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The 2011 White Paper on Transport of the European Commission spells out a series of targets for 2030 and 2050. One of the 10 targets is explicitly related to urban transport and stipulates: “Halve the use of ‘conventionally fuelled’ cars in urban transport by 2030; phase them out in cities by 2050. Achieve essentially CO2-free city logistics in major urban centres by 2030.” With this paper we present and discuss a roadmap that deals with the question who needs to do what by when in order to reach the White Paper goal for urban transport. The “stakeholder-driven” roadmap was developed in the FP7 project TRANSFORuM. The paper will present the key findings and the suggested action steps identified in the roadmap. The paper will also exemplify three possible urban transformation pathways towards the urban target. This approach emerged from stakeholder consultations which highlighted the need to take into account the widely differing conditions among European cities.

WOS: 000503312700083, The design of eco-friendly materials to detect heavy metals is today's demand to decrease pollutions in natural waters. This paper demonstrates low-cost and environmentally sensitive material for removal and detection of Fe (III) ions in polluted waters. For this, raw cellulose with powder form was firstly fabricated via immobilizing hexamethylene diisocyanate. Following the activation of cellulose, it was modified with a Bodipy for useful spectroscopic measurements to effectively detect and remove Fe(III) ion from aqueous medium. The Bodipy-based cellulose (Cell-BODIPY) exhibited exceptional performance for detecting Fe(III) ion under both long-wave light and daylight. For a better visualization in practical applications, the same modification process was also carried out for filter paper. To the best of our knowledge, this paper will inspire alternative methods in the selective detection and elimination of heavy metal ions in polluted waters., Research Foundation of Selcuk UniversitySelcuk University, We thank the Research Foundation of Selcuk University for financial support of this work.

Dit rapport maakt deel uit van de voorbereiding van de derde Global Environment Outlook van UNEP. Het illustreert schaal en soort van de milieu-effecten die GEO in beeld zou moeten brengen. De efecten worden gekwantificeerd door materiaal dat is ontleend aan recente studies over men of meer vergelijkbare scenarios. Omdat het de bedoeling is dat GEO-3 de milieu-onderbouwing levert voor de Rio+10 milieutop in 2002 wordt in dit werkdocument de suggestie gedaan om de analyse voor GEO-3 te richten op de mogleijkheden voor synergie tussen milieubeleid en ontwikkelingsbeleid. Verder worden drie samenvattende indicatoren voorgesteld. De kwantificering in dit werkdocument heeft betrekking op onderwerpen als demografische transitie en afhankelijkheidratio in de bevolking; watertekorten; veranderingen in gewasopbrengst; de kans op landdegradatie; en de achteruitgang van biodiversiteit. Speciale aandacht is besteed aan regionale verschillen en aan informatie die van belang is voor het schatten van veranderingen in kwetsbaarheid.

Dit rapport maakt deel uit van de voorbereiding van de derde Global Environment Outlook van UNEP. Het illustreert schaal en soort van de milieu-effecten die GEO in beeld zou moeten brengen. De efecten worden gekwantificeerd door materiaal dat is ontleend aan recente studies over men of meer vergelijkbare scenarios. Omdat het de bedoeling is dat GEO-3 de milieu-onderbouwing levert voor de Rio+10 milieutop in 2002 wordt in dit werkdocument de suggestie gedaan om de analyse voor GEO-3 te richten op de mogleijkheden voor synergie tussen milieubeleid en ontwikkelingsbeleid. Verder worden drie samenvattende indicatoren voorgesteld. De kwantificering in dit werkdocument heeft betrekking op onderwerpen als demografische transitie en afhankelijkheidratio in de bevolking; watertekorten; veranderingen in gewasopbrengst; de kans op landdegradatie; en de achteruitgang van biodiversiteit. Speciale aandacht is besteed aan regionale verschillen en aan informatie die van belang is voor het schatten van veranderingen in kwetsbaarheid.

This report describes the processes that may lead to emission of Plant Protection Products (PPP) from protected cultivation, through aerial routes. The introduction gives the background for this work and the limitations, outlining in particular why receptors other than air are not explicitly addressed here. Chapters 2 discusses the physical background of greenhouse air exchanges and the factors that affect it. Existing models for estimating ventilation of the different types of greenhouses are reviewed there. Chapter 3 gives a scientific argument about the processes and the factors that may affect aerial emissions of PPP from protected cultivations. The parameters that may have an high impact on the emission are identified there as well. A review of the knowledge needed and of the models that may be available for scoring each emission route is given in Chapter 4. In Chapter 5 a strategy is proposed to reduce/group the number of factors that are important (and to score their relevance) through some model calculations. An outline of the calculations that would be needed for ranking and eventually scoring the emissions and, possibly, highlight groupings of combinations that are similar with respect to emissions, is given.

