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1. Les émissions de N2O peuvent-elles compenser les avantages du stockage du carbone organique dans le sol ?

Author

David S. Powlson, Frédéric Rees, Victoria Naipal, Jérôme Balesdent, Rémi Cardinael, Julien Fouché, Emanuele Lugato, Elisa Bruni, Stefan Frank, Philippe Ciais, Dominique Arrouays, Catherine Hénault, Benoit Gabrielle, Hanqin Tian, Thomas Nesme, Sylvain Pellerin, Hugo Valin, Bertrand Guenet, Jean-Pierre Caliman, Michael Obersteiner, Claire Chenu, Feng Zhou, Yang Su, Jean-François Soussana, Dominique Desbois, Songchao Chen, Daniel P. Rasse, Martial Bernoux, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), InfoSol (InfoSol), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie] (FAO), Smart Research Institute [Indonésie] (SMARTRI), SMART agribusiness and food [Jakarta] (SMART), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Agroécologie et Intensification Durables des cultures annuelles (UPR AIDA), University of Zimbawe [Harare] (UZ), University of Zimbawe, ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Economie Publique (ECO-PUB), Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème (UMR LISAH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), Agroécologie [Dijon], Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Rothamsted Research, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Auburn University (AU), Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], This paper stemmed from a workshop 'Emerging challenges in large scale soil carbon sequestration' held in Paris on 8-10 October 2018. The workshop was financially supported by the French government under the ANR 'Investissements d'avenir' program with the reference CLAND ANR-16-CONV-0003. F.Z. acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 41671464), ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), Norsk institutt for bioøkonomi=Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 41671464), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale (UMR TETIS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Environnement Méditerranéen et Modélisation des Agro-Hydrosystèmes (EMMAH), Avignon Université (AU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Atténuation de l'effet de serre, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Travail du sol, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, greenhouse gases emissions, Agroforesterie, Carbone dans le sol, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, agroforestry, Interactions biologiques, Environmental protection, Biochar, organic amendment, General Environmental Science, 2. Zero hunger, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, greenhouse gas emissions, land based mitigation, erosion, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, Tillage, Gaz a effet de serre, séquestration du carbone, Cycle de l'azote, réduction des émissions, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, tillage, Culture de couverture, P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, Labour, Land management, Climate change, érosion, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, 010603 evolutionary biology, 12. Responsible consumption, Matière organique du sol, Fertilité du sol, Environmental Chemistry, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, biochar, Occupation des sols, émissions de gaz à effet de serre, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, cover crops agroforestry, Oxyde nitreux, Global warming, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, soil organic carbon, land-based mitigation, Amendement organique, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Soil water, Environmental science, cover crops, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Cycle du carbone
Abstract

This paper stemmed from a workshop 'Emerging challenges in large scale soil carbon sequestration' held in Paris on 8-10 October 2018; International audience; To respect the Paris agreement targeting a limitation of global warming below 2°C by 2100, and possibly below 1.5°C, drastic reductions of greenhouse gas emissions are mandatory but not sufficient. Large‐scale deployment of other climate mitigation strategies are also necessary. Among these, increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks is an important lever because carbon in soils can be stored for long periods and land management options to achieve this already exist and have been widely tested. However, agricultural soils are also an important source of nitrous oxide (N$_2$O), a powerful greenhouse gas, and increasing SOC may influence N$_2$O emissions, likely causing an increase in many cases, thus tending to offset the climate change benefit from increased SOC storage. Here, we review the main agricultural management options for increasing SOC stocks. We evaluate the amount of SOC that can be stored as well as resulting changes in N$_2$O emissions to better estimate the climate benefits of these management options. Based on quantitative data obtained from published meta‐analyses and from our current level of understanding, we conclude that the climate mitigation induced by increased SOC storage is generally overestimated if associated N$_2$O emissions are not considered but, with the exception of reduced tillage, is never fully offset. Some options (e.g, biochar or non‐pyrogenic C amendment application) may even decrease N$_2$O emissions.; Pour respecter l'accord de Paris visant à limiter le réchauffement climatique à moins de 2°C d'ici 2100, et éventuellement à moins de 1,5°C, des réductions drastiques des émissions de gaz à effet de serre sont obligatoires mais pas suffisantes. Le déploiement à grande échelle d'autres stratégies d'atténuation du climat est également nécessaire. Parmi celles-ci, l'augmentation des stocks de carbone organique du sol (SOC) est un levier important car le carbone dans les sols peut être stocké pendant de longues périodes et les options de gestion des terres pour y parvenir existent déjà et ont été largement testées. Toutefois, les sols agricoles sont également une source importante d'oxyde nitreux (N$_2$O), un puissant gaz à effet de serre, et l'augmentation du SOC peut influer sur les émissions de N$_$O, provoquant probablement une augmentation dans de nombreux cas, tendant ainsi à compenser le bénéfice du changement climatique résultant du stockage accru du SOC. Nous passons ici en revue les principales options de gestion agricole pour l'augmentation des stocks de SOC. Nous évaluons la quantité de SOC qui peut être stockée ainsi que les changements qui en résultent dans les émissions de N$_2$O afin de mieux estimer les avantages climatiques de ces options de gestion. Sur la base des données quantitatives obtenues à partir de méta-analyses publiées et de notre niveau de compréhension actuel, nous concluons que l'atténuation du climat induite par un stockage accru du SOC est généralement surestimée si l'on ne tient pas compte des émissions de N$_2$O associées, mais, à l'exception du travail réduit du sol, n'est jamais totalement compensée. Certaines options (par exemple, le biochar ou l'application d'un amendement C non pyrogène) peuvent même réduire les émissions de N$_2$O.

