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This publication follows the tradition of publishing selected papers from the Pacific Islands Association of Libraries, Archives and Museums (PIALA) annual conferences. This 24th annual conference was held in Koror, Republic of Palau, November 10-15, 2014. This volume includes a listing of the PIALA 2014 Organizing Committee and PIALA Officers and Executive Board, Acknowledgements and Conference schedule. Presentations include: (1) Customer Service Training by William O. Wally; (2) Palauan Language Materials in Bernice P. Bishop Museum Library by Ruth Horie; (3) Lyon Declaration by Atarino A. Helieisar; (4) The Ridge to Reef Program by Yalap P. Yalap; (5) Saltwater Intrusion in Taro Patches & Identification of Salt Tolerant Taro Varieties in Palau; Impacts of Climate Change on Taro Production by Thomas Taro; (6) Mesei: Restoration, Development and Management of Ngarchelong Taro Fields Landscapes by Faustina K. Rehuher-Marugg and Julita Tellei; (7) Library Science Students Poster Exhibitions; (8) Grant Opportunities for the Pacific Region from the Institute of Museum and Library Services by James Lonergan; (9) The Journey Towards Wellness: The Story of the 680 Kitchen by Pearl L. Marumoto; (10) Ho'oulu i ka Papa: To Grow the Class…..by D. Keali'i MacKenzie; (11) Collaborative Summer Literacy Program "Fizz Boom Read," AV2 (Added Value, Audio Visual) demonstration, JKPL Digital Literacy Bookmobile Library Outreach by Erlinda C. Naputi; (12) The Future of Libraries: Management, Information Literacy, Resources and Spaces by Daniel McKay; (13) Regional Publishing from a Publisher's Perspective by Benjamin "Buddy" Bess; (14) Setting Up A School Archives: The Father Duenas Memorial School Experience by Dante O. Perez; (15) What the FSM Supreme Court Website Has For You by Atarino A. Helieisar; (16) Making KOHA Work For You by Jennifer H. Helieisar; (17) Identifying Culturally Relevant Books by Paul B. Drake; and (18) Hawai'i Pacific Law Libraries Initiative Report To PIALA 2014 Palau by Ruth Horie. Presentations include individual references. The agenda for the Association's Annual Business Meeting is included along with the entity report from the Republic of Palau, U.S. Territory of Guam, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and Yap State and Pohnpei State in the Federated States of Micronesia. Appended are (1) Brief: Highlights from the 24th Annual PIALA Conference In Koror, by Atarino A. Helieisar; (2) Report of 2013 Hawai`i Library Association Conference by the receipt of 2013 Karen Peacock Scholarship Award by Jennifer Hainrich Helieisar; (3) Report to Hawai'i Library Association on PIALA 2014 Palau by Ruth Horie; (4) Call for Papers; (5) Conference Registration forms; (6) List of Koror Hotels and Motels within Close Proximity to Palau Community College and Car Rentals; and (7) United Airlines Discount Program. [Individual papers contain references.]

This publication follows the tradition of publishing selected papers from the Pacific Islands Association of Libraries, Archives and Museums (PIALA) annual conferences. This 26th annual conference was held in Colonia, Yap State, Federated States of Micronesia, November 21-26, 2016 and celebrated the Association's Twenty-Fifth anniversary. This volume includes a listing PIALA Officers and Executive Board, Conference schedule, Abstracts of Presentation. Presentations include: (1) Yap Catholic High School Literacy Program by Michael Wiencek; (2) Blue Shield Pasifika by Atarino Helieisar; (3) The UOG RFK and MARC Digital Repository by Jefrey L. Libao; (4) Looking Back, Moving Forward: the Father Duenas Memorial School Library, Archives and Museum by Dante O. Perez; (5) Impact of Information Technology Inventions of Library Development by Lola Schutz; (6) Issues and Challenges in Establishing a Digital Repository for Solomon Islands National University by Lucas Dosung; (7) PIALA: Strategic Plan by Roland A. San Nicolas and Jennifer Helieisar; (8) Professional Paddling Collaborations: the Asian/Pacific American Librarians Association by Paul B. Drake; (9) State of Reference & Information Literacy: RFK Library, University of Guam by Roland A. San Nicolas; (10) Resource Sharing in Micronesia by Roland A. San Nicolas; (11) Entity report from the Republic of Palau by Omar Faustino; (12) Entity Report: Kosrae State by Aaron Sigrah; (13) Entity Report: Pohnpei State by Jenny Helieisar; (14) Entity Report: Territory of Guam by Dante O. Perez; (15) Karen Peacock Scholarship and the 2016 Hawai`i Library Association Annual Conference by Roland A. San Nicolas; Appended are (1) Appendix 1: Chronology of PIALA Conferences (2) Appendix 2: Letter to Conference Attendees from Daniel Peacock; (3) Appendix 3: Message to Conference Attendees from Arlene Cohen; (4) Appendix 4: Letter from APALA President Lessa Kananl'opua Pelayo-Lozada; (5) Appendix 5: T-shirt Fundraiser from Friends of Joeten-Kiyo Public Library (CNMI); (6) Appendix 6: Conference Invitation Letter; (7) Appendix 7: Call for Presenters; (8) Appendix 8: Conference Registration Form; (9) Appendix 9: Getting There; (10) Appendix 10: Lodging; and (11) Photographs from Farewell Banquet. [Individual papers contain references.]

This publication follows the tradition of publishing selected papers from Pacific Islands Association of Libraries, Archives and Museums (PIALA) annual conferences. This 21st annual conference was held in Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia, November 14-17, 2011. The volume begins with a listing of the members of the PIALA 2011 Planning Committee and PIALA Officers and Executive Board, Acknowledgements, and the Conference program schedule. Welcoming remarks from Kosrae State Governor Lyndon L. Jackson and Kosrae State Legislature Speaker Lyndon P. Abraham are provided. Kalwin Kephas, Director of the College of Micronesia-FSM, Kosrae Campus presented the keynote address "Ask a Librarian." The presentations include: Kosrae Island and Growth on Tourism (Grant H. Ismael); FSM Legal Information System (LIS) Website (Atarino A. Helieisar); Palau Community College Library & Information Services Program (Megan Beard); Archive It! Preserving the Pacific Internet (Eleanor Kleiber); It Was Then, It's Now, It's New and It's Ours (Lester Ezelias, Dosihner Jose & Kurt Erwin); Subject Headings (Ruth Horie); PIHOA Declaration on NCDs: What is PIALA's Role? (Jane Barnwell); Entity Reports from Republic of Palau, Pohnpei State FSM, and Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands; Hawaii Pacific Law Libraries Initiative Report (Keiko Okuhara and Ruth Horie); Report--104th AALL Annual Meeting and Conference; and Title Guidelines for Pacific Digital Library (Ruth Horie). The volume ends with an appended chronology of PIALA conferences (with links to fulltext availability) and selected photographs from the Conference. (Individual papers contain references.)

