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Tackles a variety of issues concerning national reunification and territorial integrity of China over Taiwan in 1949. History of China's administrative authority in Taiwan; Efforts of the Chinese government to protect Taiwan from foreign invasions and occupation; Origin of the issue concerning China's jurisdiction over Taiwan.

Copyright of Via Inveniendi et Iudicandi is the property of Universidad Santo Tomas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ankara Review of European Studies (ARES) / Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi (AAÇD) is the property of Ankara University European Union Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines whether the Court Jurisdiction and Proceedings Transfer Act has readied Canada to adopt the 2005 Hague Choice of Court Convention. Reviewing the Hague Convention as well as previous and current law and cases on forum selection clauses in common law Canada, including the very recent Supreme Court of Canada decision in Douez v Facebook, yields two conclusions. First, there are existing interpretive challenges flowing from gaps in the CJPTA with respect to jurisdictional clauses that need to be addressed. Second, the principles governing forum selection clauses in Canada are largely consistent with those put forward in the Hague Convention and should not be perceived as obstacles to its adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of this paper is the territorial and personal aspects of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court regarding crimes committed on the territory or in connection with the armed conflict on the territory of Afghanistan. In 2020, the International Criminal Court determined that the conditions had been met for initiating an investigation into crimes committed in Afghanistan, or in connection with the armed conflict in Afghanistan. The paper is based on the analysis of positive regulations in the field of public international law and international criminal law, as well as linking the relevant provisions with the circumstances under which crimes were committed on the territory of Afghanistan and drawing conclusions about the fulfillment of necessary conditions for initiating criminal proceedings before the International Criminal Court. The result of the analysis leads to the conclusion that the conditions have been met for initiating an investigation into crimes committed in Afghanistan or in connection with the armed conflict on the territory of Afghanistan. The initiation of an investigation is particularly important in the context of the withdrawal of US military forces and the Taliban's takeover of power in Afghanistan. Namely, there is a real possibility that the newly formed government in Afghanistan will not be willing to cooperate with the prosecution and provide the necessary evidence related to the crimes in question, which directly affects the importance of conducting proceedings before the International Criminal Court.

Copyright of Collected Papers of the Law Faculty of the University of Rijeka / Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci is the property of Pravni fakultet Sveucilista u Rijeci and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Piracy is traditionally one of the oldest forms of violation of international law and a global threat to maritime traffic. It is a serious international offense against which criminal protection is ensured in the domestic legal system, relying on the postulates of international maritime law, and in particular the Convention on the Law of the Sea. In this paper, the authors deal with the legal analysis of the incrimination of piracy at the international and national levels. In relation to the Republic of Croatia, the authors present recent regulations regarding this international criminal offense in the domestic legal system. This paper aims to point out the fundamental problems caused by the existing regulations regarding this international crime, especially when it comes to jurisdiction over piracy, universal jurisdiction, taking over criminal prosecution, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of public policies in protecting coastal wetlands is gaining in prominence. The goal of this paper is to review the research themes and the key challenges of coastal wetlands policies. We found 259 papers that cover five research themes: development and impacts, territory, local population, governance, and management. Half of the papers are study cases from North America, and South and Southeast Asia. Regional patterns show that researchers in North America and West Europe focus on the themes of governance and management, while scientists in Latin America, Asia and Africa concentrate their efforts on development and impacts and local population. The paper concludes that development policies are affecting coastal wetlands by promoting or allowing urban and economic activities to grow out of control; territorial planning is mismatched with ecological dynamics and influenced by economic interests; the government must build adaptation and a collaborative, multilevel, and decentralized system to achieve the integration of local population in decision-making. Adaptation in the governance improves conservation, restoration, mitigation and compensation, which are significant factors considering the disastrous effects of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I further develop a philosophy of technology for law and the rule of law, more specifi cally for the role of territorial jurisdiction in the protection against crime and against arbitrary use of the ius puniendi. In the face of the code- and data-driven nature of cyberspace I will discuss modern positive law as based on a text-driven jurisdiction and the main argument of the paper is that we cannot take for granted that the kind of legal protection that is offered by a text-driven criminal jurisdiction will hold in the context of cyberspatial challenges. In the fi rst section, I investigate how modern positive law-as-we-know-it was triggered by the technologies of cartography and the printing press, arguing that both modern democracy and the rule of law are affordances of these technologies, as they enabled the rise of an exclusive, monopolistic territorial jurisdiction. In the second section, I explore the scope of written legal speech acts, integrating speech act theory and philosophy of technology, explaining how the substantive and procedural principles of criminal law legality depend on the performative effect of written legal speech acts, highlighting their connection with the rise of territorial jurisdiction and the creation of an artifi cial, modern demos. In the third section, I discuss the new challenges of competing territorial jurisdictions that claim legal powers outside their territory, coupled by the challenges posed by new types of ‘brute jurisdictions’ that are based on the force of technological infrastructures that may overrule the performative effect of written legal speech acts. In the conclusions I call for keen attention to which affordances of cartography and the printing press we need to preserve in cyberspace to uphold criminal law principles such as the presumption of innocence, the right to a fair trial and the legality principle, taking note that preservation will require reinvention and imagination rather than taking for granted the mode of existence of text-driven jurisdiction.