Published
2021

2. NATURE PARK AS A RESOURCE FOR NATURE BASED TOURISM

Author

Mahender Reddy, Agita Livina, and The paper was supported by the National Research Program 5.2. EKOSOC-LV of the Republic of Latvia and European Union ERASMUS + programme.

Subjects
Geography, Resource (biology), Environmental protection, National park, Nature park, Leisure time, Regional science, Target groups, Context (language use), nature based tourism, purpose, motivation, national parks, infrastructure, Tourism, Nature based tourism
Abstract

The aim of this comparative article is to show the differences between the visitors' purposes and habits in two national parks: Gauja National Park (GNP) in Latvia and Kasu Bramhananda Reddy National Park (KBR) in Hyderabad, Telangana in India. As well as that, the article aims at highlighting differences in the functional use of the national parks and their locations in the urban and rural context. The study has used the secondary data analysis, such as the analysis and overview of the literature, previously conducted studies and information sources, visitors’ surveys in the national parks, and the exploration of the park areas for the evaluation of tourism infrastructure. The results of the study show distinct differences in the national park functions, target groups and their needs. The main target group in KBR is local inhabitants of the million city, and the national park basically fulfils the function of a city park –it is a green area for passive and active (jogging) leisure rather than a nature tourism offer. GNP has three target groups: the local population for a healthy leisure time, domestic visitors and foreign visitors for nature and cultural purposes. Thus, KBR status as a national park is misleading for the international traveller. In the future research it is planned to compare GNP with a national park in India which is located outside the urban environment, carrying out an in-depth study of visitors’ opinion on the purpose and elements of infrastructure.

Published
2017

3. Underestimation of Leptospirosis Incidence in the French West Indies

Author

Sylvie Cassadou, Martine Ledrans, Pascale Bourhy, Philippe Quénel, Martina Escher, Claude Flamand, Jacques Rosine, Mathieu Picardeau, Institut de Veille Sanitaire (INVS), Cellule de l'Institut de Veille Sanitaire en régions Antilles Guyane, Cellule Interrégionale d'Epidémiologie Antilles-Guyane, Cellule interrégionale d'épidémiologie Antilles-Guyane [CIRE], Unité d'Epidémiologie, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Centre National de Référence de la Leptospirose-Centre Collaborateur FAO/OMS pour l'épidémiologie de la leptospirose-Biologie des Spirochètes, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Institut de recherche, santé, environnement et travail (Irset), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), CIRE Antilles-Guyane - Gourbeyre, Centre Collaborateur FAO/OMS pour l'épidémiologie de la leptospirose, Centre National de Référence de la Leptospirose - National Reference Center Leptospirosis (CNR), Biologie des Spirochètes / Biology of Spirochetes, CIRE Antilles-Guyane - Fort de France, The authors received specific funding only from the Institut de Veille Sanitaire, their institution. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Conceived and designed the experiments: SC JR CF ME ML PB MP PQ. Performed the experi- ments: SC JR ME PB. Analyzed the data: SC JR CF. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: PB MP. Wrote the paper: SC JR CF ME ML PB MP PQ. Organized and strenghtened the partners network: PQ ML., Jean-Baptiste Adrien, Hélène Bazus, Sylvie Boa, Fabrice Boulard, André Cabié, Arnaud Duthilly, Emilie Gaubert-Maréchal, Stéphanie Guyomard, Cécile Herrmann, Patrick Hoche- dez, Isabelle Lamaury, Claude Olive, Marion Petit-Sinturel, Raphaelle Théodose, the public health nurses of the CVAGS, all the General Practitionners of the two sentinel networks in Guadeloupe and Martinique, the ambulatory labs, the hospital labs, the hospital medical staffs, the Pasteur Institute of Guadeloupe, the Pasteur Institute of Paris and Jude Sweeney for the revision of the English text., Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), and École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Male, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Antibodies, Protozoan, Disease, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Dengue fever, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental protection, Epidemiology, Enzyme-linked immunoassays, Child, Guadeloupe, Aged, 80 and over, Disease surveillance, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Middle Aged, Leptospirosis, Hospitals, 3. Good health, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Infectious Diseases, Child, Preschool, Female, France, Martinique, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Adolescent, lcsh:RC955-962, 030231 tropical medicine, 030106 microbiology, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Sensitivity and Specificity, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Environmental health, Agglutination Tests, medicine, Humans, Aged, Demography, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Infant, Newborn, Outbreak, Infant, Correction, lcsh:RA1-1270, DNA, Protozoan, medicine.disease, Public and occupational health, Immunoglobulin M, business
Abstract

