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BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) together accounted for about 17.3% of total research papers in science and engineering published in 2011 compared to 7.6% in 1995, whereas their contribution to total doctorates produced in science and engineering in 2010 was 31.2% of the world total. India held second position in 1995 amongst BRICS countries and was behind Russia, whereas in 2011, China not only replaced Russia but also attained second position in publishing science and engineering research papers in the world, next only to USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines 1220 digital library research papers published by BRICS countries during the period 2000 to 2019. Bibliographic data on the research papers were collected from Web of Science database. It is found that maximum number of publications (225) were two-authored. The Degree of collaboration is 0.84, collaborative index is 4.14, the collaboration co-efficient is 0.59 and the modified collaboration co-efficient is 0.61. Among all the BRICS countries, China has contributed the most number of papers [690 (56.58%)] followed by India with 205 (16.80%) contributions. Lotka's law was not found to fit with the observed author's productivity of the study. The study concludes that there is increased research on digital library in BRICS countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the emergence of COVID-19 in Wuhan China in early 2019, the global spread of this virus has impacted markets, health systems and general households across the world. Even with draconian containment measures, such as monitored movement restrictions, closed borders and various lockdowns, the disease has appeared highly difficult to contain. Within a few months, it reached all BRICS countries, affecting more than 39.7 million people, which accounts for 26.3 per cent of global infections, declaring it a global pandemic by the WHO. Unfortunately, the rapid spread and imposing nature of this virus have not provided countries with enough time and space to reflect on the far-reaching consequences that arise from poor public policy measures as well as disease control measures by their respective health systems. As a result, a lot of dis-ease amongst the public, government policy implementers and health care providers have been raised. This has negatively impacted people’s day-to-day activities and lives. Increased mortality rates amongst the elderly have been a growing concern as well as the increasing effects on all other age groups across BRICS countries. Using a comparative study approach, this paper seeks to analyse the effects of Covid-19 and the dis-ease that arises from its proximity in BRICS countries. Additionally, the paper will provide a qualitative overview of public policy approaches comparing the member countries and addressing the effects of this pandemic and the dis-ease it has caused amongst BRICS countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though political science is one of the most extensive research fields within the social sciences, there is little scholarly knowledge about its publishing trends and the internationalization of the discipline. This paper analyzes international publishing by taking a close look at publishers, Scopus-indexed journals, articles, and author collaboration networks. The results show that the number of political science journals almost tripled between 2000 and 2022. Our descriptive analysis also reveals that only a few Western commercial international publishers, and Taylor & Francis in particular, dominate the publication of political science journals, and Western authors account for the majority of both academic papers and citations. Additionally, our research explores that the most prolific country in terms of publication within political science is still the United States, but the BRICS countries, especially India, Russia, and China, have achieved remarkable growth in their publication outputs. Finally, our network analysis suggests that the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia occupy central positions in international collaborations among political scientists, but Asian, Eastern European and Latin-American regional networks have been developing in the last decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brexit has undeniably had effects on power relations in the world economy and beyond. This article aims to measure the dimensions of power for the European Union, the United States and the BRICS countries and to provide a case study about the prospective impact of Brexit on the EU's and the UK's positions within the global architecture of power. In this regard, the paper proposes a new method of measurement of the world power by using six dimensions of power, using data before the Brexit procedures started. The highlights of the empirical findings are that the exclusion of the UK has strengthened EU's position only for the economic dimension of power, while for the UK, the most dominant repositioning within the power architecture due to the Brexit is recorded for the political & governance. The findings can contribute to raising awareness among policy--makers, companies, institutions and the population, both at European and at national level, about populist tendencies and attitudes towards potential separations of some member countries from the European community and their consequences for the European development from multiple perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is aim to find out the relationship among stock markets of BRICS Countries during the COVID-19. International investors want different portfolio while investing in other countries and policy makers needs information about the economies of the countries so this paper help them to get the relationship among BRICS countries. To find out the Cointegration among these secondary data has been used from 31st December 2019 to 31st December 2020. ADF and PP Test used to check the stationarity in the data set and VAR Model used to find out the cointegration between these countries and Granger Causality test used to find out the Cause relationship among the stock prices of the BRICS Countries. After analysis this paper finds that a significant integration among the BRICS Countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper's main objective is to investigate the effect of stock market growth and green energy on GHG emissions. Further, this research empirically analyzes the effects of renewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions in the EKC hypothesis using data from BRICS countries (China, India, Russia, Brazil, and South Africa) from 1990 to 2019. The empirical analysis was carried out on the second-generation unit root test. The bootstrap panel integration method is used to verify long-term equilibrium connections between elements of all four models. The empirical results confirm a significant long-run flexibility study's findings that green energy improves environmental circumstances by lowering carbon pollution levels across the panel regions. Additionally, renewable energy consumption significantly decreases carbon dioxide emissions and increases financial output through the panels. Instead, the stock market expansion index fell carbon pollution in BRICS countries while increasing carbon pollution in India member country. In general, fixed capital formation and economic expansion degrade environmental quality by rising carbon pollution concentrations. This paper's results have significant and effective policy