This report describes the processes that may lead to emission of Plant Protection Products (PPP) from protected cultivation, through aerial routes. The introduction gives the background for this work and the limitations, outlining in particular why receptors other than air are not explicitly addressed here. Chapters 2 discusses the physical background of greenhouse air exchanges and the factors that affect it. Existing models for estimating ventilation of the different types of greenhouses are reviewed there. Chapter 3 gives a scientific argument about the processes and the factors that may affect aerial emissions of PPP from protected cultivations. The parameters that may have an high impact on the emission are identified there as well. A review of the knowledge needed and of the models that may be available for scoring each emission route is given in Chapter 4. In Chapter 5 a strategy is proposed to reduce/group the number of factors that are important (and to score their relevance) through some model calculations. An outline of the calculations that would be needed for ranking and eventually scoring the emissions and, possibly, highlight groupings of combinations that are similar with respect to emissions, is given.

With the deepening of modernization in China, the situation of air environmental pollution in China is very serious, and the environmental capacity is becoming less and less. Haze has gradually become one of the main sources of pollution in most cities in China. Volatile organic compounds (VOC) have the activity of participating in photochemical reactions and can participate in a variety of complex reactions in the atmosphere to promote the formation of haze and ozone. Through the experiment of daily ceramic flower paper baking, it can be concluded that the burning loss of flower paper accounts for more than 60% of the total quality of flower paper, and most of them are between 60% and 80%. Among them, the burning loss of PVB flower paper is about 80%, the water transfer paper is about 60%, and the low temperature flower paper is about 86%. In the experiment, the VOC proportion of low temperature flower paper, the PVB paper and water transfer paper accounted for 3.17%, 0.92% and 0.45%, respectively. Through the wax removal experiment of special ceramics molded by hot pressing, it is found that paraffin wax, beeswax and oleic acid are used as binders, and the amount of VOC emitted is also different when the dosage range is different; in addition, the burning loss is generally between 10% and 20% in the process of wax removal. The content of VOC in flue gas is about 0.42%, accounting for 0.046% of special ceramics. It provides an important basis for the calculation of VOC generated during the process of ceramic flower baking.

The utilization of non-renewable energy sources leads to long-standing unfavorable consequences on human health and environmental issues. Ever growing demand and use of diesel engines in various fields cause the emission of exhaust gases like NOx and CO that lead to serious environmental pollution and hazards like global warming, respiratory problems. Hence, it has a necessity a reduction in the use of diesel fuel and addition of suitable biodiesel. Mahua biodiesel blend has also been considered a safe renewable fuel for conventional engines. This is due to its desirable properties such as rapid growth rate, higher productivity, and the ability to utilize CO2 into fuel. Doping of an antioxidant, preferably n-butanol eliminates these harmful emissions from the diesel engine. In this experimental investigation, a Blend of Mahua biodiesel mixed with n-butanol was used as test fuel in a conventional engine. About 20–30 vol.% of n-butanol blended with 80 vol.% of diesel and tested. The injection timing was varied between 21 °CA bTDC and 25 °CA bTDC. Nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide of a blend of B20 + D80 + 30% n-butanol (NBM blend) at 21 °CA bTDC were reduced by 49 percent and 5.88 percent, respectively, when a relative to diesel fuel. The smoke and hydrocarbon emission of NBM blend at 25 °CA bTDC is reduced by 40% and 38.07%, respectively, related to diesel. The brake thermal efficiency for NBM blend at all injection timing was identified higher as a correlated to all other test blends. The brake thermal efficiency of the NBM blend at 25 °CA bTDC was increased by 15.30% when compared with diesel fuel. From the results, the Period of combustion was higher biodiesel as related to diesel. The span of ignition delay for NBM blend at advanced IT was 13.3% and 16.5% lower as compared to standard and advanced IT. These promising results assure that the Mahua biodiesel blend containing antioxidants would be eco-friendly fuel.

Recycling is the need of time and tyre pyrolysis is a process of recycling waste tyre to yield oil. A lot of research has been conducted on blending of diesel to produce oil but due to higher sulphur content and higher exhaust emission limits, use of tyre pyrolysis oil can be very beneficial. In the present study, our focus is on hybrid blends of oil generated, karanja biodiesel and diesel. One of the major problems with biofuel is the lower calorific value, but pyrolysis oil has higher calorific value. Hence the decision was made to blend karanja biodiesel and pyrolysis oil. The blends prepared are tyre pyrolysis (TP) 10%, karanja biodiesel (KB) 20% and diesel 70% called as TP10KB20. Similarly, TP20KB10 was also done. Further, equivalent blends of individual fuel source (TPO30 and KB30) are done and compared. Experimental investigation of hybrid blends (TP10KB20, TP20KB10) and equivalent source blend (TPO30, KBD30 and diesel) fuel are done on single cylinder CI engine. It was observed that performance and combustion of TP10KB20 and TP20KB10 were superior than any other individual blend and diesel. However, emission of TP20KB10 limits it use. Further, TP10KB20 has given superior performance, combustion and emissions characteristics compared to diesel and other blends.

