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A clear understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of water resources is essential for the optimal allocation and sustainable utilization of water resources. In this paper, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of water resources in Henan Province were studied based on GIS, combining the Mann-Kendall (M-K) nonparametric test and rescaled range (R/S) analysis. In addition, SPSS software was used to analyze the influence of climate and land use type on water resources. The results indicated that (1) the hot spots of water resources were concentrated in the southwest, while the low values were concentrated in the northeast, and the distribution of water resources decreased from southwest to northeast. (2) In the past 21 years, spatiotemporal mutations in the water resource sequence occurred between 2010 and 2014. The Z-values of the M-K trend test were all less than 0, the H-values of groundwater resources (GWRs) were mostly greater than 0.5, and the h-values of surface water resources (SWRs) and total water resources (TWRs) were less than 0.5, showing an overall declining trend. However, this trend may change in the future. (3) From the correlation analysis, climate change had a greater impact on water resources than land use changes did. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of global economy and society, water shortage has become a crucial limitation to the growth of many cities. The agricultural water resources carrying capacity (AWRCC) is a key indicator to judge the sustainable development of agriculture. It is necessary to quantificationally evaluate AWRCC to ensure safety of regional economic development and human being's living demand. To reasonably quantify AWRCC, this paper constructs an agricultural water resources evaluation system. CRITIC (CRiteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation) is introduced, and its combination with analytic hierarchy process (AHP) solves the subjectivity and randomness of weight determination. Based on the definition of AWRCC and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE), we construct support index (CCS), pressure index (CCP) and carrying capacity index (CCI) to describe the spatio-temporal variation of AWRCC in Henan Province. Applying sensitivity and correlation analyses into the AWRCC evaluation demonstrates practicality and rationality of results. It eventually provides corresponding suggestions to each city group with diverse carrying capacities. Main conclusions are as follow: (1) The per capita water consumption and agricultural water utilization rate in Henan trended to decrease yearly. The irrigation rate of cropland and the proportion of water-saving irrigation of cropland increased to a varying extent. Water resources utilization rate, cropland irrigation rate, proportion of water-saving irrigation in cropland, grain yield per unit cropland, and wetland proportion were relatively sensitive indicators and they were higher correlated with AWRCC. (2) During 2010–2020, although the agricultural water resources have been overloaded in Henan, AWRCC exhibited a slight enhancement on the temporal scale. On spatial scale, the central region had a stronger AWRCC than the surrounding cities, while the southwest region was relatively weaker, and the AWRCC of the eastern region continued to enhance. (3) According to the tertiary characteristics and spatio-temporal variation of AWRCC, cities of Henan can be roughly divided into four groups and some proposals were proposed individually to enhance the carrying capacity. The conclusion of this paper is helpful to understand the current situation of agricultural water resources in Henan and can provide a reference for the sustainable development of AWRCC. [Display omitted] • CRITIC combined with AHP solves the subjectivity of weight determination. • Spatio-temporal variation characteristics of AWRCC in Henan were analyzed. • Sensitivity and correlation analysis are used to detect AWRCC sensitive indicators. • Proposals were suggested respectively for cities with diverse AWRCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 1. The lag degree of hydrological drought is studied by changing the time scale. • 2. Multi-scale standardized indicators can explore the strongest correlation. • 3. According to the synchronization, relevance, correlation to calculate the results. • 4.The scale time with the strongest correlation is the propagation time. To study the propagation law of meteorological droughts to hydrological droughts under variable time scales, and to reveal the synchronisation gap and lag time of hydrological droughts compared to meteorological droughts, and the lag degree of hydrological drought is quantitatively studied. In this paper, the Yellow River Water Supply Area in Henan is taken as the research area, and the propagation time of meteorological drought to hydrological drought under variable time scale is mainly studied. The calculation of drought propagation time is set as two states: interval scale and continuous scale. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) sequence and Standardized Runoff Index (SRI) sequence (1)with interval and continuous scales were obtained by multi-scale standardization of precipitation and runoff, which were used to characterize meteorological drought and hydrological drought respectively. The Mann-Kendall (M−K) test method was used to analyze the evolution of SPI sequence and SRI sequence at monthly scale, and to study the lag time of hydrological drought in four seasons compared with meteorological drought. Combining the Grey Correlation Method and Pearson correlation coefficient methods, the time interval for the propagation of meteorological droughts to hydrological droughts was determined based on the strongest correlation of different combinations of sequences. Finally, the propagation time series is divided into sliding windows to analyse the M−K dynamic trend of propagation time from a seasonal scale perspective. It provides a strong basis for the study of drought propagation based on multi-scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A Water-economy-ecology concept framework is established. • An evaluation index system of 3 aspects including 15 indicators is constructed. • EFAST-Cloud model is innovatively proposed and applied in regional WRCC evaluation. • The WRCC of Henan Province is evaluated at the watershed scale and municipal scale. Water is the basic need for human survival and the development of economy and ecology. Water resources carrying capacity (WRCC) modelling is a fundamental task to explore the interaction mechanism between economy-ecology development and water resources carrying system. To reasonably quantify the regional WRCC, an evaluation method based on Water-economy-ecology (WEE) concept framework and EFAST-Cloud model is proposed in this study, and Henan Province of China is selected as a typical study area. It can both identify the inter-feeding relationships between sub-systems and evaluate the proportion of each grade in detail by reflecting the randomness and fuzziness of the evaluation. A total of 15 indicators including water system, economy system, and ecology system are constructed. The study analyzes the sensitivity of indicators by using Simlab software and then calculates the weight of indicators by using EFAST method. Compared with other traditional methods, EFAST algorithm is a special method for model sensitivity analysis, which can fully consider the coupling effect between indicators. According to the statistical data of 2010, 2015, and 2020, the WRCC at the watershed scale and municipal scale in Henan Province are evaluated through the EFAST-Cloud model. At the watershed scale, the ecology system criterion layer performs best over the multiple years, the Huaihe and Yangtze River basin have better WRCC at the target layer. At the municipal scale, Xuchang, Luohe, and Zhumadian have better WRCC, Puyang, Zhoukou, and Jiaozuo are slightly worse. The results show that WRCC of the study area has shown an overall improvement, but there is still much space for its development. Therefore, targeted recommendations are made for the water, economy, and ecology system respectively. The conclusion of this paper can provide a reference for the government in making water resources management policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional water resources coordination (RWRC) plays a prominent role in long-term sustainability. In order to achieve harmonious utilization of regional water resources, it is suggested that local governments should focus on balancing three goals - security, equity, and efficiency, resulting in both ecological and socio-economic benefits in a region. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a comprehensive evaluation methodology for assessing the degree of RWRC. First, a security-equity-efficiency (SEE) evaluation indicator system is established. A novel multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach that integrates decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method and VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (in Serbian, known as VIKOR) method considering two different hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets (HFLTSs) is then proposed. With this approach, a final ranking is obtained for six alternatives for the RWRC of the relevant regions (i.e., Shandong Province, Henan Province, Hebei Province, Anhui Province, Tian City, Jiangsu Province) in North China Plain, and the six relevant regions receive coordination performance ranking of II, III, V, I, VI, IV. Moreover, comparison analysis and sensitivity analysis are conducted to verify the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed method and dig deep into the RWRC conditions in the studied regions. Finally, some managerial suggestions are provided for strengthening the coordination levels in these regions. • A SEE indicator system is established for RWRC evaluation. • A hybrid MCDM method integrating different HFLTSs is proposed. • A maximum consensus and minimum hesitant degree model of HFLTSs is constructed. • Interval HFLTSs are introduced into DEMATEL method for indicators' weights. • A case study is presented to verify the effectiveness of the evaluation method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]