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Today, plastic surgery is a well-known profession with highly respected surgeons from institutions all over the world. Over the last several decades numerous clinical and technological advances have been made, thanks to the dedication and hard work of these outstanding professionals; however, things were not always this way. At the turn of the 20 th century, Israel had yet to be introduced to the field of plastic surgery. However, this all changed with the War of Independence. Humanitarian aid by the prominent South African surgeon, Jack Penn, laid the foundation for the founding fathers of plastic surgery in Israel to establish a strong legacy of producing world-renowned surgeons and innovators. Through this paper, we hope to provide a brief overview of the history of plastic surgery in Israel and what transpired to give us the state of surgical practice we have today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper proposes to explore the role of immigration in the making of places. Departing from the assumption that "[...] the reconstruction of spaces and places within the City [i]s an active part of the reordering of the wider relations within which the City is set [...]" (Massey et al. in City worlds. Routledge in association with the Open University, London, p 107, 1999), it addresses the relations between place, placemaking and immigration. The article draws on an empirical study carried out in an Israeli town located at the border of Lebanon, which was established in the 1950s with the purpose of settling new Jewish immigrants. It stages the life stories of various informants to the research, and the embodied character of these experiences, which all contribute to the production of the place under scrutiny. This micro-history of a place enables to identify the current immigration policy in place, and the motives which underlie it. As the article demonstrates, the narratives of each informant, inscribed in collective patterns, show the extent to which immigration is a crucial issue through which the city repositions itself within national narratives of nationbuilding. Additionally, they inform the transformations of power relations both in and out of the city, and the way the 'imaginaries of place' (Walker and Leitner in Urban Geogr 32(2):156–178, 2011) have shifted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of the 2009 excavations at Site 30 in the Timna Valley, Israel. The results, coupled with a suite of 11 new radiocarbon dates, fix the chronology of the site between the 11th and 9th centuries B.c.E. and challenge the previous chronological framework of the copper production activities in the southern Arabah Valley. The paper also presents a striking correlation between Site 30 and the recently reported archaeological record of Iron Age Faynan, indicating technological and social unity between the two regions. In light of the new results and reexamination of previously published materials, we suggest that the peak in copper production in the southern Arabah occurred after the Egyptians had left their small outpost at Timna; this activity was an offshoot of the more elaborate enterprise at Faynan. The well-organized Iron Age copper production in the Arabah Valley was based on local initiatives and conducted by local seminomadic tribes, probably belonging to the Edomite polity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hundreds of Jews who migrated from India to Israel in the 1950s and 1960s were settled in Israeli development towns. Ironically, many Indian Jews had left bustling urban centers like Bombay, only to be dropped off in dry, dusty, underdeveloped towns in the Negev desert. This article explores the postmigration experience of first-generation Indian Jewish women migrants settled in the town of Dimona, Israel. Drawing upon extensive ethnographic research and personal narratives, this paper analyzes the ramifications of this migration on the social, economic, linguistic, and cultural identities of these women. Highlighting the challenges faced by them as wives, mothers, and members of a labor force, the article underscores the gendered nature of this experience and its impact on the postaliya lives of these Indian Jewish migrants. The article argues that while Indian Jewish communities have successfully created supportive and associational networks across many development towns, Israeli towns like Dimona, which remain largely frozen in time, have also adversely affected the prospects of the second generation born to these Indian Jewish women who made aliya in the 1960s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores three successive anniversary celebrations of Tel- Aviv—1929, 1934, and 1959—as an aspect of the cultural and political history of the city. The three anniversaries examined in this paper were celebrated in the "First Hebrew City" phase of the cultural history of Tel-Aviv and, accordingly, their major theme was Tel-Aviv as a Zionist success story. The historical analysis of three successive anniversaries affords an opportunity to discern continuities in the form of festive patterns and recurrent ideological themes. It also highlights period-specific concerns and political contingencies underlying particular anniversary celebrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From its inception and throughout the military sovereignty era, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) were endowed with a religious status. In Israeli society, bereaved parents of fallen soldiers enjoyed a special relationship with the army, and their bereavement afforded them a unique place in the shaping of public opinion about security policy. However, as this paper shows, after the first Lebanon War (1982) cracks began to appear in this special union. From the early 1990s, bereaved parents supported by new social movements and a symbiosis of the judicial arena and the media challenged the security-defense-military arena and its policies of commemoration of the dead, treatment of soldiers, accident prevention, secrecy, and even appointments. Using the High Court and the media to directly influence defense and security policy, civil society succeeded in changing the IDF's tactics, the treatment of Palestinian detainees, and thus elevated human rights and international law over security considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to provide more information on the socioeconomic organization of mobile pastoralists in the Early Bronze Age and Early Bronze Age IV/Middle Bronze Age I (EB IV/MB I) periods, excavations were conducted at the site of Rekhes Nafha 396 in the Negev Highlands, Israel. The fieldwork was carried out in 1993, 1994, and 1995. This project's methodological and theoretical approaches for excavating a pastoral habitation site are outlined at the beginning of this paper, followed by a report of the excavations carried out in architectural Units i through 3. The fieldwork identified occupations at the site in the Early Bronze Age, the EB IV/MB I, and Early Islamic periods. The excavations of Rekhes Nafha 396 reveal a complex pastoral nomadic system linking animal husbandry with small craft production in the Early Bronze Age. A working hypothesis is that inhabitants of this site engaged in a trinket trade with the population of Tel Arad. There is no evidence to suggest that Rekhes Nafha 396's inhabitants participated in the Early Bronze Age copper trade between Tel Arad and southern Sinai. The petrographic study of the EB IV/MB I pottery, combined with the settlement pattern in the Hat Nafha survey map, provide potential evidence of seasonal occupations in this part of the Negev Highlands. The find of a copper ingot fragment, together with the results of the petrographic analysis of the pottery, attest that the inhabitants of Rekhes Nafha 396 participated in a regional economy that operated throughout the southern Levant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an analysis of revelations from the archives of Israel about United States foreign policy and the US, Israel foreign relations during the Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower presidencies. Impact and effectiveness of US diplomacy in Israel; How the US influenced Israeli policy; Israeli's ability to shape US policy; Information on US and Israeli foreign relations.