implications for promoting renewable energy consumption sources to help reduce CO2 emissions and ensure sustainable economic growth in the BRICS nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BRICS is an important politico–economic body formed by five large developing countries, i.e., Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The BRICS countries are formed mainly due to the outcome of the Geo-politics of global governance. Geopolitics is the art and practice of using political power over a given region or territory. The present study is concerned with the evaluation of the geopolitical role of BRICS as an international, regional, and political organization. The main objective of this paper is to revisit the debate on political and economic power among the BRICS countries as regional politics and policies. This paper has been done mainly depending on some secondary data, research articles, books, and websites. Descriptive statistics, Composite Index (CI) methods have been used to obtain the empirical outcome. The BRICS countries have an emerging economy that is expected to become stronger in the future. This global governance will have a significant impact on many branches of the economy, health care services, and other regional aspects. The BRICS summit declarations are mainly based on economic, political, regional, financial, and commercial approaches. BRICS countries have an interdependent political strategy and interstate relations based on interdisciplinary cooperation and experience sharing. The improvement of educational and technical activities, more cooperation, and economic development should be needed for further progress of this alliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper empirically evaluates the impact of environment stringency policy, business regulations, policy and economic uncertainty, and real GDP per capita on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows by employing the autoregressive distributed lag approach and using data from 2000 to 2015. Specifically, we focus on two groups of countries with different economic development, the Group of Seven (G7) and the BRICS countries, and the composite indices of business and environmental regulations and policy-induced uncertainty, along with real gross domestic capital (GDP) per capita, were selected to reflect the multidimensionality of the settings in the selected countries. Our results indicate that only the effect of real GDP per capita turned out to be homogenous and statistically significant across different income groups and time horizons. Findings also show that more friendly business regulations significantly encourage FDI inflows in the long run, but there is a bottom line. When regulations are already at a low level, as is the case with G7 countries, further liberalization would adversely affect FDI inflows. Furthermore, more stringent environmental regulations have a marginally adverse effect on FDI inflows only in the long run. At the same time, they weakly support the pollution haven hypothesis. The impact of policy-induced uncertainty on investment is adverse but largely nonsignificant in the short run. It appears that cross-border investments follow a pattern of the safe-haven effect to avoid uncertainty in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The BRICS countries, namely Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, are dynamically driven emerging economies that have experienced rapid growth and significant political transformations in recent decades. This article examines the challenges and opportunities faced by the BRICS countries in enhancing governance and implementing comprehensive public administration reforms. Each country has its unique political, social, and economic context, resulting in diverse challenges. These include corruption, bureaucratic inefficiencies, lack of transparency, inadequate public service delivery, and uneven regional development. This paper aims to explore the challenges and opportunities in governance and public administration reform within the context of BRICS, the unique characteristics and commonalities of BRICS countries, identifies key challenges in governance and public administration, and proposes strategies to harness the opportunities for reform. The findings of this research provide valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners in BRICS countries and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stock market performance relationships during disease epidemics is nebulous. The objective of this paper is to analyse the causal relationship between the BRICS countries’ stock market performance during the COVID-19 period. the paper inclines on prior work, which posits that anomalies in stock market might stimulate ripples amongst market participants. BRICS countries’ stock market data for a period of 95 days between January and May 2020 were analysed for causality using the Vector Auto-regression and the Granger Causality Wald test. Stock performance in China and India during the COVID period can predict the stock performance in Brazil during the COVID period. In addition, stock performance in Russia and South Africa can predict stock performance in India during the COVID period. the findings provide additional investment information to clarify investment risks and uncertainty for current and potential investors in BRICS countries. This paper provides important academic case study for business schools and suggests future research agenda. this article contributes the first empirical analysis of causal relationship amongst the BRICS market performance during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigated exchange rate and stock price volatility connectedness and spillover in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) during pandemic-induced crises. We first extracted volatility using the Generalized Auto-Regressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model. Then volatility connectedness and spillover were investigated by using (Diebold and Yilmaz, International Journal of Forecasting, 28(1), 57–66, 2012) method. We find that exchange rate volatility and stock return volatilities are connected during pandemic-induced crises. The study also finds volatilities spillover among countries in the sample. Russia has strong volatility connectedness with India in these financial markets. The direction of volatility spillover is from Russia to India. Similarly, Brazil has strong volatility connectedness with South Africa and the direction volatility spillover is from Brazil to South Africa. Finally, China has a weak volatility connection with the remaining BRICS countries. Thus, the volatility transfer in these financial markets and across BRICS countries has economic implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we assess the effects of fiscal policy on load capacity factor using data spanning from 1990 to 2018 in BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, China, India, and South Africa). Unlike both CO2 emissions and ecological footprint, the load capacity factor captures both the demand and supply sides of the environment. This research leverages on co-integration test, second-generation unit root tests, and the novel panel nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (PNARDL). The results revealed that the major contributors to environmental deterioration are economic expansion and nonrenewable energy, while environmental sustainability is attributed to increased renewable energy. Furthermore, a positive shock in taxation revenue increases the quality of