This paper reviews and discusses the potential of papaya seed and stone fruit kernel biodiesels — the two sources of 2nd generation transport biodiesels in Australia. The challenges associated with biodiesel production and their possible solutions, particularly on feedstock selection, oil extraction, conversion of oil into biodiesel, biodiesel storage and transport, costs of production and the information needs for commercialising these sources of biodiesels are discussed, along with the eco-friendly attributes of these biodiesels to Australian transport sector. Some researchers report that the use of papaya seed and stone fruit kernel biodiesels reduce engine power only 2 to 5%), however significantly reduce harmful engine emission such as HC reductions of 9 to 19%, PM reductions of 19.5 to 35% and CO reductions of 11 to 29%. Keywords: Papaya seed, Stone fruit kernel, Apricot, RSM, Biodiesel, Renewable energy, Australia, Optimisation, Challenges, Engine performance, Emission, Second generation

Sustainable green biofuels could replace a significant amount of fossil fuels responsible for environmental pollution. In this study, waste cooking oil (WCO) was tested in a diesel engine either neat or blended separately with diesel, butanol and gasoline, with an additive concentration between 10% and 30% by volume. The heating values of the WCO were slightly decreased when blended with butanol, whereas they increased when blended with either gasoline or diesel. The flash point temperatures decreased. All fuel samples were non-corrosive and non-acidic. At full load, the brake specific fuel consumption of the WCO&ndash, additive fuels was approximately 1&ndash, 3% higher than diesel. The thermal efficiency of the neat WCO, neat diesel and WCO&ndash, 10% diesel were very close to each other, whereas, in the case of 20% butanol blend, the efficiency decreased by about 2% when compared to the neat diesel value. The WCO&ndash, butanol fuel gave the lowest NOx emission and a 0.6% lower CO2 emission than diesel. Combustion characteristics results showed stable engine operation for all blends. The combustion duration was maximal with WCO&ndash, butanol blends. The study concluded that the WCO with 10&ndash, 20% butanol or fossil diesel exhibited similar performance and emission characteristics observed for neat fossil diesel.

This paper aims to evaluate the impact of cetane improvers on the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine fueled with a 20% peppermint bio-oil/diesel blend (P20). It is hypothesized that the low viscosity and boiling point of peppermint oil could improve the atomization characteristics of the fuel. However, the usage of peppermint oil is restricted due to its low cetane index. To improve this, Diethyl Ether (DEE) and Di- tertiary Butyl Peroxide (DTBP) are added to the P20 blend. The tests are performed in a single-cylinder naturally aspirated water-cooled diesel engine and results indicate that NOx emission for P20 + DEE and P20 + DTBP is decreased by 10.4% and 9.8%, respectively, when compared to P20 at full load condition. Among these two cetane improvers, DTBP is more effective in reducing the CO, HC and smoke emission and the performance of the engine was reported to be higher for P20 + DTBP blends.

Bu çalışmada, biyoyakıt kaynağı olarak fındık üretiminden kaynaklanan atıkların kullanımı incelenmiştir. Atıklar, yatay bir rotaya sahip bir hidrolik briketleme makinesi kullanılarak briketlenmiştir. Katı silindirik briketler iki farklı sıkıştırma basıncı (P: 80 MPa ve 160 MPa), nem içeriği (M:%8 -%10 ve %13 -%15) ve parçacık boyutları (PS: 2-5 mm ve 7-10 mm) ile üretildi. Briketlerin fiziksel özellikleri (kütle yoğunluğu, mekanik dayanıklılık ve kırılma indeksleri, su emme kapasitesi, nem ve eşdeğer nem içeriği) ve bazı ısısal özellikleri (yanma sonrası gaz emisyon değerleri, kül içeriği ve ısıl değerler) ölçüldü. Çalışma sonucunda fındık zurufu tarımsal atığı için en uygun briketleme basıncı 160 MPa, nem içeriği %8 -%10 ve parçacık boyutu 2-5 mm aralığında bulunmuştur. Çalışma umut verici sonuçlar vermiştir ve tarımdaki atıl atık potansiyelinin yeşil enerji için kullanılabileceğini kanıtlanmıştır., Thisstudy examined the utilization of residues from the production of hazelnuts asa source of biofuel. The residues were briquetted using a hydraulic briquettingmachine with a horizontal course. Solid cylindrical briquettes were producedwith two different compression pressures (P: 80 MPa and 160 MPa), moisturecontents (M: 8%-10% and 13%-15%) and particle sizes (PS: 2-5 mm and 7-10 mm).Physical properties (bulk density, tumbler and shatter indexes, waterabsorption capacity, moisture and equivalent humidity contents) and thermalproperties (gas emission values after combustion, ash content and calorificvalues) of the briquettes were measured. The study found an optimum briquettingpressure of 160 MPa, optimum moisture content of 8%-10%, and optimum particlesize of 2-5 mm for hazelnut husk agricultural residues. The study gavepromising results and proved that the idle residue potential in agriculturecould be utilized for green energy.