The strategic orientation and candidate status for accession to the European Union clearly point toward the country's European perspective. In this context, strengthening the territorial cohesion and balanced regional development become crucial for convergence with the EU integration process. Hence, this paper aims at a) disclosing the regional disparities of the country; b) identifying the state of situation in the field of territorial cooperation; c) perceiving potentials for the efficient use of the territorial resource. Secondary data of the last five years, the Official Journal and the Bureau for balanced regional development are used in order to assess the changes in disparity between the eight planning regions in Macedonia while implementing the new policy for balanced regional development. We provide testing for the correlation between the changes in development indices for the two consecutive periods and funds allocated for regional projects during the five-year policy implementation phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, the Criminal Procedure Code 1973 provides protection to persons anticipating or fearing arrest. With this paper, the author aims to trace the evolution of law of anticipatory bail in India with special reference to the issue of territorial jurisdiction. It focusses on the landmark judgments of the Supreme Court and meanders its way through conflicting opinions of the Court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the diagnostic capacity for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) in multidisciplinary clinics across several provincial and one territorial jurisdictions of Canada: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario and Northwest Territories. The data were collected directly from clinics capable of providing diagnoses of FASD and examined annual capacity for the assessment and diagnosis of FASD per year from 2015 to 2019. In total, 58 FASD diagnostic clinics were identified and 33 clinics participated in this survey. The study identified inadequate FASD diagnostic capacity in all participating jurisdictions. Based on the findings and the current population sizes, it is estimated that 98% of individuals with FASD are undiagnosed or misdiagnosed in Canada. Wait times for FASD diagnosis ranged from 1 month to 4.5 years across participating jurisdictions. The annual FASD diagnostic capacity in the select provinces and territories require at least a 67-fold increase per year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commitment to recover water for the environment in the Murray-Darling Basin is unprecedented internationally. However, the use of water markets to reallocate water for the environment first occurred in the Western United States in the late 1980s as part of water reforms that remain ongoing. This paper explores lessons from institutional innovations in the Western United States, including design principles to coordinate environmental water management across jurisdictions and adapt to unintended consequences caused by socioeconomic and hydrologic interactions at multiple scales. Two decades of implementation experience in the Western United States suggest a middle path between top-down and bottom-up approaches: nested governance arrangements that invest in local institutional capacity while ensuring complementary state and federal roles for basin-scale integration and accountability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the changing discourses of territory in Sri Lanka and their utility in conflict relations. The primordial homeland has been at the center of Sri Lanka's armed struggle, in which both Sinhalese and Tamil nationalisms have used claims of ancient and ethnically determined territories to justify their right to self-determination, territorial sovereignty, and armed struggle. This identity-territory nexus based on historical argument has been destabilized in Sri Lanka, however. Scholarly findings suggest that historical linkages between ethnicity and territory in Sri Lanka are highly problematic and are no longer effectual means for adjudicating territorial desires in Sri Lanka and producing stable homelands. I argue that rights-based territorial discourses have emerged to enhance the old historical justifications for territorial authority. New narratives based upon fulfilling or denying human rights have been put to work linking authority to territory based upon moral fitness and unfitness, political legitimacy and illegitimacy, and ultimately, upon which political actor deserves to rule the territorially bound population under its control. The first part of the paper examines historical narratives linking national homelands to identity as well as scholarly work that deconstructs this linkage. In part two, external sovereignty and political legitimacy are discussed as the starting point for understanding how rights-based discourses justify territorial claims. In part three, accusations related to human rights violations are described as an important vehicle for shaming political adversaries, undermining their legitimacy, and making and unmaking territorial claims in Sri Lanka. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media reports suggested that some South Africans were serving in the Israel Defence Forces in the war between Israel and Hamas in late 2023. The South African government threatened to prosecute them for their participation in the conflict. Section 198(b) of the South African Constitution provides that one of the principles governing national security in South Africa is that “[t]he resolve to live in peace and harmony precludes any South African citizen from participating in armed conflict, nationally or internationally, except as provided for in terms of the Constitution or national legislation.” The Regulation of Foreign Military Assistance Act (1998) provides for the circumstances in which a South African citizen or permanent resident can, with authorisation, take part in an armed conflict in a foreign country. Failure to get authorisation or to comply with the condition(s) of the authorisation is an offence. The Prohibition of Mercenary Activities and Regulation of Certain Activities in Country of Armed Conflict Act, which is meant to repeal the Regulation of Foreign Military Assistance Act, is not yet in force. In this article, the author illustrates how South African citizens or permanent residents who participate in foreign armed conflicts can be prosecuted and punished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the increasing interest in the territorial dimension of rural development in the Global South. Adapting the local development approach of the 1970s to the changing context of globalization and to the competitiveness discourse, mainstream development agencies and scholars currently see territorial development (TD) as an attractive model for the integration of rural regions into globalization dynamics. However, territory serves not only conventional mainstream ideologies, but also post-development thinking. It is shown that territory has turned out to be a crucial element for social movements in the defense of alternative visions of modernity and in the constitution of life worlds outside the conventional development path. The analysis of the meaning development actors give the term territory and the focus on the purposes for which it is mobilized allows a variety of possible development paths for the rural South to be identified, thus going beyond the prevailing modernist vision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Il Capitale Culturale: Studies on the Value of Cultural Heritage is the property of Il Capitale Culturale Studies on the Value of Cultural Heritage and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present paper analyzes the essential aspects regarding the accessibility by applying an assessment model of the accessibility of the administrative territorial units (ATU) within Transylvania. The methodology used for the calculation of the accessibility coefficient is based on the analysis of the distance between point A and point B, calculating the distance based on satellite points. An analysis of the obtained results regarding the accessibility by road in different administrative territorial units, show that these units have recorded a higher coefficient such as Cluj- Napoca, Sibiu, Târgu Mureş, Huedin, Iernut, Teius, Alba Iulia, while other most inaccessible territorial units are located in the mountain areas of the Alba, Cluj, Bistriţa- Nāsāud, Harghita, Covasna and Hunedoara counties. Following the analysis of the obtained results regarding the accessibility we can calculate the accessibility level of relief units (eg. Trascāu Mountains - 7.4 points or Hârtibaciu Tableland - 6.17 points). The values obtained as a result of this analysis can be used in the future local, micro-regional or regional studies which will also comprise elements of accessibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Social & Economic Studies is the property of University of the West Indies - Mona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper is concerned with the relationship between jurisdictional powers and economic and innovative capacity in the context of sub-national island jurisdictions (SNIJs). The "jurisdictional powers thesis", prominent in the present island studies debate, is confronted and discussed with reference to an empirical, comparative, study of the three Nordic SNIJs: the Åland Islands, the Faroe Islands and Greenland. The paper takes as its point of departure an ideal-type SNIJ which is characterized by a good match between jurisdictional powers and economic capacity; it then analyzes the three cases in terms of this ideal-type. Three different types of configurations emerge, representing three types of "deviations" from the ideal-type SNIJ; these are discussed in terms of their development potentialities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Estudios Políticos is the property of Centro de Estudios Politicos y Constitucionales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to analyse the territorial disparities in some socio-economic and environmental factors involved in land degradation (LD) processes in a dry Mediterranean region. A simplified framework in which ecological and economic factors may increase inequality in natural resource distribution along the elevation gradient and accelerate LD is illustrated. To test at a local scale if territorial disparities observed in such factors have increased in the last period, we studied changes in LD sensitivity over thirty years in Latium, central Italy, a region prone to soil degradation phenomena. An estimate of LD sensitivity at the municipality level was obtained through a synthetic index (ISD) composed by three partial indicators analysing respectively climate and soil conditions (CLI), land use characteristics (LAN), and human pressure (POP). ISD and the three partial indicators were computed separately for 1970 and 2000. The divergence in LD sensitivity among coastal and inland areas significantly increased over the study period. In the former zones, median ISD increased with a reduction in score variability among municipalities; the reverse pattern was observed in the latter zones. Differences in ISD score among the elevation gradient are especially due to human factors affecting land use changes and agriculture intensification. New findings to be achieved in the context of human impacts on the environment as an original contribution to the study of LD at a local scale were finally delineated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conflicts over territory have resulted in innumerable wars and other