the environment while positive (negative) shocks in government expenditure decrease environmental quality. In affirming the PNARDL testing approach findings, the current study employed the pool mean group (PMG) and mean group (MG) estimators to assess the linkage between the independent and dependent variables. The results of the MG and PMG estimators align with the panel nonlinear ARDL results. Besides, the panel causality test also revealed unidirectional causality from renewable energy, nonrenewable energy, economic growth, government expenditure, and taxation revenues to load capacity factor. These findings affirm the findings of the PNARDL testing approach. The study suggests that the BRICS nations' governments should use the fiscal policy to enhance ecological sustainability by promoting investment and projects in renewable sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tribology research output in BRIC countries for a period of five years from 2006 to 2010 was analysed. SCOPUS database has been used to retrieve the bibliographic records for the study period. The authors analyzed the document type, authorship and publication pattern of tribology research output among the BRIC countries. Statistical methods and scientometric tools such as, growth rate, collaboration co-efficient, co-authorship index and transformative activity index are used for the study. The quality and impact of tribology research output among the BRIC countries have been analyzed with citations per paper and relative citation impact. Further highly productive journals have been mapped and ranked based on h-index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of digitalisation and the Fourth Industrial Revolution has resulted in a significant shift in practices, resulting in a disconnection among organisations, employees, and technology, particularly affecting developing nations like the BRICS group which have faced disproportionate challenges due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this paper is to explore the role of quality in the context of intelligent and automated systems operating in a technologically advanced environment. The study employs a systematic literature review methodology, which encompassed a rigorous process of identifying and selecting 38 articles, followed by a comprehensive thematic analysis. The findings highlight that organisations need to adapt their quality systems to effectively operate in a world dominated by intelligent and automated systems. The implication is that by leveraging digital technologies, organisations can embrace the integration of quality with machine learning, programmable logic controllers, adaptive feedback loops, automated information collection, and blockchain technology to develop a value-based, transparent, and secure quality system. The proposed roadmap and model derived from this study affords organisations the opportunity to establish an intelligent quality ecosystem that aptly aligns with the requisites of the technologically advanced era, thereby ensuring the attainment of excellence in quality during the digital era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the peculiar features of South Africa's foreign policy, which became the fifth member of BRICS in 2011. The decision for South Africa's accession to BRICS was based on the principles of the country's foreign policy; facilitating the establishment of a multipolar, just, and equitable world order, striving for the development and prosperity of Africa. The focus is on the notion of Ubuntu and the formation of foreign policy in South Africa since the 90s of the 20th century. Ubuntu is one of the basic philosophical concepts and organizational principles of the Bantu-speaking people of Africa. After the fall of the apartheid regime in South Africa and the democratic transformation undertaken in 1994, the philosophy of Ubuntu was adopted by the leaders of the country and became an instrument regulating public life, became a regular fixture of domestic public policy as well as firmly entrenching itself as one of the key principles of foreign policy. The purpose of this paper is to determine when the philosophy of Ubuntu became part of the political landscape of South Africa, to establish the degree of this concept's influence on the external and internal political rhetoric, and to determine the tools for the dissemination of Ubuntu by the government of South Africa. The scientific novelty consists in a comprehensive analysis of state documents and their study with reference to content on the Ubuntu concept. Earlier, such an analysis has not been introduced into the scientific study of our country. The conclusions reached by the author assert a high degree of integration of the concept of Ubuntu in the strategic course of the South Africa's policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research background: We examine the dividend payout policies across companies listed on the main stock exchanges in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS). Unlike the highly developed capital markets, the literature regarding dividend policy on BRICS' stock exchanges is scarce. Purpose of the article: The purpose of this paper is threefold: verification of the existence of dividend smoothing pattern; selection of the significant drivers that affect both dividend levels and dividend smoothing; examination of differences between dividend policy of cross- and single-listed companies. Methods: Based on a dataset of 564 companies that paid dividends for at least 11 consecutive years in the period of 1995-2015, we apply a GMM two-step estimator to assess the speed of dividend adjustment (SOA) coefficient. Further we employ the linear panel regression to indicate the individual and market determinants of the dividend levels and SOAs. In the latter case, we base on time series of the SOAs obtained from the rolling estimation technique. Finally, we conduct separate estimations for cross-listed companies. Findings & value added: We confirm a moderate level of dividend smoothing within BRICS countries. Among the firm-level characteristics affecting the SOA the most important are: ownership dispersion, age and size of a firm, retained earnings, leverage, long term debt, asset tangibility, liquidity risk ratio, and issuing the depositary receipts (DR). Two relevant market factors are found: market capitalisation and turnover in relation to GDP. Similar characteristics have a significant impact on dividends' levels in the entire sample, whereas in the subsample of cross-listed companies fewer variables are significant. Our paper is the first comprehensive attempt to investigate the dividend policy and determinants of dividend smoothing among BRICS countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will explain about the entrepreneurial profession in different BRIC nations, there development and the practices. BRICs nations' full form is Brazil, Russia, India & China which are known as emerging economies of east as G7 is of west. Emerging economies growth based on technologies and entrepreneurship education to students during their academic years. Developed countries have more growth than others due to they are focusing on important factors which has been discussed in the literature. Countries have different practices for the development of entrepreneurship. Different Nations have different mindset for the entrepreneurship training and development. Few nation imparting entrepreneurship training during schooling of the child few take it during college times of the students. Mostly youths are interested