The present experimentation is carried out on a diesel engine using biodiesel as a fuel. The combination of lemongrass and tamarind seed methyl ester has replaced the diesel at various percentages. This investigation used three blends of biodiesels i.e. 10% of mixed methyl ester and 90% of pure diesel (B10) similarly B20, and B30. From the obtained results it was observed the enhanced brake thermal efficiency (BTE) for biodiesel blends as compared to the diesel. The blend B20 shows enhanced BTE than other samples, being around 20% higher than the diesel. The biodiesel blends show a reduction in HC and CO emissions and enhancement in CO2 and NOX emissions than the diesel. The highest heat release rate observed for B20 at a crank angle of 355° is 68.77 J/deg.

Worldwide concern for the release of harmful emission from Internal Combustion (IC) engines requires the optimization of the quantity of fuel used, types of fuel blend used and type of lubrication utilized. In Nigeria, the electrical power requirements of many households rely more on alternative sources such as Solar systems and fossil fuel-powered generators. The use of these generators is known to produce exhaust fumes that are harmful to humans and the environment. This study investigated the effect of using two different commercially available lubricating oils for gasoline-fueled power generators for domestic applications in comparison to used oils. These are SAE 40 and SAE 20W50. The effect of Boron additive on the two oil brands and used oils (or aged oils) at different speeds on emission from the exhaust stream from the generator was investigated. This is to provide a better understanding of the behavior of Boron additive with SAE 40, SAE 20W50, and aged oils. The study also compared results of torque and emission measurements from oils containing boron to oils without the Boron additives at different speeds. The instruments used to carry out the measurement are a digital tachometer, torque meter (contact type), and 5-gas exhaust analyzer. Results from this study indicated a general decrease in torque with increased speed for all the lubricating oils. This is in agreement with the results of similar studies on torque outputs from IC engines with increasing speeds. However, oils lubricated with Boron additives minimized this loss at a different speed more in SAE 20W50, SAE 40 than in used oils. Carbon monoxide emission from these results indicated that generators lubricated by aged oils are highest at all speed ranges irrespective of Boron additive inclusion. Cleanliness from a gasoline-powered generator is possible if Boron additive is added to lubricating oils. The concentration of NOx emission was found to rise considerably only when operated at the highest speed for aged oils. The results of this study indicated that tribofilms formed by boron-containing oils played a role in preventing torque reduction or power loss and CO emissions from power generators for domestic use. This behavior was attributed to the friction-reducing boric acid and wear resistance borate glass contained within the trilayer. However, tribofilms formed by used oils on tribological parts of the engine gave poor torque reduction results in comparison to that provided by fresh oils. This indicated that when lubricating oils in power generators used in homes are aged beyond the recommended interval for replacement, substantial power loss and harmful emissions are released to the surroundings.

The effect of water injection at the air side and water addition at fuel side on engine?s performance of a Diesel engine was studied under oxygen enriched intake air using neat mahua oil as fuel. Initially experiments were carried out using neat mahua oil as fuel with different oxygen concentrations such as 21% (ambient), 22.4%, 23.8%, and 24.7% by volume at the air side. The optimal oxygen concentration was found based on the engine?s brake thermal efficiency. At the optimal oxygen concentration water injection was done on air side at 4% by mass and the experiments were repeated with neat mahua oil as fuel under oxygen enrichment mode. Finally, mahua oil emulsion was prepared using the same amount of water (i. e. 4%) and tested in the engine. A comparative study was made for the same amount of water (i. e. 4% as optimal) for water injection and neat mahua oil emulsion on engines behavior. Oxygen enrichment increased the brake thermal efficiency with all concentrations and reached the maximum value from 25.2% with ambient oxygen to a maximum of 30.6% at 23.8% of oxygen enrichment at the maximum brake mean effective pressure of 5.4 bar whereas it was 30.8% with neat diesel. The smoke, HC, and CO emissions were significantly reduced with oxygen enrichment. However, oxygen enrichment increased the NO emissions at all concentrations. Injection of water and emulsification techniques reduced the NO emissions considerably. Emulsification showed more reduction in NO emission than water injection for the same amount of water. It was concluded from the study that neat mahua oil could be effective used as fuel in compression ignition engines by combusting it under oxygen enriched condition. The optimal oxygen concentration of 23.8% could be recommended for the highest brake thermal efficiency. Injection of water at the intake manifold and emulsification techniques could solve the problem of higher NO emissions. The optimal amount of water that could be injected without affecting the engines power and brake thermal efficiency could be recommended as 4% by volume. Emulsification has the added advantage of further improvement in engine?s brake thermal efficiency.