violent incidents, but the reasons that some territory is more highly valued or volatile than other areas may not be obvious. This paper demonstrates a taxonomy for analyzing international territorial disputes that seeks to capture their tangible and symbolic dimensions and to weigh them as the international community might. Twenty-six territorial disputes, including offshore areas and separatist issues, were examined and scored according to 15 criteria for objective prominence and 7 criteria related to how a country might view the dispute in terms of its national interest. The taxonomy used Saaty's Analytic Hierarchy Process to identify tangible and intangible properties, measure their interrelations, and produce intermediate and overall ranks. Each dispute was evaluated for prominence by examining intensifying (symbolic) factors, measures of magnitude, and characteristics that retard resolution. The magnitude of a dispute was judged to contribute the most to overall prominence, having twice the weight of the other two factors. The top five disputes in terms of prominence were the Kurdish issue, Kashmir, Tibet, Nagorno-Karabakh, and Xinjiang. The second hierarchy evaluated the disputes from the perspective of an international actor, in this case the United States. When judged by U.S. national interest, the most important factors were the deployment of U.S. forces in the claimant countries and if one of the claimants were a U.S. ally. Finally, the results from the two hierarchies were compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of how to regulate transactions in cyberspace is central to the future of international electronic commerce. This paper is based on four assumptions: (1) the Internet and e-commerce cannot exist apart from the social order; (2) attempts to regulate the tax activities on the Internet through existing territorial jurisdiction will be problematic; (3) cyberspace and e-commerce are inherently international, thus any successful governance regime will involve significant and substantial international cooperation; and (4) effective governance of cyberspace will require public-private sector cooperation, i.e., hybrid or integrative schemes combing self-regulaton with government oversight and enforcement capabilities. The paper discusses the first three of these assumptions, then explores taxation in more detail as a case study that typifies the issue raised by e-commerce in a global context. Next, I develop a frame-work for understanding the governance of cyberspace as an evolving process involving growing formulization and an increase in the number of actors involved over time. The paper concludes with a discussion of several issues that require further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Territorial impact assessment (TIA) aims at informing policy-makers on the policy impacts on different geographical areas (‘territorial units’). This paper presents a methodology for TIA which was tested on four European Union (EU) directives and their likely impacts on territorial units in Slovenia. This involved clustering Slovenian statistical (NUTS 3) regions according to their policy-relevant characteristics. The evaluation framework was reflecting the specific territorial cohesion objectives at corresponding governance levels (EU, national, local). This exercise indicates that there are some significant differences among Slovenian regions for different impacts, which become somewhat blurred when aggregated. Furthermore, the meaning of impacts differs depending on the governance level from which they are viewed. We conclude that important differences may be lost when impacts are generalized in policy assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main dynamics that shaped the evolution of the forest surfaces between 1990 and 2012, in the county of Iaşi, are related to the legislative context and to the territorial reforms that affected the district limits. Analyzing these mechanisms in a geographical context shows that these trends are also related to the spatial frame. This study emphasizes that moderate negative coefficients of spatial and territorial autocorrelation can also describe these trends, suggesting that these evolutions are rather chaotic at local scale. This aspect makes us suspect that the loss of forest surfaces in each district is not only dependent on the economic, social and legislative context of the transition period, it is also subject to geographical factors. Analyzing these factors is the main intention of our study because they can provide us a better understanding of the extremely complicated frame of forest dynamics in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Spatial Development Plan of the Romanian Black Sea Coastal Area committed by the Ministry of Regional Development and Tourism for the Romanian Black Sea Coastal Area is meant to provide the territorial planning framework for the future implementation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management. This paper focuses on the analysis of the territorial spread of economic performance in various business sectors and, in particular of activities linked to tourism as one significant source of revenue in the area. The analytical method used proves to be a useful tool to identify the specific spatial pattern of structural profiles and employment within the network of urban and rural settlements while highlighting particular spatial disparities as compared to local resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Civilisations is the property of Institut de Sociologie - ULB and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Civilisations is the property of Institut de Sociologie - ULB and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The orientation of spatial development policies in Romania is governed by the directions established in the