to start and grow their business during the academics days which becomes important factor of discussion in this paper. As we know BRIC nation's plays a vital role in world economy where as the entrepreneurial practices in these nations plays the vital role in the Entrepreneurship development. Top 2 most populous countries are coming in the BRIC nations so the land and labor study is also equally important. Pros & cons of all the factors are the main focus of the study. It is finding and discussed in this study that the primary and higher education of entrepreneurship is most important for higher pace of growth for the startup entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article concerns the development of internationalisation of higher education in China. The paper describes the historical development of higher education and the development of internationalisation of higher education, recalling the most important facts. The author points out that the first forms of internationalisation took the shape of student and scientific exchanges, and over time, along with the introduction of the country's economic development strategy, the country focused on creating strategic mergers, alliances and international cooperation, which are regulated directly by the PRC (e.g. OBOR) or are transnational (e.g. BRICS), where the Chinese state plays one of the main roles. The article is based on the analysis of existing research by the Chinese researchers, where the analytical perspective of a researcher from a different culture, participating in the process of internationalisation of higher education in the world, is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper used the Markov-switching (MS)-based wavelet analysis technique to study the dependence structure and the time–frequency impact of exchange rates on crude oil prices (West Texas Intermediate (WTI)) and stock returns. Daily data from 1 January 2005 to 1 March 2020 were collected for exchange rates, crude oil prices, and the BRICS stock market returns. The findings indicate that crude oil prices display higher volatility compared to stock returns and exchange rates. Furthermore, the wavelet analysis reveals consistent changes in the co-movement patterns of both volatility regimes, albeit with some variations in the time periods and frequency domains. The time–frequency dependence between Brazilian, Indian, and Chinese stock markets and crude oil is significantly influenced by exchange rates, which play a pivotal role in their co-movement in the medium term. The findings reveal that these three countries share economic interests, have strong economic ties and interdependencies, and may be motivated to cooperate during crisis periods. However, when it comes to Russia and South Africa (SA), exchange rates do not exhibit a long-term impact on the co-movement in time–frequency. Therefore, we recommend investors to look for investment opportunities that are less correlated with the co-moving markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-run relationships and structural breaks have often been confused so that many investigators ignore the structural breaks in long-run stock price relationships. In this paper, we investigate the long-run relationships among stock prices in BRICS countries in a bivariate framework. We used a non-linear threshold cointegration test, which endogenously incorporates possible regime shift behaviors into the long-run relationships from 2004 to 2018. The Johansen cointegration test, the Gregory and Hansen cointegration test, and the Hatemi-J regime shift cointegration test, which allow for single and double structural breaks, were used. The principal finding of this paper confirms the presence of cointegration among the BRICS stock markets with two endogenous structural breaks. The study confirms that ignoring the presence of structural breaks in long-run series data can produce ambiguous results. It also confirms the absence of cointegration among these stock markets (Brazil and China, India and China, and China and South Africa) after two endogenous structural breaks. These empirical findings support conjecture on more than just the changes in the relationships between the BRICS stock markets. The disintegrated markets suggest the absence of arbitrage activity and vice versa. Thus, disintegrated markets mean that investors can obtain long-term gains through international portfolio diversification. While the benefit of the diversification is very limited in the long run, it is unlikely to be eliminated in practice. Hence, there is a possibility of obtaining an unusual profit in such a market, and consequently the assumptions of market efficiency could also be violated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate how external debt influences selected socio-economic variables in a sample of the five biggest emerging nations of the world, i.e., the BRICS block from 1996 to 2020. The data was found to have cross-sectional dependence, which was addressed by using second-generation unit root tests of CIPS and CADF. Cross-sectional dependence was further effectively addressed using the techniques of FMOLS. The study uses the ARDL models to achieve the desired objective. Dumitrescu Hurlin's (DH) panel causality analysis was adopted to analyze the variables' causality. The study found that, in the long run, External Debt has a positive impact on Unemployment and Life Expectancy while it has a negative impact on Net National Income. The results are also consistent in the short run, except in the case of unemployment, which has been shown to reduce with an increase in the external debt component of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concepts like Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Total Official Support for Sustainable Development (TOSSD) and South – South Cooperation (SSC) have a significant impact on national strategies for international aid. This paper examines India's policy ideas and local practices to explore the contexts of the national implementation of the SDGs for global public well-being. The study approaches these issues through three avenues: the SDG-oriented idealistic view of international aid, the pragmatic lines of the SSC model and the TOSSD framework that bridges those two aspects. In the case of India, we observe a traditional orientation of international aid focused on the SSC model, combined with a tendency of transformation toward the SDGs. The research discusses Indian practice and analyzes the existing barriers to development and their associated policy solutions. This background reflects on the general transition of development strategies in international aid among the BRICS countries and the potential of these countries' future contributions toward global development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analysed the effect of freshwater withdrawals and management on agricultural and industrial sectors productivity in the emerging market economies. The auto-regressive distributed lag model and the panel analyses were employed in our estimations. Our result revealed that Brazil had better water use efficiency in agricultural production with annual withdrawals which contribute significantly and positively to the increase in crop and livestock index. In contrast, annual withdrawals for agriculture were considered to be least efficient in Russia, followed by China and India, although, in South Africa, the result suggested an insignificant positive effect in the incremental index. Furthermore, our analysis revealed that freshwater withdrawals have a