Although Israel’s constructed wall in the West Bank has been discussed in a voluminous literature, some basic questions have largely remained unanswered. This paper tackles two such questions: Firstly, what is the relationship between Zionism and the conception of the wall? This question follows an assumption that the wall’s idea is neither new, nor was it solely triggered by immediate security considerations. Secondly, why do European countries (in addition to the U.S.) oppose the imposition of sanctions against Israel for breaching international law by building the wall? A post-colonial perspective has been employed to discuss the role that borders (particularly hard ones) have assumed in the colonial encounter in the stages of expansive and contraction colonialism. Moreover, through this perspective, the common experience of Israel and the European colonial heritage with regard boundaries is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the flow of spatial knowledge in different locations and territorial scales, focusing on the geographies of regional planning and its transplantation in the work of two Israeli planners, Arie and Ursula Oelsner. We argue that too often, researchers focus on the movement of spatial knowledge from Western countries to developing countries. We shed light on alternative ways in which this traffic follows different models, that are related to specific political and national constellations. Based on historical study and a thick description of two projects in Israel and Africa planned by these two Israeli planners, we show that spatial knowledge is not only the generator of discourse and of the professional community partaking in it, but also traverses space, crossing national borders and geographies. This dynamic, we suggest, has a politics of its own, as part of its movement and development within the global space, particularly in the movement between first and third worlds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is a leading cause of referral to occupational health clinics and of consequent work absenteeism. There is lack of data concerning ages 18-21. The objective of our study was to evaluate the occurrence of newly diagnosed LBP and the recurrence and worsening of preexisting LBP in young male military recruits.Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we examined the medical history of army recruits during the 30-month period after their induction into the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). The duty status of soldiers in combat units (CU), maintenance units (MU) and administrative units (AU) was evaluated according to their morbidity. The study's end point was defined as significant findings on clinical examination with presence of neurological deficits which correlate to radiological findings on CT or MRI showing herniated disks, spinal stenosis or pressure on neurological roots.Results: The annual incidence rate of LBP in a total of 159,295 recruits was 0.05 %. The relative risk (RR) for developing LBP was significantly higher among subjects who were assigned to AU as compared to CU and MU in all LBP categories. The RR for LBP recurrence in soldiers with a positive history of LBP (categories 3 and 4) was 4.1 and 10.7 compare to category 1 respectively.Conclusions: The lower than expected overall incidence rate of 0.05 % reflects the fact that severe LBP occurrences are not common at this age group. This finding is a more truthful reflection of LBP occurrence rates relative to other studies since the end point is based on precise clinical definitions in medical records and not on questionnaires, as in most studies. The RR for developing LBP was significantly higher among subjects who were assigned to AU as compared to CU and MU in all LBP categories. Childhood history of LBP was found as a significant risk factor for LBP exacerbations at adulthood. Positive history of LBP was found as a risk factor for the recurrence of LBP in all occupation types and particularly in sedentary ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the twentieth century, the treatment of religion in the social sciences had been heavily shaped by the premises of modernization theory. This theory was responsible for the development of two concepts--the secularization thesis and the traditional school of civil society--which deny any space for religious content and actors in the public and political spheres. Both concepts rely on the exceptional experience of the west and share deterministic, static and essentially pessimistic assumptions regarding the ability of religion and the state to mutually coexist in democratic settings. In view of the above Israel's treatment of religion stands out. Israel challenged the premises of the secularization thesis and instead granted a significant official role to religious contents and actors in the state. Contrary to common beliefs, this research demonstrates that Israel's policy resulted in mainly positive consequences and contributed to the stabilization of its democratic regime. Furthermore, Israel's inclusive policy on religion proved successful in containing and isolating mounting religious challenges to the state in recent decades and in securing the stability of the democratic regime. Israel's account reveals two important lessons about the nature of the state-religion relationship. First, it offers a dynamic and mutually constitutive perception of the relationship between the state and religion. Second, it advocates development of a case-sensitive approach toward religion, depending on specific social, historical, and cultural attributes. These lessons might prove highly relevant for post Arab spring societies in transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the Sino-Israel relationship from the Chinese perspective. It argues that the relationship is at a crossroad because China is increasingly more proactively involved in the international arena, which will inevitably lead to China's more assertive role in trying to facilitate solving the Israel-Palestinian conflicts. China has been inclined to be more supportive to the Palestinian side based on Chinese cultural values, traditionally stronger ties with Arab countries, and also since Palestine is generally considered as the weaker side of the conflict. A strong Israel-U.S. relationship will help balance Israel's relationship with China. The Sino-Israel relationship cannot be viewed out of the context of a Sino-U.S. relationship. China is more concerned with its relationship with the U.S., the only other world economy comparable in size to China's, in order to protect the peaceful world order for further development. Future Chinese involvement with the Palestinian region will be more constructive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India and Israel established full diplomatic relations in 1992. Bilateral trade has grown from $$200m in 1992 to $$5b in 2010. High-level collaboration in defense, science, and IT reflect inter-governmental trust and a stable partnership. Israelis and Indians interact along many axes as they traverse each other's terrains. However, these exchanges find only peripheral reference in official discourses and have received little scholarly investigation. Over 40,000 Israelis visit India annually and 70,000 Indian Jews live in Israel, aside from other (non-Jewish) Indian community clusters. What is the nature of Indian-Israeli encounters socially, culturally, and politically? Do they impact the meta-narrative of India-Israel relations? How can people-to-people synergies be better harnessed to bolster the bilateral relationship? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study examining the gendering process of infants and children in ancient Israel from 1900 B.C.E. to 50 C.E. An overview of the study's findings, including that infants were treated as being neither male nor female, while children ages three to 12 were taught gender roles, is provided.