European Union by the Lisbon and Gothenburg Strategies and the ESPON Program, and nationally by the principles of the Regional Operational Program and the National Plan of Development. The monitoring of their implementation and the study of their territorial effects require the development of advanced techniques and instruments for the spatial planning of the national, urban and rural territory in order to strengthen the administrative capacity to absorb structural and cohesion funds, as well as the use of informational technology to monitor the development level of Romania with respect to regional development. A set of regional development indicators was proposed for each region, and embedded in a Geographical Information System. This paper synthesizes the results of analyses and proposes actions that should govern regional development in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is, on the one hand, to disclose the legislative actions that Argentine Government its different jurisdictions has undertaken about Corporate Social Responsibility in; and, on the other hand, to set the authors' point of view as regards its future development. Considering the fact that there is no a comprehensive national legislation about this subject, some local laws and initiatives are taken as example. One of them is Act No. 2594 by Legislatura de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, which demands companies to publish entrepreneurial social reports. Another source is national Act No. 25877 and its modification proposals, which deals with Working Regime Order in relation to Social Report publications. Besides, another regulatory project about the topic from Municipalidad de San Carlos de Bariloche is taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper summarizes methods, data and information used for the research project "OpenGIS system informational for monitoring the impact of spatial planning policies - GISTEREG". The problems proposed for resolution refer to the current planning issues of the national territory, involving: (a) developing advanced techniques and instruments for the spatial planning of national, urban and rural areas in order to strengthen the administrative capacity of accessing structural and cohesion funds (b) utilize information technology for monitoring the level of development in Romanian spatial planning according to the development guidelines of the European Union, established through Lisbon and Gothenburg strategies. Consequently, a set of proposed indices specific to regional development accounted for the administrative units and regions were transposed in a geographic information system. Using mathematical evaluation and prognosis models (ELECTRE ranking method) "hierarchies" were established for groups of territorial indicators, displayed in charts and maps underlining the socioeconomic development disparities among different regions of Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The North of Morocco, like border regional space with Spain and the European Union, is object of an intense process of promotion of policies and programs of cooperation of diverse institutions (UN, European Union, agencies of co-operation, among others) that have interests in the zone, such as: fortification of a growth, safety ring in a strategic zone of the rent by the existence of a high step between neighbors, creation of a new policy of vicinity based on semi-integration, reduction of the emigration, etcetera. Question that agrees with a determined policy of the Moroccan government to re-launch socially and economically this space: process of regionalization and dowry of institutions (Agency for the Promotion of the Development in the Regions of the North), design of a strategy of growth based on the human development, and more. This paper analyzes the reasons of this process, the geographic reality and the socioeconomic characterization of the border area. At the same time, it diagnoses the weaknesses and opportunities for the joint of new policies of cooperation and development for the actors who look for a territorial development in this border area, today in crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Wet' suwet'en are currently struggling to affirm their Aboriginal and territorial rights through the British Columbia treaty process. While this process continues, resource extraction activities remove large volumes of culturally important resources. At present, very few areas of the their territory have not been impacted by logging or mining development. Understandably, the Wet'suwet'en feel a sense of urgency regarding the conservation and protection of their natural and cultural resources. This paper examines how the Wet'suwet'en adapted the existing archaeological process within the resource management industry to better reflect their vision and cultural values. The creation of non-legislated policy and protocol agreements with various industry and government entities, combined with the Wet'suwet'en Territorial Stewardship Plan (WTSP), has allowed this First Nation to centrally position themselves in the archaeological process, which did not adequately address their needs. The primary result has been greater Wet'suwet'en involvement in decisions made regarding the management of their cultural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has discussed the various kinds and nature of international treaties as well as their enforcement methods. It has raised and examined Nigerian attitude towards implementation of international treaties particularly by its courts. It has equally made the case that Nigerian courts should be more conscious of the need to enforce international treaties to which Nigeria is a signatory including those that Nigeria in under obligation as a member of the international community to implement within its territorial jurisdiction.