significant positive impact on industrial outputs in South Africa. Similarly, water withdrawals were positively related to industrial sector productivity in China and Russia. Brazil and India appear to be the least efficient countries where withdrawals impacted negatively (and significantly for Brazil) on industrial sector outputs. Our panel analyses showed that freshwater withdrawals were positively associated with crop and livestock production index and industrial outputs in the BRICS economies. However, the magnitude of the impacts was only significant for the industrial sector. Moreover, investments and private participation in water and sanitation projects impacted significantly and positively in productivity in both sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manuscript type: Research paper Research aims: This paper aims to examine how the political effectiveness and board independence moderate the effect of managerial entrenchment on corporate social responsibility (CSR). Design/Methodology/Approach: Data of non-financial firms from the BRICS countries for the period of 2010-2018 were obtained from Thomson Reuters (asset 4) and financial reports. Panel regression model was employed to analyse the data. Research findings: The results show that there is a positive relationship between managerial entrenchment and CSR. Political embeddedness was found to strengthen the positive relationship between managerial entrenchment and CSR. Independent directors was reported to weaken the relationship between managerial entrenchment and CSR. Theoretical contribution/Originality: Theoretically, this study contributes to the literature on agency theory. The finding provides novel insights into how managerial entrenchment affects CSR activities. It also expands the body of knowledge on corporate governance and CSR by focusing on manager's self-interest to shareholder's interest. Practitioner/Policy implication: Practically, this study provides valuable information to stakeholders, regulatory authorities and investors who wish to assess various antecedents of CSR. Research limitation/Implications: Future study should consider comparing the developed and developing countries. Other aspects of CSR should also be considered for better understanding. This study sheds light on the relevance of promoting the social and environmental awareness mechanisms surrounding companies in addition to developing CSR policies focused on corporations of BRICS countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic growth and economic development terms were considered interchangeably. There were no separate studies in development economics. Income used to be single yardstick for determining economic development of nations till 1991. Gradually after 1991 some welfare economist started a shift in paradigm. They emphasized the importance of social and other factors in the field of economic development. Prof. Amartya Sen and late Dr. Mahebub-ul-Haq transformed the concept of human development in 1991. They contributed in Human Developed Report published in 1991. After that Human Development Index has gained the recognition in the area of economic development. There are countries such as China, Hongkong, Japan, Korea etc. have joined the link between economic developments as well as human development and strengthened it. Both economic and non-economic factors are equally important in measuring economic development. There are number of non-economic indicators to measure human development i.e. Human Development Index (HDI), Gender Development Index (GDI), Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM), Multi-Dimensional Poverty Index (MDPI), Human Consumption Index (HCI), Human Rights Index (HRI) and Technology Achievement Index (TAI) etc. these indicators are focused on increasing human capabilities and opportunities for better economic quality. The present paper deals with human development and its various issues in BRICS Countries. Researcher has divided this paper into three sections. In the first section Researcher has explained the research method parts. In the second section, status of human development index has been analyzed as per the latest methodology for BRICS countries. And in last section main conclusion and suggestions have been discussed. According to HDR 2015, Three BRIC countries (Brazil, China, and the Russian Federation) are placed in high human development category and two countries India and South Africa) have been placed in medium development category. The present study is intended to find out the reasons for the differences in the level of human development among the five large economies of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in the development of cooperation between the BRICS countries is one of the important facets of multilateral partnership among the BRICS Nations however it has not been fully realized and still below its potential. The purpose of this paper is to understand the role of NGOs in each BRICS countries and present a case of their collaboration in developing the economic partnerships between regions, municipalities and other agencies of development in the countries. This paper examines the legal architecture which NGOs operate in each BRICS countries, stress the importance of their role in development of the local communities and present evidence of cooperation between NGOs of BRICS countries on developmental issues. It concludes by recommending the need to create more conductive space, multilateral frameworks, informal collaborations by non-state actors to promote track two diplomacy and strengthened the role of NGOs in promoting the multilateral cooperation between BRICS Nations and improve the lives of its citizens. The paper is based on literature reviews and study of various treaties and statutes from BRICS countries on the role of NGOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the effects of carbon emissions, renewable energy consumption, FDI, and exports on economic growth in BRICS countries from 2000 to 2018. The study uses other variables such as interest rates, labor force, trade openness, and gross domestic savings to determine the long-run relationship among variables. We employ several econometric techniques, such as ARDL, pool mean group (PMG), mean group (MG), and the Dumitrescu Hurlin panel causality tests, to draw empirical inferences. The estimation of the PMG model indicates that carbon emissions, renewable energy consumption, exports, FDI, and savings have a significant positive long-run impact on economic growth, while interest rates and trade openness affect economic growth negatively. FMOLS and DOLS results also confirm the robustness of PMG long-run results. Moreover, the Dumitrescu Hurlin panel causality results indicate a bi-directional causal relationship between carbon emissions and economic growth and between economic growth and foreign direct investment, also one-way causality from exports and labor force to economic growth. It implies that an increase in carbon emissions and FDI leads to an increase in economic growth, also increase in economic growth, the CO2 emissions and FDI increase in BRICS economies. Finally, the current study recommends a vital policy that the primary focus should target toward promoting renewable energy consumption, FDI, exports, and savings to boost economic growth in BRICS countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a method, including tool support, for bibliometric mining of trends in large and dynamic research areas. The method is applied to the machine learning research area for the years 2013 to 