The interest of using alternative fuels in Diesel engines has been accelerated exponentially due to a foreseen scarcity in world petroleum reserves and restrictions on exhaust emissions. Alcohol which is bio-based renewable and oxygenated fuel provides a suitable alternate fuel for internal combustion engines. In this regard, exploration of potential for higher alcohols in automotive application is needed. Long chain alcohols such as pentanol and hexanol despite their analogous properties have rarely been inspected. The n-hexanol, the longer chain alcohol is used to be fueled with diesel. These oxygenated additives allow the fuel to increase combustion efficiency due to the presence of oxygen. In the present investigation, two blends of hexanol and diesel were prepared. All the blends were found to be homogenous and stable. The brake thermal efficiency for all the blends was observed to be slightly higher in comparison to neat diesel. The maximum brake thermal efficiency was obtained with B20 blend. Similarly, minimum total fuel consumption was obtained for B20 blend while rest of the blend showed a reduction in total fuel consumption. The CO emissions were found to get reduced with increase in hexanol percentage in the blends. The HC emissions were observed to increase as the percentage of hexanol increases on the blend. The NOx emissions increased with increase in engine load for all test fuels. Finally, concluded that a blend of B20% hexanol in diesel will result in better engine performance and emissions of CO2, CO, and NOx.

A study on the application of oxygenated turpentine oil as a bio-additive in diesel fuel was conducted. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of oxygenated turpentine oil additive in diesel fuel on the performance and emission characteristics in diesel engines. Oxygenated turpentine oil is obtained from the oxidation process of turpentine oil. In this experimental study, the influences of oxygenated turpentine oil-diesel blended fuel OT0.2 (0.2% vol oxygenated turpentine oil and 99.8% vol diesel) were compared with pure diesel on engine performance, and emission characteristics were examined in a one-cylinder four-stroke CI engine. The test was performed at two engine loads (25% and 50%) and seven engine speeds (from 1200–2400 rpm with intervals of 200 rpm). The physiochemical characteristics of test fuels were acquired. The engine indicated power, indicated torque, fuel flow rate, and emissions (carbon dioxide, CO2, carbon monoxide, CO, and nitrogen oxide, NOX) were examined. The results revealed that the engine power shows slight increments of 0.7–1.1%, whereas the engine torque slightly decreased with oxygenated turpentine usage compared to pure diesel in most conditions. Furthermore, a reduction in NOX emission decreased by about 0.3–66% with the addition of oxygenated turpentine in diesel compared to diesel. However, usage of OT0.2 decreased fuel flow rate in most speeds at low load but gave a similar value to diesel at 50% load. CO emissions slightly increased with an average of 1.2% compared to diesel while CO2 emissions increased up to 37.5% than diesel. The high-water content, low cetane number, and low heating value of oxygenated turpentine oil were the reasons for the inverse effect found in the engine performances.

Funding Information: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) ( NRF-2019R1A2C1010557 ). The authors would also like to thank the University of Malaya for supporting Ph.D. student through research grant GPF046A-2018 . Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s) The demand for renewable energy sources is gradually escalating due to the spontaneously growing population and global economic development. The access to fossil fuels is gradually declining due to the limited available reserves. Hence, renewable energy resources, technology choice, and energy policy are always being revised due to the modernization of society. Meanwhile, the liquid energy sources such as methyl ester from locally produced vegetable oils are readily accepted by many countries globally, although it is currently being blended (up to 20%) with diesel. Oxides of nitrogen are the most substantial emissions from diesel engines produced due to high combustion temperature. The addition of alcohol in the fuel reduces the NOx formation since alcohols have high latent heat of evaporation. The present study's primary purpose is to investigate the effect of different alcohol types on engine performance and emission characteristics. For this purpose, seven test fuels and neat diesel were used. The test fuels P20 (20% palm biodiesel with 70% neat diesel and 10% alcohol on a volume basis), D70P20E10, D70P20Pr10, D70P20B10, D70P20Pe10, D70P20H10 were prepared and tested on a single-cylinder, 4-stroke, DI-diesel engine at different speeds at 100 % load. The P20E10 ternary fuel blend illustrated the most practical combination of all the bioethanol-based blends, which considerably improves the BTE, BSFC and reduces NOxformation at high speed compared to other types of alcoholic fuel blends. Also, the P20E10 fuel blend improved the cloud point of neat diesel.