This publication follows the tradition of publishing selected papers from Pacific Islands Association of Libraries, Archives and Museums (PIALA) annual conferences. The volume begins with a listing of the members of the PIALA 2008 Planning Committee, the Officers and Executive Board, and Acknowledgements, followed by the Schedule of Events and a list of Conference Participants. The conference theme is reflected in the title: New Beginnings: The Library as an Information and Resource Basket. The conference was held in Colonia, Yap, Federated States of Micronesia, November 17-21, 2008. Papers contain references. [This report was published by the Pacific Islands Association of Libraries, Archives and Museums.]

"International Conference on Social and Education Sciences" includes full papers presented at the International Conference on Social and Education Sciences (IConSES) which took place on October 15-18, 2020 in Chicago, IL, USA. The aim of the conference is to offer opportunities to share your ideas, to discuss theoretical and practical issues and to connect with the leaders in the fields of education and social sciences. The conference is organized annually by the International Society for Technology, Education, and Science (ISTES). The IConSES invites submissions which address the theory, research or applications in all disciplines of education and social sciences. The IConSES is organized for: faculty members in all disciplines of education and social sciences, graduate students, K-12 administrators, teachers, principals and all interested in education and social sciences. After peer-reviewing process, all full papers are published in the Conference Proceedings. [For the 2019 proceedings, see ED602587.]

This publication follows the tradition of publishing selected papers from Pacific Islands Association of Libraries, Archives and Museums (PIALA) annual conferences. This 19th annual conference was held in Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia, November 16-21, 2009. The volume begins with a listing of the members of the PIALA 2009 Planning Committee and PIALA Officers and Executive Board, Acknowledgements, and the Conference program schedule. Fr. Francis X. Hezel of the Micronesian Seminar presented the keynote address "Pacific Visions: Finding, Selecting, and Using Films for Your Libraries, Archives, & Museums." The presentations include: Library Marketing that Works (Megan Beard); Hospital Medical Libraries Populating the Micronesian Islands (Arlene Cohen); SPC Library's Most Useful and Interesting Resources (Eleanor Kleiber); Go Local: Sharing Knowledge on Local Foods, by the Island Food Community of Pohnpei group (Lois Englberger, Rainer Jimmy, and Adelino Lorens); Switching Library Management Software for the Better: The Experience of The University Of Goroka Library (Leah Kalamoroh); Finding Excellence With a Personal Touch: A Look at Service Benchmarking (Paul B. Drake); Entity Reports from Republic of Palau, Territory of American Samoa, Chuuk State FSM, Territory of Guam, and Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands; Introducing PARBICA (Naomi Ngirakamerang); Boost Literacy @ Your Library: Working Together to Promote Literacy, (Imengel Mad and Cerilla Michael); A Tribute to Lifetime Achievement Award (recipient Iris Falcam); and attendee group photograph. The volume ends with an appended chronology of PIALA conferences and link to fulltext availability. (Individual papers contain references.)

This publication follows the tradition of publishing selected papers from Pacific Islands Association of Libraries, Archives and Museums (PIALA) annual conferences. This 20th annual conference was held in Weno, Chuuk State, Federated States of Micronesia, November 15-19, 2010. The volume begins with a listing of the members of the PIALA 2010 Planning Committee and PIALA Officers and Executive Board, Acknowledgements, and the Conference program schedule. Joakim Peter, Director of the College of Micronesia-FSM Chuuk State campus, provided the keynote address "Building on Culture, Knowledge, and Information through Collaboration and Resource Sharing." Presentations include: (1) LEAP! Library Education in the U.S.-Affiliated Pacific (Yvonne Chandler and Jane Barnwell); (2) Palau Community College Library & Information Services Pilot Program (Megan Beard, Journey Teruzi, Ilong Roduk, Joycelene Moses, Getta Setts, Halora Paulus, and Jeremiah Hagelilipiy); (3) "Chronicling America" Covering the Pacific: The National Digital Newspaper Program in Hawai'i (Dore Minatodani); (4) Blue Trunk Library: An information Resource for District Health Personnel (Julio Dizon); (5) Developing an Effective Student and Volunteer Program (Paul B. Drake); (6) Copy Cataloging (Ruth Horie); (7) Hawaii Library Association Report (Ruth Horie); (8) Hawaii-Pacific Law Libraries Initiative (Keiko Okuhara); and (9) Relationship Building and Leadership (Lance Linke). Includes a copy of PIALA's By-laws as revised at the Membership Meeting. The volume ends with an appended chronology of PIALA conferences (with links to fulltext availability) and selected photographs from the Conference.

This publication follows the tradition of publishing selected papers from Pacific Islands Association of Libraries, Archives and Museums (PIALA) annual conferences. This 13th annual conference was held in Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia, November 4-6, 2003. The volume begins with a listing of the members of the PIALA 2003 Planning & Steering Committee and PIALA Officers and Executive Board, and the Conference program schedule. Jane Barnwell, Pacific Specialist at the University of Hawaii at Manoa Library, provided the keynote address "Personal Heroes." Presentations included: (1) Kosrae State Entity Report (Aaron Sigrah); (2) Special Libraries in Vanuatu (Betsie Leisale Kaltabang); (3) Secretariat of the Pacific Community Library Activities 2003 (Rachele Oirente); (4) Traditional Island Crops Website & ADAP Program Resources (Eileen Herring); (5) It's Just a Piece of Paper, or Is It: The Story of Records in Micronesia (Tom Beckman); (6) Practical Techniques for Managing Library Electronic Resources (Thomas Hodge); (7) Access to Free Materials: Support for Education Collections with Government Documents (Suzanne T. Bell); (8) Searching EBSCO via PREL (Frandu Liu); and (9) Presenting and Preserving Photographs (Lynn Davis). Includes results of the library professional development survey taken at PIALA 2002 (Nancy Lane) and a report on the project to create and expand digital databases for three collections in the University of Hawaii at Manoa Library (Martha Chantiny). The volume ends with an appended conference report, chronology of PIALA conferences (with links to fulltext availability), Hawaii Library Association Resolution on the International Partnership between HLA and PIALA, and PIALA flyer and conference registration materials.