2022. A total number of 398,782 documents from Scopus were analyzed. A taxonomy containing 26 research directions within machine learning was defined by four experts with the help of a Python program and existing taxonomies. The trends in terms of productivity, growth rate, and citations were analyzed for the research directions in the taxonomy. Our results show that the two directions, Applications and Algorithms, are the largest, and that the direction Convolutional Neural Networks is the one that grows the fastest and has the highest average number of citations per document. It also turns out that there is a clear correlation between the growth rate and the average number of citations per document, i.e., documents in fast-growing research directions have more citations. The trends for machine learning research in four geographic regions (North America, Europe, the BRICS countries, and The Rest of the World) were also analyzed. The number of documents during the time period considered is approximately the same for all regions. BRICS has the highest growth rate, and, on average, North America has the highest number of citations per document. Using our tool and method, we expect that one could perform a similar study in some other large and dynamic research area in a relatively short time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper empirically investigates the influence of democracy and governance quality on income inequality in the rapidly growing emerging BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) countries during the period from 1996-2020. The study employed feasible generalized least squares (FGLS), panel corrected standard errors (PCSE), and the Driscoll-Kraay (DK) standard error estimation method to deal with the problems of autocorrelation, heteroskedasticity, and cross-sectional dependence and to find the effect of democracy and governance quality on income inequality. The results of the study indicate that democracy in BRICS countries exacerbates income inequality, while governance quality helps reduce income inequality. These insights offer valuable implications for decision-makers in crafting policies within these spheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interest in studies aimed at understanding the integration of the stock market with the economic performance of countries has been growing in recent years, perhaps driven by the recent economic crises faced by the world. Although several studies on the topic have been carried out, the results are still far from a meaningful conclusion. In this sense, this paper considered the dual objective of investigating whether there is significant variance in the economic performance of developed and emerging markets' countries and whether the global risk factors are statistically significant in explaining the variations in their future economic performance over time. From a sample of (i) gross domestic products from BRICS and G7 countries (total of twelve countries), and (ii) returns of the risk factors of developed and emerging stock markets for the period 1993 to 2019, we applied longitudinal regression modeling for five distinct percentiles, and random coefficients modeling (RCM) with repeated measures. We found that risk factors explain the future economic performance, there is significant variation in economic performance over time among countries, and the temporal variation in the random effects of intercepts can be explained by RCM. The results of this study confirm that stock markets follow an integration process and that moderately integrated markets may have the same risk factors. Furthermore, considering that risk factors are related to future GDP growth, they act as proxies for unidentified state variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manuscript describes the development of the Food and Energy Security Journal, from creation to now. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to compare the characteristics of citation disciplinary structure between the G7 countries and the BRICS countries. In this contribution, which uses about 1 million Web of Science publications and two publications years (1993 and 2013), we compare the G7 countries and the BRICS countries with regard to this type of structure. For the publication year 2013, cosine similarity values regarding the citation disciplinary structures of these countries (and of nine other countries) were used as input to cluster analysis. We also obtained cosine similarity values for a given country and its citation disciplinary structures across the two publication years. Moreover, for the publication year 2013, the within-country Jeffreys-Matusita distance between publication and citation disciplinary structure was measured. First, the citation disciplinary structures of countries depend on multiple and complex factors. It is therefore difficult to completely explain the formation and change of the citation disciplinary structure of a country. This study suggests some possible causes, whereas detailed explanations might be given by future research. Second, the length of the citation window used in this study is three years. However, scientific disciplines differ in their citation practices. Comparison between citations across disciplines using the same citation window length may affect the citation discipline structure results for some countries. First, the results of this study are based on the WoS database. However, in this database some fields are covered to a greater extent than others, which may affect the results for the citation discipline structure for some studied countries. In future research, we might repeat this study using another database (like Scopus) and, in that case, we would like to make comparisons between the two outcomes. Second, the use of a constant journal set yielded that a large share of the journals covered by WoS year 2013 is ignored in the study. Thus, disciplinary structure is studied based on a quite restricted set of publications. The three mentioned limitations should be kept in mind when the results of this study are interpreted. Disciplinary structure on country level is a highlighted topic for the S&T policy makers, especially for those come from developing countries. This study observes the disciplinary structure in the view of academic impact, and the result will provide some evidence to make decision for the discipline strategy and funding allocation. Besides, Jeffreys-Matusita distance is introduced to measure the similarity of citation disciplinary structure and publication disciplinary structure. By applying this measure, some new observations were drawn, for example, "Based on the comparison of publication disciplinary structure and citation disciplinary structure, the paper finds most BRICS counties have less impact with more publications". The outcome of the cluster analysis indicates that the G7 countries and BRICS countries are quite heterogeneous regarding their citation disciplinary structure. For a majority of the G7 countries, the citation disciplinary structure tend to be more stable compared to BRICS countries with regard to the years 1993 and 2013. Most G7 countries, with United States as an exception, turned out to have lower values on the Jeffreys-Matusita distance than BRICS countries, indicating a higher degree of heterogeneity between the publication and the citation disciplinary structure for the latter countries. In other words, BRICS countries still receive much less citations in most disciplines than their publication output would suggest. G7 countries can still expect more