Based on two different components of lubricating oil, this paper analyzes the filtration efficiency, ash accumulation speed, vehicle WLTC emissions, fuel consumption, and CT scan on a National V emission standard engine equipped with a cGPF aftertreatment device. The results show that both oils can ensure that cGPF meets the emission and fuel consumption requirements of National VI emission standard, but oil F accumulates ash quickly before the ash accumulation of 33% in the discharge, which has a significant effect on PN reduction, and oil C accumulates ash faster after the accumulation of 33%. The effect of reducing the PN is accelerated. Oil F is based on a full calcium detergent system, which has a trend of first to slower for the collection efficiency; while oil C is based on a mixed Ca/Mg detergent system, which has a trend of first slowing and then fasting the collection efficiency. The critical point is generally about 33% of accumulated ash. For oil F, less ash is deposited in the front and middle of the cGPF, while more ash tends to deposit towards the outlet. In contrast, cGPF aged with Oil C has a relatively uniform deposition distribution.

To develop new and flexible CuI containing luminescent substances, we extend our previous investigations on two metal‐centered species to four metal‐centered complexes. These complexes could be a basis for designing new organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) relevant species. Both the synthesis and in‐depth spectroscopic analysis, combined with high‐level theoretical calculations are presented on a series of tetranuclear CuI complexes with a halide containing Cu4X4 core (X=iodide, bromide or chloride) and two 2‐(diphenylphosphino)pyridine bridging ligands with a methyl group in para (4‐Me) or ortho (6‐Me) position of the pyridine ring. The structure of the electronic ground state is characterized by X‐ray diffraction, NMR, and IR spectroscopy with the support of theoretical calculations. In contrast to the para system, the complexes with ortho‐substituted bridging ligands show a remarkable and reversible temperature‐dependent dual phosphorescence. Here, we combine for the first time the luminescence thermochromism with time‐resolved FTIR spectroscopy. Thus, we receive experimental data on the structures of the two triplet states involved in the luminescence thermochromism. The transient IR spectra of the underlying triplet metal/halide‐to‐ligand charge transfer (3 m/XLCT) and cluster‐centered (3CC) states were obtained and interpreted by comparison with calculated vibrational spectra. The systematic and significant dependence of the bridging halides was analyzed., Highly luminescent! The synthesis and an in‐depth photophysical characterization of highly luminescent tetranuclear CuI complexes are presented. For these promising candidates for organic light‐emitting diodes, a pronounced luminescence thermochromism with clearly separated emission bands is observed. The corresponding excited state structures are determined by applying temperature‐dependent time‐resolved step‐scan FTIR spectroscopy in combination with DFT calculations.

Significance: Deep-tissue penetration by x-rays to induce optical responses of specific molecular reporters is a new way to sense and image features of tissue function in vivo. Advances in this field are emerging, as biocompatible probes are invented along with innovations in how to optimally utilize x-ray sources. Aim: A comprehensive review is provided of the many tools and techniques developed for x-ray-induced optical molecular sensing, covering topics ranging from foundations of x-ray fluorescence imaging and x-ray tomography to the adaptation of these methods for sensing and imaging in vivo. Approach: The ways in which x-rays can interact with molecules and lead to their optical luminescence are reviewed, including temporal methods based on gated acquisition and multipoint scanning for improved lateral or axial resolution. Results: While some known probes can generate light upon x-ray scintillation, there has been an emergent recognition that excitation of molecular probes by x-ray-induced Cherenkov light is also possible. Emission of Cherenkov radiation requires a threshold energy of x-rays in the high kV or MV range, but has the advantage of being able to excite a broad range of optical molecular probes. In comparison, most scintillating agents are more readily activated by lower keV x-ray energies but are composed of crystalline inorganic constituents, although some organic biocompatible agents have been designed as well. Methods to create high-resolution structured x-ray-optical images are now available, based upon unique scanning approaches and/or a priori knowledge of the scanned x-ray beam geometry. Further improvements in spatial resolution can be achieved by careful system design and algorithm optimization. Current applications of these hybrid x-ray-optical approaches include imaging of tissue oxygenation and pH as well as of certain fluorescent proteins. Conclusions: Discovery of x-ray-excited reporters combined with optimized x-ray scan sequences can improve imaging resolution and sensitivity.