This is the proceedings of the seventh annual Museums and the Web conference which took place March 19-22, 2003. MW2003 was the premier international venue to review the state of the Web in arts, culture, and heritage. The formal program consisted of two plenary sessions, eighteen parallel sessions, 35 museum project demonstrations, dozens of commercial exhibits, full-day and half-day pre-conference workshops, and one-hour mini-workshops combined with a day-long usability lab, a day-long design "crit room", and the Best of the Web awards. Participants were webmasters, educators, curators, librarians, designers, managers, and directors who work in museums, libraries, archives, historic sites, and the companies that support them. A contents table lists, in alphabetical order by contributor, the speaker, speaker's country, title of the paper, type (paper, workshop, demonstration, etc.), and whether the paper is online. Papers describe innovations and developments in programs, procedures and technology in museums and arts institutions including: "Integrating Databases with Maps: the Delivery of Cultural Data through TimeMap" (Ian Johnson); "Software Tools for Indigenous Knowledge Management" (Jane Hunter, Bevan Koopman, Jane Sledge); "Dublin Core: The Base For An Indigenous Culture Environment?" (Liddy Nevile, Sophie Lissonnet); "A Prototype Digital Library For 3D Collections: Tools To Capture, Model, Analyze, and Query Complex 3D Data" (Jeremy Rowe, Anshuman Razdan); "The More You Look the More You Get: Intention-based Interface using Gaze-tracking" (Slavko Milekic); "Re-assessing Practice: visual art, visually impaired people and the Web" (Caro Howell, Dan Porter); "From GUI to Gallery: A Study of Online Virtual Environments" (Stephen Lawrence Guynup); "Interfacing the Digital" (Steve Dietz); "Practicing What We Teach: How Learning Theory Can Guide Development of Online Educational Activities" (David T. Schaller, Steven Allison-Bunnell); "Evaluating the Authenticity of Egyptian Cartonnage Fragments: Educational Outreach in Search of the Truth" (Paul Marty, Kim Sheahan, Ann Lacy); "Focus your young visitors: Kids Innovation Fundamental changes in digital edutainment" (Sebastian Sauer, Stefan Gobel); "Investigating Heuristic Evaluation: A Case Study" (Kate Haley Goldman, Laura Bendoly); "New Vision, New Realities: Methodology and Mission in Developing Interactive Videoconferencing Programming" (Patricia Barbanell, John Falco, Diana Newman); "A Rolling Evaluation Gathers No Moss" (Lee Anne Burrough, Lorrie Beaumont, David Schaller, Ethalinda Cannon); "The SEE Experience: Edutainment in 3D Virtual Worlds" (Nicoletta Di Blas, Paolo Paolini, Susan Hazan); "Make Your Museum Talk: Natural Language Interfaces for Cultural Institutions" (Stefania Boiano, Giuliano Gaia, Morgana Caldarini); "Interactive Character as a Virtual Tour Guide to an Online Museum Exhibition" (Pilar de Almeida, Shigeki Yokoi); "Experiencing Art on the Web with Virtual Companions" (Ido A. Iurgel); "Using Cinematic Techniques in a Multimedia Museum Guide" (M. Zancanaro, O. Stock, I. Alfaro); "The State of the Art in Museum Handhelds in 2003" (Nancy Proctor, Chris Tellis); and "Designing Multi-Channel Web Frameworks for Cultural Tourism Applications: the MUSE Case Study" (Franca Garzotto, Tullio Salmon Cinotti, Massimiliano Pigozzi). An accompanying CD-ROM includes: a list of all the speakers at the conference and links to their abstracts, biographies, and papers (where available); an overview of the Museums and the Web 2003 conference program and links to abstracts and paper biographies; and the results of the Best of the Web 2003 conference (requires Internet connection). Author biographies are included. Most papers contain references. (AEF)

This proceedings contains the following selected papers from the Museums and the Web 2002 international conference: "The Electronic Guidebook: Using Portable Devices and a Wireless Web-Based Network To Extend the Museum Experience" (Robert Semper, Mirjana Spasojevic); "Eavesdropping on Electronic Guidebooks: Observing Learning Resources in Shared Listening Environments" (Allison Woodruff, Paul M. Aoki, Rebecca E. Grinter, Amy Hurst, Margaret H. Szymanski, James D. Thornton); "Can You See Me? Exploring Co-Visiting Between Physical and Virtual Visitors" (Areti Galani, Matthew Chalmers); "The Museum Wearable: Real-Time Sensor-Driven Understanding of Visitors' Interests for Personalized Visually-Augmented Museum Experiences" (Flavia Sparacino); "Now That We've Found the 'Hidden Web,' What Can We Do With It? The Illinois Open Archives Initiative Metadata Harvesting Experience" (Timothy W. Cole, Joanne Kaczmarek, Paul F. Marty, Christopher J. Prom, Beth Sandore, Sarah Shreeves); "Combining the CIDOC CRM and MPEG-7 To Describe Multimedia in Museums" (Jane Hunter); "Today's Authoring Tools for Tomorrow's Semantic Web" (Andy Dingley, Paul Shabajee); "The Virtual Ramp to the Equivalent Experience in the Virtual Museum: Accessibility to Museums on the Web" (Liddy Nevile, Charles McCathieNevile); "Adding Value to Large Multimedia Collections through Annotation Technologies and Tools: Serving Communities of Interest" (Paul Shabajee, Libby Miller); "Content Management for a Content-Rich Website" (Nik Honeysett); "Here and There: Managing Multiply-Purposed Digital Assets on the Duyfken Web Site" (Marjolein Towler, Valerie Hobbs, Diarmuid Pigott); "Pyramid Power: A Train-the-Trainer Model To Increase Teacher Usage of the ArtsConnectEd On-Line Resource" (Scott Sayre, Kris Wetterlund); "Digital Primary Source Materials in the Classroom" (Nuala Bennett, Brenda Trofanenko); "Statistics, Structures & Satisfied Customers: Using Web Log Data To Improve Site Performance" (Darren Peacock); "How Do You Like To Learn? Comparing User Preferences and Visit Length of Educational Web Sites" (David T. Schaller, Steven Allison-Bunnell, Minda Borun, Margaret B. Chambers); "Evaluating The Features of Museum Websites: (The Bologna Report)" (Nicoletta Di Blas, Carolina Orsini, Maria Pia Guermandi, Paolo Panlini); "Towards Tangible Virtualities: Tangialities" (Slavko Milekic); "Making It Realtime: Exploring the Use of Optimized Realtime Environments for Historical Simulation and Education" (Chris Calef, Turlif Vilbrandt, Carl Vilbrandt, Janet Goodwin, James Goodwin); "Networked Multi-Sensory Experiences: Beyond Browsers on the Web and in the Museum" (Fabian Wagmister, Jeff Burke); "Systematically Speaking: How Do Natural History Museum Web Sites Represent Science?" (Roy Hawkey); "Hacking Culture" (Pia Vigh); and "Storytelling and the Web in South African Museums" (Katherine J. Goodnow, Yngvar Natland). Author biographies are included. An accompanying CD-ROM includes: a list of all the speakers at the conference and links to their abstracts, biographies, and papers (where available); an overview of the Museums and the Web 2002 conference program and links to abstracts and paper biographies; and the results of the Best of the Web 2002 conference (requires Internet access). Most papers contain references. (MES)