citations than is to be expected based on their publication output, thereby generating relatively more impact than BRICS countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we introduce a novel algorithm, called Exogenous Fitness, to calculate the Fitness of subnational entities and we apply it to the states of Brazil. In the last decade, several indices were introduced to measure the competitiveness of countries by looking at the complexity of their export basket. Tacchella et al (2012) developed a non-monetary metric called Fitness. In this paper, after an overview about Brazil as a whole and the comparison with the other BRIC countries, we introduce a new methodology based on the Fitness algorithm, called Exogenous Fitness. Combining the results with the Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDPp), we look at the dynamics of the Brazilian states in the Fitness-Income plane. Two regimes are distinguishable: one with high predictability and the other with low predictability, showing a deep analogy with the heterogeneous dynamics of the World countries. Furthermore, we compare the ranking of the Brazilian states according to the Exogenous Fitness with the ranking obtained through two other techniques, namely Endogenous Fitness and Economic Complexity Index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Appraisal Theory that is the development of interpersonal meaning is divided into Attitudinal resources, Engagement resources and Graduation ones, and its core is the Attitudinal resources. In recent years, the appraisal theory has been employed by many scholars in the field of linguistics. This paper mainly employs attitudinal system to analyze the president Xi's remarks at the Press Conference of BRICS Xiamen Summit by the way of qualitative and quantitative researches. President Xi's remarks are significant and meaningful for the continually cooperation of BRICS. It is found that attitudinal resources are widely distributed in the remark, and they are unevenly applied. Positive attitudinal resources far exceed the negative ones, while direct attitudinal resources overweight the implied ones. What is more, the affect's distribution is the least and the appreciation is far beyond affect and judgment. The paper analyzes the distribution of attitudinal resources in this remark in order to show China's friendly relationship with other countries and China's determination to strengthen international cooperation and common development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Global warming and environmental degradation caused essentially by changes in climate have attracted enormous surveillance considering the menace of its reverberation on the health of humans during the past two decades. Utilization of energy and financial development (FD) are among the key drivers of climatic change. Thus, using second‐generation panel cointegration (the Westerlund, 2007 error‐correction model), pooled mean group autoregressive distributive lag model (PMG‐ARDL), and the panel dynamic ordinary least square (PDOLS) estimation techniques, the paper scrutinized the nexus between financial development, clean energy usage, economic growth, and environmental quality (proxied by CO2 emissions) of BRICS countries starting from 1980 to 2018. The findings from the study reveal that economic growth and labor force participation, in the long run, deteriorate the environmental quality by increasing the effusion of carbon. Contrarily, financial development, industrialization, trade openness, and renewable energy usage enhance the environmental quality of BRICS countries in the long run. In the short run, financial development was found to have a significant positive impact on the environmental quality of Brazil, China, and Russia, while it is negative for South Africa and India. The outcome of the PVECM Granger causality test reveals a two‐way Granger causality that runs from renewable energy to carbon emissions in the short run. The policy implication of this study is that the government of BRICS countries needs to concentrate on improving their clean energy sources and also work on their industries. The BRICS nations' governments should formulate financial and trade policies that promote a sustainable environment and economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose – The theoretical debate of corruption’s impact on economic growth remains unsettled, making it an empirical question. This study aims to investigate corruption’s effect on BRICS countries’ economic growth. Design/methodology/approach – A panel dataset on BRICS countries spanning 1996 to 2020 was used. Bias-corrected estimators in small dynamic panels were employed to estimate a growth model as a linear-quadratic function of corruption that accounts for cross-sectional dependence, endogeneity and unobserved heterogeneity due to country and time-specific characteristics. Findings – The results indicate that corruption is detrimental to economic growth in BRICS countries; the quadratic relationship implies corruption is less prevalent in some countries than others. Thus, governments of BRICS countries are encouraged to embark on anti-corruption policies to boost their economic performance. Originality/value – An important limitation of corruption studies is the difficulty in measuring real corruption experiences due to the secretive nature of corruption and the fact that corruption is known not to leave a paper trail. For the uncertainty of the index estimates, the analysis used a continuous corruption composite score measuring the standard deviation of the extent to which public power is exercised for public gain. Furthermore, estimation and inference are robust to small dynamic panels with a general form of cross-sectional dependence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article underscores the pivotal role of high-quality services trade in global economic performance, specifically focusing on BRIC countries and Türkiye. The services trade is itself becoming an increasingly important research topic from theoretical, empirical and practical (policy) perspectives. It is suggested that 'during the 20th century, the industrial sector was reducing its relevance and the third sector; the services becoming more and more relevant'.'The services are playing an ongoing critical role in transforming international trade and investment patterns, both through enabling the development of value chains and through creating value chains in their own right. The paper highlights the positive impact of sophisticated services exports on economic growth in developing nations. The study assesses the evolution of BRICS' and Türkiye's services exports over the past two decades, using the PRODY and EXPY indices to measure sectoral productivity and export sophistication. The findings have significant implications for researchers and policymakers in developing countries, including Türkiye, as they navigate the changing global services economy. The keywords "services exports sophistication," "high-valueadded services," "BRIC," and "Türkiye & Emerging Economies" capture the core themes of the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological changes and deformations put nations around the world under socioeconomic pressure and are thus an important topic of discourse. In this framework, this study explores the effect of economic progress, natural resources, renewable energy and financial development on load capacity factor (proxy of ecological quality) utilizing the second‐generation approach for the case of the BRICS economies. Moreover, the