A series of two‐coordinate AuI and CuI complexes (3 a, 3 b and 5 a, 5 b) are reported as new organometallic thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters, which are based on the carbene–metal–carbazole model with a pyridine‐fused 1,2,3‐triazolylidene (PyTz) ligand. PyTz features low steric hindrance and a low‐energy LUMO (LUMO=−1.47 eV) located over the π* orbitals of the whole ligand, which facilitates intermolecular charge transfer between a donor (carbazole) and an accepter (PyTz). These compounds exhibit efficient TADF with microsecond lifetimes. Temperature‐dependent photoluminescence kinetics of 3 a supports a rather small energy gap between S1 and T1 (ΔE S1-T1 =60 meV). Further experiments reveal that there are dual‐emission properties from a monomer–dimer equilibrium in solution, exhibiting single‐component multicolor emission from blue to orange, including white‐light emission., Act later: This innovative work has developed a dimeric model to construct organometallic through‐space charge‐transfer thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters, as well as single‐component multicolor luminescence, based on two‐coordinate carbene–metal–carbazole complexes.

This paper presents the combustion and emissions characteristics including volatile organic compound (VOC) of a common rail direct injection diesel engine fueled with palm oil biodiesel blends contained 0%, 10%, 30%, and 100% (by volume) biodiesel at low idle speed, i.e., 750 rpm. The nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions of biodiesel blends were lower than that of pure diesel and NOx tended to decrease as the blending ratio increased. Soot opacity and hydrocarbon (HC) were reduced with an increasing blend ratio. Carbon monoxide (CO) varied with the engine load conditions. Under low load, CO emissions tended to decrease with increasing blending ratio and increased under high load. Alkane and aromatic VOCs were mostly emitted. Benzene and tetrahydrofuran accounted for the largest percentage of total detected VOCs in all test conditions. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX, toxic aromatic VOCs) were detected for all tests. Among BTEX, benzene has the highest emission ratio, followed by xylene, toluene, and ethylbenzene. Benzene increased for all tests. At low engine load, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene decreased with increasing blend ratio. However, these increased at high engine load. When pure palm oil biodiesel was applied at high engine load, benzene decreased.

Environmental contamination with heavy metals, especially of soils, has been a continuousproblem worldwide since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Heavy metal emissionshave increased continuously since 1900 and the metals accumulate in the environment. Pulpand paper mill factories, and factories which produce sulphuric acid emit heavy metals,among others lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Results from previous studies showedthat the soils near factories had higher concentrations of these pollutants than the controlplace. In this study I want to determine the effects of industrial heavy metal emissions of onehistoric and one present industry on nearby soil heavy metal concentrations.Samples were taken near one historically heavily contaminated site, the old sulphite factoryin Rydöbruk (1897-1944) and near the present Stora Enso paper mill in Hyltebruk. As acontrol site, I compared these with Rocknen nature reserve area.At each site I took 6 soil samples, representing the top 15-20 cm of soil and organic material.Samples were analysed with an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer and the concentrations oflead, copper and zinc were determined per ashed dry material.I analyzed the samples at the laboratory using the guideline from the Swedish StandardInstitute for water analysis.The concentrations of the soil samples showed no significant difference between the naturereserve area and the industrial sites (One-way ANOVA). This was due to very variableorganic content within and between the sites.Organic content of the samples has a significantly effect on the metal concentrations for Pband Cu (Linear Regression test). In conclusion, metals can accumulate in the vegetation, andin case of Pb and Cu there is a correlation between their concentration and the amount oforganic matter. Therefore in future studies it is best if soil with very high organic content orvegetation is used to determine if forest soil near industries are affected by past or presentindustrial emissions of heavy metals.

In this study, retarded injection timing was investigated to overcome higher NOx emissions of a direct injection diesel engine fueled with diesel fuel (90%)/canola biodiesel (10%) blend. The experiments were performed at the maximum torque speed (2200 rpm) under four loads (3.75 Nm, 7.5 Nm, 11.25 Nm and 15 Nm) and three injection timings (original -28 degrees CA, 26 degrees CA and 24 degrees CA bTDC). The effects of the retarded fuel injection timings on the performance, the emissions and the combustion were examined in detail. The changes in the cylinder pressure, the combustion timing, the heat release rate, the fractions and the durations of premixed and diffusion combustion phases, the injection and the ignition delays, NOx, total hydrocarbon, CO, CO2, smoke, break specific fuel consumption and break thermal efficiency were determined and presented in the paper. The experimental results showed that the injection retardation of 2 degrees CA could satisfy lower NOx and break specific fuel consumptions without significant adverse effects on the other engine parameters, while the further retarding of the injection timing deteriorated the parameters. The retarded injection timing of 2 degrees CA provided decreases in NOx up to 11% and in BSFC up to 2.7%. (c) 2020 Karabuk University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