In this selection of papers from the conference, authors from 10 of the more than 35 countries and every continent (except Antarctica) provide discussions covering all levels of museum Web design. They brought a wide variety of experiences and backgrounds to the conference, all of which ensured new perspectives and new ideas. The meetings opened on Thursday with a plenary address, followed by a full day of sessions and two Crit Rooms. Friday featured sessions on accessibility, portals, and data interchange. This day also featured a variety of Mini-Workshops. The final day began with two groups of demonstrations that were followed by sessions on design, licensing, schools, and new technology. MW2001 ended with a closing plenary. This proceedings includes the register; schedule of workshops by leaders in the museum computing field; schedule of sessions, with links to abstracts and full text papers; a table listing speakers (identifying country, presentation title and indicating whether the paper is online); schedule of interaction sessions (Mini-Workshops and Crit Rooms), with links to abstracts of Mini-Workshops; schedule and description of demonstrations; list of exhibits with descriptions of vendors; schedule of events; "Best of the Web" awards; key dates for future meetings; links to Seattle and Puget Sound area museums and tourist information; and list of sponsors. An accompanying CD-ROM includes: a list of all the speakers at the conference and links to their abstracts, biographies, and papers (where available); an overview of the Museums and the Web 2000 conference program and links to abstracts and paper biographies; and the results of the Best of the Web 2000 conference (requires Internet connection). (AEF)

This proceedings contains papers from the 1998 annual conference of the Pacific Islands Association of Libraries and Archives (PIALA). After welcoming remarks from Henry Robert and Isabel Rungrad, the following papers are included: "Sharing Our Successes, Discussing Our Future: A Survey of Pacific Collections Activities--Report from the University of Hawaii's Conference" (Karen M. Peacock); "Curriculum Development and the Preservation of Kosraean Language and Culture" (Alister Tolenoa); "Peace Corps Micronesia: 'The Library Development & Reading Education Project'" (Jeff Henry, Lee Allison, Rose Rojas, and Kani Le); "The Hawaii Library Association and PIALA: A Pacific Partnership" (Ruth Horie); "How Can Tourism Support and Archive Conservation in Kosrae?" (Justus Alokoa); "Status of Conservation in Kosrae" (Simson Abraham); "'Strengthening Academic Programs': The College of Micronesia-FSM Title III Project" (Jean Thoulag); "Daniel Peacock and the Foundation for Micronesia's Libraries" (Nicholas J. Goetzfriedt). Statements from the presentation of the 'PIALA Lifetime Achievement Award' to Daniel J. Peacock are presented, as well as farewell remarks by Aaron F. Sigrah. Reproductions of three PIALA resolutions and a "Florence Nalezny Warpha Book Award' bibliography on peoples and cultures of the world are also included. (AEF)

The following papers are included: "Foreword" (Bridget McConnell); "Introduction" (David J. Jones); opening addresses by George Robertson MP, Shadow Scottish Secretary, and by Charlie McConnell, Executive Director, Scottish Community Education Council; and speech by Christine Hamilton, Deputy Director, Scottish Arts Council; "Keynote Speech: Memory and Representation: The Arts & Social Change in South Africa" (Ingrid Fiske); "Keynote Speech: Movements in the Undergrowth" (Paul Nolan); "The Therapeutic Function of Adult Education in the Arts" (Timothy Buell); "The University of the Third Age" (Helen Cairns); "Ethnic Minority Participation in Access to Higher Education Arts Courses" (Margaret Davidson); "A Comparison of How Two Types of Visitors Use Their Own Resources in a Fine Art Museum" (C. Dufresne-Tasse, A. Weltzl-Fairchild); "Self-Direction in Adult Art Education" (Paul J. Edelson); "Dutch Andragogy and Museum Education" (Bastiaan Van Gent); "Theatre Artist & Traditional Entertainers as Adult Educators in Africa--The Sierra Leone Experience" (Charlie Haffner); "Visual Realities: The Creation and Transformation of Meaning through the Visual Arts" (Jacquie Johnson); "Nottinghamshire Next State" (David Johnston); "Significant Connections: How a Supportive Group Fosters Adult Creative Experience" (Carolyn Jongeward); "'The Human Seriousness of Play'--A Proposition for a Neglected Art Form--Mime" (Pat Keysell); "Adult Participation in the Visual Arts--Conservation or Change?" (Kaye Lynch); "Behind the Lines" (Carl MacDougall); "Fife Arts and Crafts Enterprise Training (F.A.C.E.T.)--A Case Study in User Involvement" (Callum McGregor); "A Singular Collaboration, Adult Education, & the National Collection of Modern Art at Tate Gallery, Liverpool: A Study in Practice and Effect" (Anne MacPhee); "'In From the Cold'--Disability Awareness and the Arts in Adult Education" (Jill Maguire); "Cultural Erosion or Empowerment? Arts Development in the Highlands and Island of Scotland?" (Kate Martin); "Museum Studies--Collaboration and Opportunity" (Nicole Mezey); "A Night at the Opera" (Gerald Normie); "Art for Adult and Technology Education" (Kenneth E. Paprock); "Local and Regional Culture in the Czech Republic" (Slavomir Plicka); "If I Can't Dance It's Not My Revolution--Cultural Action in Scottish Communities" (Stan Reeves, Vernon Galloway); "Persuading the Politicians" (Eric Robinson); and "Traditional Song and Artistic Renaissance in the Middle Years" (Sheena Wellington). (MN)