Drawing on the academic literature on public art conflicts and public memory controversies, the article examines the controversy over the design for Tel-Aviv's Monument to the Holocaust and National Revival, and its failure to perform its commemorative function. It argues that underlying the controversial character of the design and the failure of the monument to perform its commemorative function was a public art conflict: the abstract design selected for the monument elicited public opposition as unfitting to represent the monument's commemorative theme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the authors examine the Egyptian influences that ruled the port of Jaffa, a city in what is now Israel, during the late Bronze Age. It is explained that the current excavations build on earlier excavations conducted by Jacob Kaplan, the municipal archaeologist for the city of Tel Aviv, Israel, during the period 1955-1974. According to the article Egyptian Jaffa was one of a number of administrative and military centers established by pharaohs of the New Kingdom era in the Canaan region during the late Bronze Age.

The article discusses the role of radio in Israeli collective history. Radio is regularly ignored as a source of national integration, despite its potential contribution to the formation of a collective identity. The impact of radio in Israel also derives from its compatibility with the style of Israeli political culture. It has been suggested that the Israeli leadership’s choice of radio, and the long postponement of television, came from seeing radio as less threatening to Jewish-Israeli culture and to the leaders themselves.

In the years between the Sinai Campaign in 1956 and the Six-Day War in 1967, the Arab-Israeli conflict continued to simmer and intensify until it culminated in the outbreak of war. Th e Palestinian problem stood in the center of the Arab world's political discourse. Th e borders were not as quiet as Israel's leaders tried to make them appear. Th e guerilla Fida'iyyun organizations precipitated the descent to war by destabilizing the border situation, triggering Israeli retaliations, the climax of which came in the Samu' raid in Jordan on November 13, 1966 and the IDF's large-scale operation in Syria on April 7, 1967. Th us the Six-Day War was the fulfillment of Fatah's basic goal: to ensnare (tawarit) the Arab states in a war with Israel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the relationship that existed between Jews and Kurds from 1949 to 1990. History of Jewish settlements and the spread of Judaism; Condition of Israel and the Kurds after the establishment of the state of Israel; Role of the Kurds in the Israeli geo-strategy in the near and Middle East.