BACKGROUND:Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonosis affecting mainly tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, particularly South America and the Caribbean. As in many other countries, under-reporting of cases was suspected in the French West Indies because of inadequate access to diagnostic tests for the general population. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:In order to estimate the real incidence of leptospirosis in Guadeloupe and Martinique, a study was performed in 2011 using the three prevailing available biological tests for diagnosis: Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT), IgM ELISA and PCR. The study investigated inpatients and outpatients and used active case ascertainment from data provided by a general practitioners' sentinel network. The epidemiology of the disease was also described in terms of severity and demographic characteristics. Leptospirosis incidence was estimated at 69.4 (95%CI 47.6-91.1) and 60.6 (95%CI 36.3-85.0) annual cases per 100,000 inhabitants in Guadeloupe and Martinique, respectively, which was 3 and 4 times higher than previous estimations. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE:Inclusion of PCR and IgM ELISA tests for diagnosis of leptospirosis resulted in improved sensitivity in comparison with MAT alone. Our results highlighted the substantial health burden of the disease in these two territories and the importance of access to appropriate laboratory tests. Based on our results, PCR and IgM ELISA tests have now been included in the list of tests reimbursed by the national system of social security insurance in France. Our results also underline the relevance of implementing an integrated strategy for the surveillance, prevention and control of leptospirosis in the French West Indies.

Published
2016

4. Water-poverty relationships in the coastal town of Mbour (Senegal): Relevance of GIS for decision support

Author

Valentin Nedeff, Vincent Turmine, Jean-François Noël, Néné Makoya Toure, Gabriel Lazar, Alioune Kane, Centre d'études sur la mondialisation, les conflits, les territoires et les vulnérabilités (Cemotev), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and The paper was written during the research stage financed by Romanian Government through the 'Eugen Ionescu' scholarship.

Subjects
Decision support system, Resource (biology), Population, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Water supply, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Social issues, 01 natural sciences, Coastline, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, Environmental protection, Sustainable development, 11. Sustainability, Computers in Earth Sciences, education, Environmental planning, Poverty, Integrated management, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Global and Planetary Change, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Fresh water, Corporate governance, 1. No poverty, 021107 urban & regional planning, Gis, 6. Clean water, Geography, business
Abstract

International audience; Coastal area is always a zone with complex problems. Due to the attraction they exert, are facing many social problems. Therefore, a coastal city is usually a city with problems. Its extension, caused by the influx of people from different backgrounds, creates an increased demand for services. One of the problems frequently encountered, especially in Senegal, is access to water. The problem of access to water is poorly treated, without being correlated with the urban evolution, i.e. with increasing population and demand growth. The water resource is facing numerous complications such as the lack of integrated management, integration issues at the governance level, where the local factor is often forgotten. The town of Mbour, object of our study, does not come out of that lot, being an attractive coastal city, from an African country. This indicates the need for an integrated management oriented from local to a global basis and not vice versa. The study presented in this paper indicates that a large proportion of the population has not access to a verified drinking water system and uses water from wells or standpipes. Half of the surveyed population (50%) has no access to a water supply system. The water poverty map of the town overlaps with that of the general poverty excepting few neighborhoods. This means that even areas that are not affected by poverty have a very low or poor access to water, which so far remains the perverse effect of the reform of the Senegalese water sector in 1995.

