of the different applications of magnetic nanoparticles as well as current breakthroughs in their development as antibacterial and cancer therapies in this review. In addition, the cancer targeting, possible toxicity, and degradability of these nanomaterials are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advances in nanotechnology have generated a broad range of nanoparticles (NPs) for numerous biomedical applications. Among the various properties of NPs are functionalities being related to thiol substructures. Numerous biological processes that are mediated by cysteine or cystine subunits of proteins representing the workhorses of the bodies can be transferred to NPs. This review focuses on the interface between thiol chemistry and NPs. Pros and cons of different techniques for thiolation of NPs are discussed. Furthermore, the various functionalities gained by thiolation are highlighted. These include overall bio‐ and mucoadhesive, cellular uptake enhancing, and permeation enhancing properties. Drugs being either covalently attached to thiolated NPs via disulfide bonds or being entrapped in thiolated polymeric NPs that are stabilized via inter‐ and intrachain crosslinking can be released at the diseased tissue or in target cells under reducing conditions. Moreover, drugs, targeting ligands, biological analytes, and enzymes bearing thiol substructures can be immobilized on noble metal NPs and quantum dots for therapeutic, theranostic, diagnostic, biosensing, and analytical reasons. Within this review a concise summary and analysis of the current knowledge, future directions, and potential clinical use of thiolated NPs are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study emphasizes the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and impact of hydrophilic polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) coating concentration as well as anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) loading on saturation magnetization for target drug delivery applications. Iron oxide nanoparticles particles were synthesized by a reformed version of the co-precipitation method. The coating of polyvinyl alcohol along with doxorubicin loading was carried out by the physical immobilization method. X-ray diffraction confirmed the magnetite (Fe3O4) structure of particles that remained unchanged before and after polyvinyl alcohol coating and drug loading. Microstructure and morphological analysis was carried out by transmission electron microscopy revealing the formation of nanoparticles with an average size of 10 nm with slight variation after coating and drug loading. Transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive, and Fourier transform infrared spectra further confirmed the conjugation of polymer and doxorubicin with iron oxide nanoparticles. The room temperature superparamagnetic behavior of polymer-coated and drug-loaded magnetite nanoparticles were studied by vibrating sample magnetometer. The variation in saturation magnetization after coating evaluated that a sufficient amount of polyvinyl alcohol would be 3 wt. % regarding the externally controlled movement of IONPs in blood under the influence of applied magnetic field for in-vivo target drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel design of gold-coated iron oxide nanoparticles was fabricated as a potential delivery system to improve the efficiency and stability of d, l-sulforaphane as an anticancer drug. To this purpose, the surface of gold-coated iron oxide nanoparticles was modified for sulforaphane delivery via furnishing its surface with thiolated polyethylene glycol-folic acid and thiolated polyethylene glycol-FITC. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by different techniques such as FTIR, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The average diameters of the synthesized nanoparticles before and after sulforaphane loading were obtained ∼ 33 nm and ∼ 38 nm, respectively, when ∼ 2.8 mmol/g of sulforaphane was loaded. The result of cell viability assay which was confirmed by apoptosis assay on the human breast cancer cells (MCF-7 line) as a model of in vitro-cancerous cells, proved that the bare nanoparticles showed little inherent cytotoxicity, whereas the sulforaphane-loaded nanoparticles were cytotoxic. The expression rate of the anti-apoptotic genes (bcl-2 and bcl-xL), and the pro-apoptotic genes (bax and bak) were quantified, and it was found that the expression rate of bcl-2 and bcl-xL genes significantly were decreased when MCF-7 cells were incubated by sulforaphane-loaded nanoparticles. The sulforaphane-loaded into the designed gold-coated iron oxide nanoparticles, acceptably induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are widely used for biomedical applications for their outstanding properties such as facile functionalization and doping with different metals, high surface-to-volume ratio, superparamagnetism, and biocompatibility. This study was designed to synthesize and investigate multifunctional nanoparticle conjugate to act as both a magnetic agent, anticancer immunological drug, and radiopharmaceutic for anticancer therapy. The carrier, 166Ho doped iron oxide, was coated with an Au layer, creating core-shell nanoparticles ([166Ho] Fe3O4@Au. These nanoparticles were subsequently modified with monoclonal antibody trastuzumab (Tmab) to target HER2+ receptors. We describe the radiobioconjugate preparation involving doping of a radioactive agent and attachment of the organic linker and drug to the SPIONs' surface. The size of the SPIONs coated with an Au shell measured by transmission electron microscopy was about 15 nm. The bioconjugation of trastuzumab onto SPIONs was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis, and the amount of two molecules per one nanoparticle was estimated with the use of radioiodinated [131I]Tmab. The synthesized bioconjugates showed that they are efficient heat mediators and also exhibit a cytotoxic effect toward SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells expressing HER2 receptors. Prepared radiobioconjugates reveal the high potential for in vivo application of the proposed multimodal hybrid system, combined with magnetic hyperthermia and immunotherapy against cancer tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]