The annual conference of the Pacific Islands Association of Libraries and Archives addressed various topics of interest to librarians, archivists, and educators in the Pacific Islands. The proceedings include welcoming remarks by 2 Yap state government officials and PIALA President Herbert Del Rosario; a keynote address by Dr. Marcia J. Bates--"Learning About Your Users' Information Needs: A Key to Effective Service"; and 10 papers: (1) "Preserving Yapese Traditional Knowledge" (Jesse Regalmar-Subolmar and John Tharngan with panelists Carmen Chigiy, Al Fanechigiy, Andrew Ruepong, and Anthony Tawerlimeng); (2) "Problems and Benefits of Running a Small Natural Science and Archives Institute" (Marjorie Cushing Falanruw); (3) "Local Micronesian Publications and Publications on Micronesia: Search, Find and Order" (Francis Hezel, Elsa Veloso, and Helen Danosos); (4) "Dances, Chants and Songs as Yapese Art Forms" (Petrus Tun); (5) "Cultural Development and Keeping Places: Issues for Archives and Libraries" (Elizabeth Ho); (6) "Regional Resource Sharing and Networking: A Union List of Serials for Pacific Islands" (Joanne Tarpley Crotts); (7) "The Relationship of the Education System to Libraries, Archives and Museums in Yap" (Callistus Legdesog); (8) "Let's Make Books! The Benefits of Student Publishing in Promoting Literacy" (Margo Vitarelli); (9) "PEACESAT Access to the Internet in the Micronesian Region" (Arlene Cohen); and (10) "Planning for a Library Profession: The Development of the University of the South Pacific Training Programme" (Jayshree Mamtora). A list of contributors is included. (SWC)

The papers collected in this document are derived from a symposium held during the 1990 annual meeting of the Society for Historical Archeology. The symposium, part of an increasing effort to make archeology more accessible to the general public, was dedicated solely to archaeology and education, and the papers described programs designed to involve young persons in archeology through schools, museums, and other means. Following introductory remarks by Marley R. Brown, III, the papers include: "Teacher Training Programs in Anthropology: The Multiplier Effect in the Classroom" (Ruth O. Selig); "The Pensacola Model of Public Archeology" (Judith A. Bense); "By Land or by Sea: Archeology Programs for Youths at the Museum of Florida History" (KC Smith); "Project Origins: Archeology for People with Handicaps" (Micheal Faught; James S. Gittings); "Archeology Is More Than a Dig: Educating Children about the Past Saves Sites for the Future" (Carol Ellick); and "A 'Compleat' Curriculum: Historical Archeology on the Undergraduate Level" (Robert L. Schuyler). (DB)

A symposium, held at King's Gap Environmental Education Center, focused on art education and art history and provided an opportunity for scholars and leaders in art education to discuss and react to current problems and future directions. All 21 participants prepared and presented papers in the general area of art history. Danielle Rice, Director of the Philadelphia Museum of Art's Education Division, presented one of two keynote speeches. Entitled "The Uses and Abuses of Art History," the paper surveys the history of the field in order to suggest that the discipline of art history is an articifical construct that is constantly being revised. The second keynote speech, "The Other Side of History: An Examination of Art Education in Our Schools," given by Elaine Weinstone, a representative of Educational Testing Services, claimed that little is done to advance the arts as an essential component of a complete education and stressed that the first step toward the development of an art history program is to acknowledge that cultural history is the equal of political and economic history as an explanation of events. Other participants discussed topics in the areas of: (1) teaching and learning art in museums; (2) cultural influences on both artists and students; and (3) art history instruction in elementary and secondary schools. A list of participants and the symposium schedule is included. (JHP)

We argue that museums presenting exhibits of ancient texts may be able to benefit from accompanying them with annotated electronic versions. We present a short study using two sample annotated texts built using the Learning And Reading Assistant (LARA) platform for a fragment of an Old Norse manuscript and an inscription in Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs respectively. The results of an online questionnaire suggested that people already interested in ancient languages would view the idea very positively. [For the complete volume, "Intelligent CALL, Granular Systems and Learner Data: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2022 (30th, Reykjavik, Iceland, August 17-19, 2022)," see ED624779.]