This article describes, analyzes, and characterizes the development of the Herut movement in the initial phase of its history: from its establishment in the summer of 1948 to the founding of Gahal, the parliamentary bloc composed of Herut and the Liberal Party, in the spring of 1965. In 1948, the year when the State of Israel came into being, significant developments took place on the country's political map as new political entities and combinations came into being. The most important development, as matters were perceived at the time, was the establishment of Mapam in January 1948 due to the merger of two forces on the Zionist left, Hashomer ha-Tsa'ir and Ahdut ha-'Avoda Po'alei Tsiyyon.

This article follows the changing representation of the Holocaust in Israeli history education from the 1950s to the 1990s. Up until the late 1960s the representation of the Holocaust in Israeli education was marginalized. Contrary to the widely-held assumption that the Holocaust became a central topic of teaching following the 1961 Eichmann trial, this article argues that as a result of the Eichmann trial Israeli educationalists actively resisted the incorporation of the Holocaust into the teaching of history. The major change in Holocaust representation came with the rise of the Likud to power in the late 1970s. Since the 1980s, the Holocaust has become a key topic of identification in Israeli education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relates the author's life through the most important moments in the history of Israel. Influence of politics, family and environment on the life of the author; Experience during the war between Israel and Palestine; Factors contributing to the passion of the author to literary works particularly in the filed of history.

Focuses on the development of holocaust consciousness in Israel. Holocaust court trials and their influence on holocaust perception in Israel; Factors contributing to the shaping of holocaust awareness in Israel.

Focuses on the Palestinian attitudes towards the holocaust. Indirect connection of the Arabs to the history of the holocaust; View of the holocaust within the context of the general Arab struggle with Zionism; Origins of Palestinian discourse; Realization of the extent of the Jewish tragedy.

Focuses on the literature relating to the holocaust from second generator authors in Israel. Profile on Israeli culture researchers; Psychosocial processes underlying second-generation literature; Recurrent themes.

Discusses the tribal nature of the Transjordanian Iron Age kingdoms, their involvement in the Arabian trade, regional variation and the mixture of pottery traditions. Determination of how the system functioned in southern Jordan and the Negev; Use of ethnographic data to derive a model of how different tribal groups interacted; Certain towns that were gathering places for centers controlling Assyrian interests in Arabian trade.

Examines the British government's efforts after World War II to turn attention away from the struggles of the Jewish displaced persons (DP) in order to begin solving the Palestine conflict. Origins of the Jewish DP problem; Propaganda against the Zionists who were demanding the immigration of the DP to Palestine; Failure of the anti-Zionism campaign and the DP strategy; Struggles of the DP during the Holocaust.

The article examines shifts in the Israeli public's attitude towards the Hebrew literary classic "The Story of Hirbet Hizah," by S. Yizhar in order to explore the changing representations of the past and the reciprocal relations between memory and reality. It does so by recalling how the public received the novel and by analyzing the criticism published in the press during the time of the novel's publication, which was immediately after the War of Independence. It discusses the impact that the story had on the system of beliefs and opinions of the younger generation who grew up with the state.

Discusses the establishment of Jewish settlement in the Huleh valley in northern Galilee, Palestine from 1934 to 1948. Palestine Jewish Colonization Association (PICA) as colonizing agency; Drainage of the Huley valley; Purchase of the Huleh concession from Salam family; Negotiations relating to the Huleh concession during World War II.

Focuses on the Israeli policy on Jerusalem at the United Nations in 1947 to 1948. Four stages in Israel's handling of the problem in Jerusalem; Proposal for the internationalization of Jerusalem; Features of the Bernadotte Plan Number 1; Demilitarization proposal; Bernadotte Plan Number 2 and the General Assembly Debate.

The article profiles scientist and professor Natan Goldblum who led Israel's production of inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine to combat the country's pandemic in the early 1950s. The etiology of the pandemic is discussed including a doubling of Israel's population due to post-war immigration from Europe. Goldblum's vaccine work was conducted at the request of the Israeli Ministry of Health, whose virology laboratory he directed. The history of Goldblum's pursuits in making the vaccine according to the methodology used by scientist Jonas Salk in the U.S. is described.