The crescent number of scientific articles published per year shows that research on biodiesel continues to play an important role to support the growing demand for this biofuel. The second edition of Biodiesel: An Overview presents the worldwide research in the last 15 years. Microalgae biomass is the most studied raw material alternative in this period and several studies have been carried out to develop basic heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production. Concerning to production technologies, supercritical conditions and intensification process have been extensively investigated. The development of new antioxidants additives has focused mainly on biomass-derived formulations and there are few studies on biocide candidates. In terms of pollutant emissions, in general, the studies showed that the addition of biodiesel generates lower concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), CO and n-alkanes pollutants, but carbonyl compounds, major ions and NOx are emitted in a higher concentration compared to pure diesel.

Odour from agriculture causes local nuisance to the neighborhood. Litter and cover materials can be used in animal housing and in storage of manure to reduce the odour problem. The use of biochar as a covering for animal manures is a new innovation and enhances the possibility to minimize the emissions from animal farms. (Research purpose) To study the possibility of using a mixture of biochar and peat as a manure covering, in order to reduce the intensity of odor on livestock farms. (Materials and methods) The potential of a mixture of biochar and peat for the odour control was tested in a laboratory study. A 10 cm layer of fresh mink manure was placed on the bottom of a 5 liter test bucket and the manure was covered with biochar-peat mixture (mixed in 50/50 ratio by volume) using five different covering thicknesses. Uncovered manure was used as a reference. The odour emission was measured with an olfactometric method that is based on odour sensation of a person. Also the character of the odour was described. (Results and discussion) The results show that a biochar-peat covering of at least 3 cm is able to considerably reduce the odour from the manure. The character of the odour was at first peat-like for all covered buckets but with thin coverings it was changed to more manure-like after 2 days. The odour from buckets with thicker covers remained peat-like during the whole testing period. (Conclusion) It is recommended to apply a biochar-peat covering to neutralize ammonia and the unpleasant manure odour on livestock farms. The author has shown that the frequency of use and the thickness of a covering layer depend on the ambient temperature; therefore, it is not necessary to cover manure in winter.

In the paper, the authors focused on the environmental problems of pollution emissions caused by households using batch boilers fired with solid fuels. The aim of this study is to analyse the course of changes in the actual efficiency and emission of a solid fuel updraft boiler, the most popular type of batch boilers used in Poland in recent years. The subject of analysis is the comparison of the values of atmospheric emissions of harmful substances depending on the type of wood burnt in the boiler. The investigation comprises the combustion characteristics of three types of woody biomass (in billets), i.e., pine, birch, and beech. Based on the carried out research of all billets, the beech has the lowest values of CO (3497 mg/m3) and particulate matter (116.9 mg/m3). Despite this, obtained results exceed the current permissible limits based on the standard PN:EN 303-5:2012. The highest efficiency (54.13%) was obtained for birch billets, the lowest for pine (45.13%). The research has shown that the real heating efficiency during the combustion of wood, irrespective of the type of wood being burnt, is low. To summarise, the outdated installations contribute to air pollution several times higher, which indicates the need to replace inefficient heat sources using solid fuels with modern equipment that meets the most stringent standards.

This study was conducted for De Hoeve Innovatie, which is part of Keten Duurzaam Varkensvlees, wherein different scenarios of manure treatment and digestion were mapped through the use of an emission model. In this study, we looked at which scenario gave the most optimal N-P-K-C balance with the least gaseous losses and preservation of organic matter. Results indicated that daily removal of manure from the pig houses, digestion of fresh manure and further treatment of the digestate into a solid and liquid fraction led to the lowest emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gasses. Addition of a straw and manure mixture to the digester leads to a higher biogas production and organic matter content of the manure products. Voor De Hoeve Innovatie, onderdeel van Keten Duurzaam Varkensvlees, is een studie uitgevoerd welke modelmatig verschillende scenario’s van mestbewerking en vergisting in kaart heeft gebracht. Hierbij is gekeken naar de meest optimale N-P-K-C balans met zo min mogelijk gasvormige verliezen en behoud van organische stof. De studie wijst uit dat het dagelijks verwijderen van mest uit de stal, vergisten van verse mest en verdere verwerking van het digestaat in een dikke en dunne fractie tot de laagste ammoniak- en broeikasgasemissies leidt. Toevoeging van stromest in de vergister zorgt voor een hogere biogasopbrengst en organische stofgehalte in de mestproducten.