Published
2012

5. Regional trends and drivers of the global methane budget

Author

Naveen Chandra, Akihiko Ito, Philippe Ciais, Peter A. Raymond, Jurek Müller, Ann R. Stavert, Joe R. Melton, Marielle Saunois, Phillipe Bousquet, Adrian Gustafson, Yosuke Niwa, Robert B. Jackson, Shushi Peng, Qianlai Zhuang, Hanqin Tian, Aki Tsuruta, George H. Allen, Benjamin Poulter, Joe McNorton, Bo Zheng, Yi Yin, Prabir K. Patra, Thomas Kleinen, Pierre Regnier, Peter Bergamaschi, Ronny Lauerwald, Shamil Maksyutov, Misa Ishizawa, Arjo Segers, William J. Riley, Josep G. Canadell, Zhen Zhang, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), This paper is the result of a collaborative international effort under the umbrella of the Global Carbon Project, a Global Research Project of Future Earth and a research partner of the World Climate Research Programme. We acknowledge primary support for the methane budget from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation through Grant GBMF5439 'Advancing Understanding of the Global Methane Cycle' to Stanford University (P.I. Rob Jackson, co- P.I.s Philippe Bousquet, Marielle Saunois, Josep Canadell, Gustaf Hugelius, and Ben Poulter). Josep Canadell acknowledges the support of the Australian National Environmental Science Program – Earth Systems and Climate Change. Prabir K Patra and Neveen Chandra acknowledge support from Environment Research and Technology Development Funds of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency of Japan (JPMEERF20182002, JPMEERF20172001). Jurek Müller thanks for support by the Swiss National Science Foundation (#200020_172476). Peter Bergamaschi acknowledges the support of ECMWF providing computing resources under the special project 'Improve European and global CH4 and N2O flux inversions (2018-2020)'. Pierre Regnier acknowledges the support from the VERIFY project under European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program grant agree-ment no. 776810. The TM5-CAMS inversions are available from https://atmos phere.copernicus.eu, Arjo Segers acknowledges the support from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service, implemented by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts on be-half of the European Commission (grant no. CAMS73). William Riley acknowledges support by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research, Regional and Global Climate Modeling Program through the RUBISCO Scientific Focus Area under contract DE-AC02- 05CH11231 to Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The authors gratefully acknowledge those re-sponsible for the global network of atmospheric observations used in this study including Donald R Blake and Isobel Simpson, University of California Irvine, USA, Gordon Brailsford, NIWA, Cyril Crevosier, LMD, France, New Zealand, Paul Krummel and Ray Langenfelds, CSIRO, Australia, Toshinobu Machida, Yasunori Tohjima and Yukio Yoshida, NIES, Japan, Ronald Prinn, MIT, USA, Simon O’Doherty, University of Bristol, UK, Michel Ramonet, LSCE-IPSL, France, Atsushi Takizawa, JMA, Japan, Ray Weiss, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, USA and Doug Worthy, Environment Canada, Canada. We would also like to thank Lena Höglund-Isaksson, IIASA, Austria, Greet Janssens- Maenhout EC-JRC, Italy and Steven Smith, PNNL-JGCR, USA for their assistance with the anthropogenic inventory data. The authors also acknowledge the significant contribution of Goulven G. Laruelle, Department Geoscience, Environment & Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium who, with P. Regnier, developed the re-gionally distributed estuarine flux data set., and European Project: 776810,H2020,H2020-SC5-2017-OneStageB,VERIFY(2018)

Subjects
China, Municipal solid waste, Livestock, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, methane emissions, Oceans and Seas, 010501 environmental sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Methane, 12. Responsible consumption, bottom-up, Atmosphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Enteric fermentation, Environmental protection, source sectors, Environmental Chemistry, Animals, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, regional, Ecology, business.industry, Coal mining, Biological Sciences, Climate Action, natural emissions, Carbon project, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, top-down, Environmental science, anthropogenic emissions, business, Environmental Sciences
Abstract

The ongoing development of the Global Carbon Project (GCP) global methane (CH4 ) budget shows a continuation of increasing CH4 emissions and CH4 accumulation in the atmosphere during 2000-2017. Here, we decompose the global budget into 19 regions (18land and 1 oceanic) and five key source sectors to spatially attribute the observed global trends. A comparison of top-down (TD) (atmospheric and transport model-based) and bottom-up (BU) (inventory- and process model-based) CH4 emission estimates demonstrates robust temporal trends with CH4 emissions increasing in 16 of the 19 regions. Five regions-China, Southeast Asia, USA, South Asia, and Brazil-account for >40% of the global total emissions (their anthropogenic and natural sources together totaling >270Tg CH4 yr-1 in 2008-2017). Two of these regions, China and South Asia, emit predominantly anthropogenic emissions (>75%) and together emit more than 25% of global anthropogenic emissions. China and the Middle East show the largest increases in total emission rates over the 2000 to 2017 period with regional emissions increasing by >20%. In contrast, Europe and Korea and Japan show a steady decline in CH4 emission rates, with total emissions decreasing by ~10% between 2000 and 2017. Coal mining, waste (predominantly solid waste disposal) and livestock (especially enteric fermentation) are dominant drivers of observed emissions increases while declines appear driven by a combination of waste and fossil emission reductions. As such, together these sectors present the greatest risks of further increasing the atmospheric CH4 burden and the greatest opportunities for greenhouse gas abatement.

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