The article discusses various reports published within the issue, including one by Daniel Dzurek on tangible and intangible dimensions of territorial disputes and another by Kathy Powers on the role of resources in conflict and peace-building

The article examines the importance of the proclamation by U.S. President Harry S. Truman of the U.S.' jurisdiction and control over the offshore continental shelf and its subsoil resources in 1945. Also cited are the claim by the U.S. Geologic Survey (USGS) that the Truman Proclamation opened a new area for geological exploration and mineral exploitation, how the proclamation transformed the conceptions of governance, sovereignty, space, and territory in the U.S., and how the proclamation led to the adoption of the United Nations (UN) Conventions on the Law of the Sea.

Territorial contenders are political entities that control territory but differ from sovereign states in that they lack diplomatic recognition as legal members of the international system. One consequence of this difference is that international relations data sets have historically excluded information about them. And yet, as evidenced by the Islamic State's impact on politics in the Middle East and beyond, territorial contenders are important actors in the international system. In this article, we introduce a new data set of territorial contenders, compare territorial contenders to other categories of territorial nonstate actors, explore how the presence of territorial contenders affects the probabilities of civil war and state failure, illustrate the conditions under which territorial contenders are more likely to emerge, and discuss a series of studies now possible given the existence of this new data set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Estudios Sociales is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For five decades, indigenous Miskitu communities have fought for legal title of their lands in the Muskitia region of eastern Honduras. The central geopolitical force of this territorial movement has been the Miskitu federation, MASTA (Muskitia Asla Takanka, or Unity of Muskitia). This descriptive case study shows how Miskitu engagement with state and other actors, amid a sea of powerful and sometimes dangerous local and global forces, has led to the peaceful development of twelve new indigenous territorial jurisdictions (ITJs). These ITJs, called concejos territoriales (CTs) or territorial councils, have newly designed intercommunity titles that recognize the overlapping land uses and broader functional habitats (subsistence zones) of Miskitu communities. These features—inherent in their customary practices—were first plotted through participatory research mapping (PRM) in 1992 and thereafter becoming requisites for titling. The Miskitu example demonstrates how indigenous territoriality can be peacefully accommodated within the context of the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim/purpose - The conceptualization of the estimation of spatial dysfunctionality costs. Design/methodology/approach - An innovative method of estimating costs due to spatial dysfunctionality was proposed, including costs directly incurred and the time lost. Findings - A modern system of integrated planning requires costs projections that justify the necessary changes in space and convince the public and competently independent territorial authorities in the metropolis to take them accordingly. The dysfunctionality of space exposes a society to high costs. On the example of the Cracow Metropolitan Area, costs only from commuting to work amount to PLN 114.7 billion (2018-2030). Research implications/limitations - The results of research indicate the geographical directions in which the investments of public authorities operating in the metropolitan area should concentrate. For the accuracy of the projections presented, it would be essential to increase the frequency and scope of Central Statistical Office research on commuting to work. Originality/value/contribution - The presented study is part of a few Polish studies in the field of estimating the costs of spatial phenomena - especially in terms of mobility costs. The proposed method of the research attempts to fill the gap in estimating the costs of commuting by taking into account the costs of car amortization. Thus far, research in the field of travel costs has focused merely on fuel costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]