paper explores the validity of the load capacity curve (LCC) hypothesis that has been recently introduced in the energy economics literature for the period between 1990 and 2018. The research results disprove the validity of the LCC hypothesis for the BRICS nations. Moreover, economic progress, financial development and natural resources cause ecological quality to decline, while renewable energy improves ecological quality. The panel causality results also support these results. Among several recommendations, the research advises that governments and policymakers advocate for reforms to promote renewable energy sources. The BRICS countries can go green and maintain ecological sustainability through this transition towards renewable energies, which is also a top priority of the UN's SDG 7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the influence of Oil Price Volatility on Banks efficiency within the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) noting the importance of the banking sector efficiency as a tool to ensure financial stability in the region. Being able to measure efficiency levels in banks determines how successful a bank is in managing its operations and achieving its goals. A sample data of 112 banks was selected using the Bank Scope database over the time interval 2003 to 2018 to inspect banking sector relative efficiency following a non-parametric methodology known as Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The paper applies a two-stage model to process the empirical results consisting in using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to identify the scores of banks efficiency at a first stage (Stage 1) and determining how volatility in Oil price has impact on these scores of efficiencies on a second stage (Stage 2). Findings of the study indicate that the Chinese banking system shows the highest efficiency (90%), followed by the South Africa (87%), followed by the Brazilian and Indian banking system with efficiency level of (77%), the Russian bank industry revealed the lowest efficient banking system with level of efficiency (50%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to investigate the relevance of structural breaks for forecasting the volatility of daily returns on BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). The data set used in the analysis is the Morgan Stanley Capital International MSCI daily returns and covers the period from 19 July 1999 to 16 July 2015. To identify structural breaks in the unconditional variance, a binary segmentation algorithm with a test, which considers both the fourth order moment of the process and persistence in the variance, has been implemented. Some forecast combinations that account for the identified structural breaks have been introduced and their performance has been evaluated and compared by using the Model Confidence Set (MCS). The results give significant evidence of the relevance of the structural breaks. In particular, in the regimes identified by the structural breaks, a substantial change in the unconditional variance is quite evident. In forecasting volatility, the combination that averages forecasts obtained using different rolling estimation windows outperforms all the other combinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the research paper is to identify the stock market volatility pattern of brics countries during the outbreak of the covid-19 pandemic. The study is based on the time series data, which consists of the daily closing price of the brics countries' index for a two-year (pandemic) period from1st January 2020 to 31st December 2021. Both the symmetric and asymmetricmodels of Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (garch) have been employed in the study to investigate whether volatility changes over the pandemic period. The result of the garch-m (1, 1) model evidenced the presence of a positive and insignificant risk premium. Based on the empirical work carried out using the market index of brics countries, it was found from egarch (1,1), and tgarch (1,1) models that there exists a leverage effect in the countries, viz. Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. Since the stock price during the pandemic period triggered the entire financial market, the investors, fund managers and portfolio managers should be more aware of the uncertainty and need to adjust their investments accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses audit as an exemplar of an expert system. The paper explores the premise that systemic trust in audit has been damaged and requires repair, looking specifically at the role of the institutionalized mechanism of the public inquiry. This is examined empirically in relation to the interaction between the heads of the Big Four accounting firms in the UK and the House of Lords Economic Select Committee in the course of the recent parliamentary investigation into the UK audit market, prompted by the global financial crisis. In particular, the paper seeks to understand how there can be transfer of trust, following Sztompka (1999), between different levels and between agents in a system. In this case, the Big Four – as privileged market participants – require re-legitimation from agents that are part of the political and legal apparatus. We therefore argue that re-legitimation of the Big Four’s privileged market position is dependent on transfer of trust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For most of the past sixty years, the United States and Europe have led, independently and collectively, the international legal system. Yet, the rise of Brazil, Russia, India, and China (the BRICs) over the past decade has caused a profound transformation of global politics. This paper examines the implications of this redistribution of power for international law. While international lawyers have long debated the ability of law to constrain state behavior, this paper shifts the debate from the power of law to the role of power within international law. It first advances a structural argument that the diffusion, disaggregation, and issue-specific asymmetries in the distribution of power are giving rise to a multi-hub structure for international law, distinct from past structures such as bipolarity and multipolarity. This multi-hub structure increases pluralism within the international legal system. It also creates downward pressure on international legal processes to migrate from the global level toward a number of flexible, issue-specific subsystems. The paper then proceeds to demonstrate that the anticipated pluralism is emerging at three substantive tension points as some rising powers articulate distinct preferences with respect to sovereignty, legitimacy, and the role of the state in economic development. At each of these tension points, rising powers are reasserting the preeminence of the state in international law, leading to a gradual turning away from the individualization of international law championed by the United States and Europe back toward the Westphalian origins of the international legal system. Notwithstanding this turn, the United States stands to benefit from the new multi-hub structure of international law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article discusses the relation between economic policy and international portfolio choices in BRICS Economy. It also states that in past year BRICS Countries becomes attractive to investors and assets managers for investments. Topics discussed include bank competition, risk taking in banking industry and equilibrium in the purchasing power parity.