These proceedings contain the papers of the 10th International Conference on Mobile Learning 2014, which was organised by the International Association for Development of the Information Society, in Madrid, Spain, February 28-March 2, 2014. The Mobile Learning 2014 International Conference seeks to provide a forum for the presentation and discussion of mobile learning research which illustrate developments in the field. Papers in these proceedings include: (1) Supporting Teachers to Design and Use Mobile Collaborative Learning Games (Iza Marfisi-Schottman and Sébastien George); (2) Ebooks as PDF Files, in Epub Format or as Interactive Ibooks? Digital Books in Physics Lessons of Secondary Education (Manfred Lohr); (3) Mobile Learning and Early Age Mathematics (Shir Peled and Shimon Schocken); (4) M-Learning--On Path to Integration with Organisation Systems (Shilpa Srivastava and Ved Prakash Gulati); (5) Improving History Learning through Cultural Heritage, Local History and Technology (Graça Magro, Joaquim Ramos de Carvalho and Maria José Marcelino); (6) Intrigue at the Museum: Facilitating Engagement and Learning through a Location-Based Mobile Game (Jetmir Xhembulla, Irene Rubino, Claudia Barberis and Giovanni Malnati); (7) Mobile-Based Chatting for Meeting Negotiation in Foreign Language Learning (María Dolores Castrillo, Elena Martín-Monje and Elena Bárcena); (8) Student Preferences for M-Learning Application Characteristics (Ömer Delialioglu & Yasaman Alioon); (9) Learning and Teaching with Mobile Devices An Approach in Secondary Education in Ghana (Margarete Grimus and Martin Ebner); (10) Cross-Cultural Design of Mobile Mathematics Learning Service for South African Schools (Tanja Walsh, Teija Vainio and Jari Varsaluoma); (11) Mobile Learning and Achievement Goal Orientation Profiles (Minna Asplund); (12) A Review of Integrating Mobile Phones for Language Learning (Ramiza Darmi and Peter Albion); (13) Overlapping Chat's Accessibility Requirements between Students with and without Disabilities Due to the Mobile Limitiations (Rocío Calvo, Ana Iglesias and Lourdes Moreno); (14) UML Quiz: Automatic Conversion of Web-Based E-Learning Content in Mobile Applications (Alexander von Franqué and Hilda Tellioglu); (15) Pedagogical Applications of Smartphone Integration in Teaching--Lectures', Students', & Pupils' Perspectives (Tami Seifert); (16) MOOC's to Go (Jan Renz, Thomas Staubitz and Christoph Meinel); (17) Strategies and Challenges in Ipad Initiative (Chientzu Candace Chou, Lanise Block and Renee Jesness); (18) Blending Classroom Teaching and Learning with QR Codes (Jenni Rikala and Marja Kankaanranta); (19) Programming Education with a Blocks-Based Visual Language for Mobile Application Development (Can Mihci and Nesrin Ozdener); (20) Shifting Contexts: Investigating the Role of Context in the Use of Obiquitious Computing for Design-Based Learning (Katharine S. Willis and Gianni Corino); (21) Evaluation Framework for Dependable Mobile Learning Scenarios (Manel Bensassi and Mona Laroussi); (22) Initial Evaluation of a Mobile Scaffolding Application that Seeks to Support Novice Learners of Programming (Chao Mbogo, Edwin Blake and Hussein Suleman); (23) Defining a Set of Architectural Requirements for Service-Oriented Mobile Learning Environments (Nemésio Freitas Duarte Filho and Ellen Francine Barbosa); (24) Portability and Usability of Open Educational Resources on Mobile Devices: A Study in the Context of Brazilian Educational Portals and Android-Based Devices (André Constantino da Silva, Fernanda Maria Pereira Freire, Vitor Hugo Miranda Mourão, Márcio Diógenes de Oliveira da Cruz and Heloísa Vieira da Rocha); (25) Evaluating QR Code Case Studies Using a Mobile Learning Framework (Jenni Rikala); (26) Developing a Mobile Social Media Framework for Creative Pedagogies (Thomas Cochrane, Laurent Antonczak, Matthew Guinibert and Danni Mulrennan); (27) Factors Affecting M-Learners' Course Satisfaction and Learning Persistence (Young Ju Joo, Sunyoung Joung, Eugene Lim and Hae Jin Kim); (28) A Framework to Support Mobile Learning in Multilingual Environments (Mmaki E. Jantjies and Mike Joy); (29) Mobile Technology Integrated Pedagogical Model (Arshia Khan); (30) Representation of an Incidental Learning Framework to Support Mobile Learning (Eileen Scanlon, Mark Gaved, Ann Jones, Agnes Kukulska-Hulme, Lucas Paletta and Ian Dunwell); (31) Using Mobile Apps and Social Media for Online Learner-Generated Content (Paul David Henry); (32) Tweeting as a Tool for Learning Science: The Credibility of Student-Produced Knowledge Content in Educational Contexts (Kaja Vembe Swensen, Kenneth Silseth and Ingeborg Krange); (33) What Mobile Learning and Working Remotely Can Learn from Each Other (Koen Depryck); (34) In-Time On-Place Learning (Merja Bauters, Jukka Purma and Teemu Leinonen); (35) M-Learning and Technological Literacy: Analyzing Benefits for Apprenticeship (Carlos Manuel Pacheco Cortés and Adriana Margarita Pacheco Cortés); (36) Designing a Site to Embed and to Interact with Wolfram Alpha Widgets in Math and Science Courses (Francisco Javier Delgado Cepeda and Ruben Dario Santiago Acosta); (37) An Environment for Mobile Experiential Learning (Otto Petrovic, Philipp Babcicky and Thomas Puchleitner); (38) Supporting Situated Learning Based on QR Codes with Etiquetar App: A Pilot Study (Miguel Olmedo Camacho, Mar Pérez-Sanagustín, Carlos Alario-Hoyos, Xavier Soldani, Carlos Delgado Kloos and Sergio Sayago); (39) Raising Awareness of Cybercrime--The Use of Education as a Means of Prevention and Protection (Julija Lapuh Bele, Maja Dimc, David Rozman and Andreja Sladoje Jemec); (40) Mobile Game for Learning Bacteriology (Ryo Sugimura, Sotaro Kawazu, Hiroki Tamari, Kodai Watanabe, Yohei Nishimura, Toshiki Oguma, Katsushiro Watanabe, Kosuke Kaneko, Yoshihiro Okada, Motofumi Yoshida, Shigeru Takano and Hitoshi Inoue); (41) The Theory Paper: What is the Future of Mobile Learning? (John Traxler and Marguerite Koole); (42) Rapid Prototyping of Mobile Learning Games (Maija Federley, Timo Sorsa, Janne Paavilainen, Kimo Boissonnier and Anu Seisto); (43) Preparing Lessons, Exercises and Tests for M-Learning of IT Fundamentals (S. Djenic, V. Vasiljevic, J. Mitic, V. Petkovic and A. Miletic); (44) The Motivating Power of Social Obligation: An Investigation into the Pedagogical Affordances of Mobile Learning Integrated with Facebook (Nurhasmiza Sazalli, Rupert Wegerif and Judith Kleine-Staarman); (45) When Everyone is a Probe, Everyone is a Learner (Boris Berenfeld, Tatiana Krupa, Arseny Lebedev and Sergey Stafeev); (46) Mobile Learning and Art Museums: A Case Study of New Art Interpretation Approach for Visitor Engagement through Mobile Media (Victoria López Benito); (47) Learner Centric in M-Learning: Integration of Security, Dependability and Trust (Sheila Mahalingam, Faizal Mohd Abdollah and Shahrin Sahib); (48) M-Learning Pilot at Sofia University (Elissaveta Gourova, Pavlin Dulev, Dessislava Petrova-Antonova and Boyan Bontchev); (49) A Mobile Service Oriented Multiple Object Tracking Augmented Reality Architecture for Education and Learning Experiences (Sasithorn Rattanarungrot, Martin White and Paul Newbury); (50) Learners' Ensemble Based Security Conceptual Model for M-Learning System in Malaysian Higher Learning Institution (Sheila Mahalingam, Faizal Mohd Abdollah and Shahrin Sahib); (51) Supporting the M-Learning Based Knowledge Transfer in University Education and Corporate Sector (András Benedek and György Molnár); and (52) The future of Ubiquitous Elearning (Timothy Arndt). Individual papers contain references. An author index is included. Luís Rodrigues is an associate editor of these proceedings.

