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Ameliorative effects of sheep slaughterhouse waste-derived soil amendments (struvite, blood meal, bone meal) were explored and quantified by a series of comparative greenhouse trials. A scoring matrix system was developed for 25 different test plants using 300 agricultural measurements obtained for three basic growth parameters (fresh-dry plant weights and plant heights) and four different fertilizer sources including solid vermicompost. More than 70% of NH 4 +-N recovery from sheep slaughterhouse wastewater was achieved using a chemical combination of MgCl 2.6H 2 O + NaH 2 PO 4.2H 2 O, a molar ratio of Mg2+:NH 4 +-N:PO 4 3–P = 1.2:1:1, a reaction pH of 9.0, an initial NH 4 +-N concentration of 240 mg/L, and a reaction time of 15 min. According to SEM micrographs, surface morphology of struvite exhibited a highly porous structure composed of irregularly shaped crystals of various sizes (11.34–79.38 μm). FTIR spectroscopy verified the active functional groups on the proximity of all fertilizer sources within the spectral range of 500–3900 cm−1. TGA-DTG-DSC thermograms of struvite revealed that the mass loss occurred in two temperature regions and reached a maximum mass loss rate of 1.63%/min at 317 °C. The average percentages of increase (57.55–100.62%) and performance points (69–79) corroborated that the fertility value of struvite ranked first on average in cultivation of the analyzed plant species. Findings of this agro-valorization study confirmed that sheep slaughterhouse waste-derived fertilizers could be a beneficial way to promote bio-waste management and environmentally friendly agriculture. [Display omitted] • Sheep slaughterhouse waste-derived soil amendments have agro-potential and show noticeable plant growth effects. • More than 70% of NH 4 +-N is recovered from SSW as strutive, ranking first as a high-quality fertilizer for growing 25 plant species with performance scores of 69–79. • SSW-recovered struvite shows a two-stage mass loss (with consecutive losses of 4% and 25%) reaching a maximum rate of 1.63%/min at 317 °C. • Common onion, carrot, and black bean benefit most from the fertilization with ≥70% increases (115–323%, 76–185%, and 73–200%, respectively) in all plant growth measures. • Conversion of sheep slaughterhouse waste stream into beneficial agro-materials could be a viable way of promoting bio-waste management and environmentally friendly agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilization of the struvite recovered from sheep slaughterhouse wastewater was explored for the first time in sustainable cement production and fire-resistant wooden structure design. Sheep abattoir-originated struvite precipitation process was optimized using a chemical combination of MgCl 2.6H 2 O + NaH 2 PO 4.2H 2 O, a molar ratio of Mg2+:NH 4 +-N:PO 4 3--P = 1.2:1:1, a reaction pH of 9.0, an initial ammonium concentration of 240 mg NH 4 +-N/L, and a reaction time of 15 min. Based on both American (ASTM C305-14) and Turkish (TS EN 196–1) standard methods, struvite was used in proportions of 10–30% by weight for struvite-substituted cement production. The best compressive strength values were achieved with 85.5% cement clinker (C), 4.5% gypsum (G), and 10% struvite (S) for the struvite-replaced cement (C85.5G4.5S10). According to the US EPA's greenhouse gas protocol, it was estimated that producing 10% struvite-substituted cement would result in 9.97% lower absolute CO 2 emissions than producing 100% Portland cement. It was also found that slaughterhouse-derived struvite could compete with commercial water-based fire retardant solution and exhibit acceptable flame resistance behavior for wooden structures. The versatility of sheep abattoir-oriented struvite was confirmed as an environmentally sustainable and clean by-product for different structural uses. [Display omitted] • First time use of SSW-derived struvite in ecologically friendly cement production. • Novel application of SSW-sourced struvite in fire resistant wood structure design. • More than 70% of NH 4 +-N removal/recovery from SSW via struvite precipitation. • Attractiveness and versatility of struvite in sustainable abattoir waste management. • Noticeable impact of partial cement substitution on reduction of CO 2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present analysis was conducted as the first research to assess the techno-economic viability of the value-added by-products (struvite, blood meal, bone meal, and raw sheepskin) from a medium-scale sheep slaughterhouse facility with a slaughtering capacity of 300 sheep per day. For this aim, a comparative technical and economic feasibility analysis was performed to assess the synergistic use of slaughterhouse-oriented rendering wastes and struvite recovery from real sheep abattoir effluent within the framework of detailed cost breakdown, break-even point, and payback period analyses. The experimental findings clearly showed that under the optimal conditions (chemical combination of MgCl 2.6H 2 O + NaH 2 PO 4.2H 2 O, a molar ratio of Mg2+:NH 4 +-N:PO 4 3--P = 1.2:1:1, a reaction pH of 9.0, an initial ammonium concentration of 240 mg NH 4 +-N/L, and a reaction time of 15 min), struvite precipitation could effectively remove about 73%, 64%, 59%, and 82% of NH 4 +-N, TCOD, SCOD, and color, respectively, from the real sheep slaughterhouse waste stream. Based on various up-to-date techno-economic items considered within the break-even point analysis, the sheep slaughterhouse facility was estimated to achieve the targeted net income (€100/day) for any selling prices of €1041.30/ton, €640.05/ton, €263.72/ton, and €1.012/hide, respectively, for struvite, blood meal, bone meal, and raw sheepskin. Steel construction and chemicals were determined as the most costly components for CAPEX (capital expenditures) and OPEX (operating expenditures), respectively, and selling prices of bone meal and raw sheepskin were found to be the most critical income items on the profitability of the slaughterhouse facility. Co-monetary assessment of the struvite process and valorized compounds corroborated the economic viability of the proposed project with the payback periods of about 6.3 and 5.5 years, respectively, for the current market and the profit-oriented conditions without subsidy. The findings of this feasibility analysis, as the first of its own, could be used as guideline for simplifying the decision-making with regards to the feasibility of similar facilities and commercialization of profitable by-products. [Display omitted] • Income-generating real sheep slaughterhouse concept is described for the first time. • High profit corridor is reached when the sales price of struvite exceeds €1041.30/ton. • Daily net profit is predicted as €12.22/kg NH 4 +-N removed at optimum MAP conditions. • Facility can pay for itself less than 6 years for unsubsidized profit-oriented case. • Valorized by-products offer an eco-sustainable way for meat processing facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]