These proceedings contain the papers of the International Conference e-Learning 2013, which was organised by the International Association for Development of the Information Society and is part of the Multi Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (Prague, Czech Republic, July 23-26, 2013). The e-Learning 2013 conference aims to address the main issues of concern within e-Learning. This conference covers both technical as well as the non-technical aspects of e-Learning. The conference accepts submissions in the following seven main areas: Organisational Strategy and Management Issues; Technological Issues; e-Learning Curriculum Development Issues; Instructional Design Issues; e-Learning Delivery Issues; e-Learning Research Methods and Approaches; e-Skills and Information Literacy for Learning. Keynote papers in these proceedings include: (1) Thoughts on the Quality of Learning in MOOCs (Thomas C. Reeves); and (2) Social Networks as the support of the e-Learning (Jan Lojda). Full papers in these proceedings include: (1) Evaluation of Visual Computer Simulator for Computer Architecture Education (Yoshiro Imai, Masatoshi Imai and Yoshio Moritoh); (2) Understanding Children's Museum Learning from Multimedia Instruction (Asmidah Alwi and Elspeth McKay ); (3) How Does the "Digital Generation" Get Help on Their Mathematics Homework? (Carla van de Sande, May Boggess and Catherine Hart-Weber); (4) Productization and Commercialization of IT-Enabled Higher Education in Computer Science: A Systematic Literature Review (Irja Kankaanpää and Hannakaisa Isomäki); (5) Motivating an Action Design Research Approach to Implementing Online Training in an Organizational Context (Christine Rogerson and Elsje Scott ); (6) Social e-Learning in Topolor: A Case Study (Lei Shi, Dana Al Qudah and Alexandra I. Cristea); (7) Training Educators: Plan for Replicating the Experience (Ulanbek Mambetakunov and Marina Ribaudo); (8) Choosing Learning Methods Suitable for Teaching and Learning in Computer Science (Estelle Taylor, Marnus Breed, Ilette Hauman and Armando Homann); (9) Teaching AI Search Algorithms in a Web-Based Educational System (Foteini Grivokostopoulou and Ioannis Hatzilygeroudis ); (10) Digital Histories for the Digital Age: Collaborative Writing in Large Lecture Courses (Leen-Kiat Soh, Nobel Khandaker and William G. Thomas); (11) Promoting Scientific Literacy through the Online Argumentation System (Chun-Yen Tsai); (12) Using a Techno-Skepticism Framework to Evaluate the Perception and Acceptance of a New Online Reading List (Ajmal Sultany and Samantha Halford); (13) SMS-Based Learning in Tertiary Education: Achievement and Attitudinal Outcomes (Yaacov J Katz); (14) e-Portfolios @ Teacher Training: An Evaluation of Technological and Motivational Factors (Alfred Klampfer and Thomas Köhler ); (15) Effects of Facebook Tutoring on Learning English as a Second Language (Chang-hwa Wang and Cheng-ping Chen); (16) An Italian Experience of Social Learning at High School (Michelle Pieri, Davide Diamantini and Germano Paini); (17) Distance Education: Educational Trajectory Control (Andrey Isaev, Alla Kravets, Ludmila Isaeva and Sergey Fomenkov); (18) Leadership for Sustaining Pedagogical Innovations in ICT Implementation: A Case Study of Taiwanese Vocational High School (Yih-Shyuan Chen, Yu-Horng Chen, Shun-Jyh Wu and Fang-Kai Tang); (19) Towards to a Versatile Tele-Education Platform for Computer Science Educators Based on the Greek School Network (Michael Paraskevas, Thomas Zarouchas, Panagiotis Angelopoulos and Isidoros Perikos); (20) Adaptive Feedback Improving Learningful Conversations at Workplace (Matteo Gaeta, Giuseppina Rita Mangione, Sergio Miranda and Francesco Orciuoli); (21) Teachers Little Helper: Multi-Math-Coach (Martin Ebner, Martin Schön, Behnam Taraghi and Michael Steyrer); (22) Youflow Microblog: Encouraging Discussions for Learning (Rafael Krejci and Sean W. M. Siqueira); (23) Interaction Problems Accessing e-Learning Environments in Multi-Touch Mobile Devices: A Case Study in Teleduc (André Constantino da Silva, Fernanda Maria Pereira Freire, Alan Victor Pereira de Arruda and Heloísa Vieira da Rocha); (24) Integrating a Learning Management System with a Student Assignments Digital Repository. A Case Study (Javier Díaz, Alejandra Schiavoni, María Alejandra Osorio, Ana Paola Amadeo and María Emilia Charnelli); (25) On the Recommender System for University Library (Shunkai Fu, Yao Zhang and Seinminn); (26) Developing and Implementing a New Online Bachelor Program: Formal Adoption of Videoconferencing and Social Networking as a Step towards M-Learning (Roland van Oostveen and François Desjardins); (27) Developing a User Oriented Design Methodology for Learning Activities Using Boundary Objects (?lga Fragou and Achilles Kameas); (28) User Acceptance of a Haptic Interface for Learning Anatomy (Soonja Yeom, Derek Choi-Lundberg, Andrew Fluck and Arthur Sale); (29) e-Learning Software for Improving Students Music Performance Using Comparisons (M. Delgado, W. Fajardo and M. Molina-Solana); (30) A Digital Game for International Students Adjustments (Maryam Bisadi, Alton Y.K Chua and Lee Chu Keong); (31) Developing an ICT-Literacy Task-Based Assessment Instrument: The Findings on the Final Testing Phase (Jessnor Elmy Mat-jizat); (32) Peer Tutoring in the CIS Sandbox: Does it Work? (Mark Frydenberg); (33) e-Competent Teacher and Principal as the Foundation of e-Competent School e-Education, the Largest School Informatization Project in Slovenia 2008-2013 (Magdalena Šverc, Andrej Flogie, Maja Vicic Krabonja and Kristjan Percic); (34) Collaborative Tools in Upper Secondary School--Why? (Helle Mathiasen, Hans-Peter Degn, Christian Dalsgaard, Christian W Bech and Claus Gregersen); (35) Adaptation of Educational Text to an Open Interactive Learning System: A Case Study for RETUDIS (M. Samarakou, E.D. Fylladitakis, G. Tsaganou, J. Gelegenis, D. Karolidis, P. Prentakis and A. Papadakis); and (36) Using Podcasts in Distance Education (Herman Koppelman). Short papers in these proceedings include: (1) Big Data & Learning Analytics: A Potential Way to Optimize eLearning Technological Tools (Olga Arranz García and Vidal Alonso Secades); (2) Critical Factors in Mobile eLearning: A Quasi-Systematic Review (Sergio Assis Rodrigues, Rodrigo Pereira dos Santos, Lucas Arnaud and Jano Moreira de Souza); (3) Analysis of Instruction Models in Smart Education (JaeHyeong Park, JeongWon Choi and YoungJun Lee); (4) The History Harvest: An Experiment in Democratizing the Past through Experiential Learning (William G. Thomas and Patrick D. Jones); (5) Challenges of Mongolian e-Learning and An Improvement Method of Implementation (S.Baigaltugs, B. Munkhchimeg and J.Alimaa); (6) Towards a Trust Model in e-Learning: Antecedents of a Student's Trust (Woraluck Wongse-ek, Gary B Wills and Lester Gilbert); (7) Elemental Learning as a Framework for e-Learning (John V. Dempsey and Brenda C. Litchfield); (8) An Interactive Training Game Using 3D Sound for Visually Impaired People (Hsiao Ping Lee, Yen-Hsuan Huang and Tzu-Fang Sheu); (9) e-Learning Practice-Oriented Training in Physics: The Competence Information (Alla G. Kravets, Oxana V. Titova and Olga A. Shabalina); (10) Student Experiences on Interaction in an Online Learning Environment as Part of a Blended Learning Implementation: What is Essential? (Laura Salmi); (11) Usability Assessment of e-Cafe Operational Management Simulation Game (Chiung-sui Chang and Ya-Ping Huang); (12) System for Automatic Generation of Examination Papers in Discrete Mathematics (Mikael Fridenfalk); (13) Direction of Contents Development for Smart Education (YoungSun Park, SangJin An and YoungJun Lee); (14) Online Training in Australia (Joze Kuzic); (15) Using Facebook as a Virtual Classroom in a Public University in Mexico City (Miguel Angel Herrera Batista); (16) Exploring Competency Development with Mobile Devices (Maurice DiGiuseppe, Elita Partosoedarso, Roland Van Oostveen and Francois Desjardins); (17) A Study of the Metacognition Performance in Online Learning (Ya-Ping Huang and Chiung-Sui Chang); (18) Educational Company and e-Learning (František Manlig, Eva Šlaichová, Vera Pelantová, Michala Šimúnová, František Koblasa and Jan Vavruška ); (19) Structural Constructivism as an Epistemology for Professional e-Learning: Implications & Recommendations for the Design of ECPD Pedagogical Models (Gurmit Singh and Maggie McPherson); (20) e-Learning System for Experiments Involving Construction of Practical Electric Circuits (Atsushi Takemura); (21) Component-Based Approach in Learning Management System Development (Larisa Zaitseva, Jekaterina Bule and Sergey Makarov); (22) Learning Portfolio as a Service--A Restful Style (Shueh-Cheng Hu, I-Ching Chen and Yaw-Ling Lin); (23) Context Aware Recommendations in the Course Enrollment Process Based on Curriculum Guidelines (Vangel V. Ajanovski); and (24) A Model of e-Learning Uptake and Continued Use in Higher Education Institutions (Nakarin Pinpathomrat, Lester Gilbert and Gary B Wills). Reflections papers in these proceedings include: (1) The Development of Logical Structures for e-Learning Evaluation (Uranchimeg Tudevdagva, Wolfram Hardt and Jargalmaa Dolgor); (2) Ethics in e-Learning (Alena Bušíková and Zuzana Melicheríková); (3) A Comparative Study of e-Learning System for Smart Education (SangJin An, Eunkyoung Lee and YoungJun Lee); (4) Alternative Assessment Techniques for Blended and Online Courses (Brenda C. Litchfield and John V. Dempsey); (5) Assessing the Structure of a Concept Map (Thanasis Giouvanakis, Haido Samaras, Evangelos Kehris and Asterios Mpakavos); (6) Implementations for Assessing Web 2.0 on Education (Gabriel Valerio and Ricardo Valenzuela); (7) Storytelling: Discourse Analysis for Understanding Collective Perceptions of Medical Education (Yianna Vovides and Sarah Inman); (8) Perception and Practice of Taiwanese EFL Learners' Making Vocabulary Flashcards on Quizlet (Chin-Wen Chien); (9) A Study of Perceptions of Online Education among Professionals (Parviz Ghandforoush); and (10) The Design of the Test Format for Tablet Computers in Blended Learning Environments: A Study of the Test Approach-Avoidance Tendency of University Students (Takeshi Kitazawa). Posters in these proceedings include: (1) Blended Lessons of Teaching Method for Information Studies in Which Students Produce a Learning Guidance Plan (Isao Miyaji); (2) Factors Affecting Teenager Cyber Delinquency (Young Ju Joo, Kyu Yon Lim, Sun Yoo Cho, Bo Kyung Jung and Se Bin Choi); (3) Personalized Virtual Learning Environment from the Detection of Learning Styles (M. L. Martínez Cartas, N. Cruz Pérez, D. Deliche Quesada, and S. Mateo Quero); (4) Distance Online Course for Librarian in Mongolia, Reflection and Learned Lesson (Uranchimeg Tudevdagva and Garamkhand Surendeleg); (5) The Design and Development of a Computerized Attention-Training Game System for School-Aged Children (Tsui-Ying Wang and Ho-Chuan Huang); (6) Discovering Visual Scanning Patterns in a Computerized Cancellation Test (Ho-Chuan Huang and Tsui-Ying Wang); and (7) The Effects of Self-Determination on Learning Outcomes in a Blended Learning (Young Ju Joo, Kyu Yon Lim, Sang Yoon Han, Yoo Kyoung Ham and Aran Kang). Luís Rodrigues is an associate editor of the proceedings. Individual papers contain references. An author index is included.