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Consider the existence of six identical trees of the same species across a variety of environments. The first tree is in a wild and isolated landscape. The second is in a wilderness park. The third is in a heavily forested “tree plantation” owned by International Paper. The fourth is in the Ramble in Central Park. The fifth is in a suburban yard. The sixth is inside the six-story atrium of a Manhattan skyscraper. This paper begins with the intuition that the identical trees have different values because they exist in different environments and biological-social contexts. To understand the different evaluations of the trees we must think along a spectrum that incorporates both axiology and ontology. This thought experiment is useful in exploring arguments about both the management and the preservation of the natural world. The conclusion is that we must think along a spectrum of natural being and value to understand the dualism between humanity and nature and thereby avoid the domination of the natural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social media is a rapidly developing field in architecture and landscape research, which is used to understand public opinions and landscape use. The year 2022 sees the 200th birthday of Olmsted, the founding father of landscape architecture in America. While we commemorate Olmsted's ground-breaking contribution to the landscape architecture discipline, in-depth analyses are always required to examine historic legacies for their current relevancy. Taking his first practical work, New York Central Park, as an example, this paper systematically revisits Olmsted's park design theory and vision, and investigates its post-occupancy conditions from 11,501 posts on TripAdvisor. The results show that the current park use pattern confirms the validity of his scenic image theory. At the same time, his design works have become increasingly popular as public projects to foster social interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the significance of Strawberry Fields, the memorial to John Lennon in Central Park, New York City, as a place of secular pilgrimage. Situated within postmodern conceptualizations of secular pilgrimage, Strawberry Fields is shown to be the spatial focus of a variety of discourses related to John Lennon's life and music. Furthermore, this paper illustrates how autobiography as a qualitative research method can reveal the sentiments that motivate particular pilgrims to places associated with major figures in popular music. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central Park is an iconic feature of New York City, which was the first and one of the hardest hit cities in the United States by the Coronavirus. State-level stay-at-home order, raising COVID-19 cases, as well as the public's personal concerns regarding exposure to the virus, led to a significant reduction of Central Park visitation. We utilized extensive cellphone tracking data to conduct one of the pioneering empirical studies assessing the economic impact of COVID-19 on urban parks. We integrated the difference-in-difference (DID) design with the recreation-demand model. The DID design aids in identifying the causal impacts, controlling for unobservable factors that might confound the treatment effects of interest. Concurrently, the recreational demand model examines the driving factors of visitation changes and enables us to estimate the welfare changes experienced by New York City's residents. Our findings shine a light on the substantial, yet often overlooked, welfare loss triggered by the pandemic. The analysis indicates that the pandemic resulted in a 94% reduction in visitation, corresponding to an annual consumer surplus loss of $450 million. We noted a rebound in visitation following the initial outbreak, influenced by shifts in government policy, weather conditions, holiday periods, and personal characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess whether hematological and inflammatory parameters can be useful in assessing severity of disease and predict mortality in patients with COVID-19. Study Design: Cross Sectional Comparative Retrospective. Setting: COVID ward and ICU, Central Park Teaching Hospital Lahore. Period: 23rd April 2021 to 23rd June 2021. Material & Methods: The study population was selected by convenient sampling and all patients admitted to the COVID ward and ICU during this time span of two months with positive COVID PCR were included in the study. Results: Among the study population 29(58%) were males while 21(42%) were females with male to female ratio of 1.38:1 and the difference was not found to be statistically significant. The mean age of the patients was 65.2±08 years. The complete blood parameterswhite blood count, absolute neutrophil count, lymphocyte count and neutrophil lymphocyte ratio were compared between groups and it was found that white blood count, absolute neutrophil count and neutrophil lymphocyte ratio was significantly different between different groups. Inflammatory markers like IL-6, ferritin, C-reative protein and d-dimers were also assessed in different severity groups and all were found to be significantly high in severe/critical group. Conclusion: It is concluded that simple inexpensive parameters like white blood count, neutrophil lymphocyte ratio and neutrophil count can be used to evaluate the severity of disease and to predict those patients who are at increased risk of mortality. In the similar way inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, D-dimers, IL-6 and ferritin can be used to group the disease severity and also to monitor the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity is a worldwide medical menace with a huge health-economic burden. Glucose metabolism can be regulated by cellular magnesium in many ways; by mediating secretions of insulin and enabling receptor interaction of insulin. The objective of this study was to determine correlation between serum magnesium levels and insulin resistance in obese male subjects and compares with non-obese male. Material and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at Central Park Medical College from December 2021 to May 2022 on 40 obese and 40 non-obese males. Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index was used for determining insulin resistance and magnesium levels were assessed by using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results: A significantly low serum magnesium level was found in obese subjects as compared to controls (mean ±SD 1.356 ±0.215 vs. 1.79 ±0.267 mg/dl, p<0.0001). A significantly high HOMA-IR index was found in obese group than non-obese group (median (IQR); 3.12(2.65-3.46) vs. 1.61(1.46-1.83; p<0.0001). Conclusion: The study showed significantly lower serum magnesium level and higher insulin resistance in obese men as compared to non-obese. The study has also shown that serum magnesium is negatively correlated with IR. Lower serum magnesium levels and HOMA-IR indices were observed in obese group as compared to nonobese group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe wind with high altitudes may threaten the safety of the metropolitan city. This study investigates the relationship between the variation of vertical wind speeds (including 10 min average wind speed (avg‐wind) and 3 s average wind speed (gust wind)) and the height changes in Shenzhen, based on the hourly wind speeds observed on the Shenzhen Meteorological Gradient Tower, Ping An Building, and in the Central Park. The samples are grouped according to the wind speeds. The power law and least square fitting methods are used to obtain the Hellman coefficient value for each group. We find that the fitted Hellman coefficients for both gust wind and avg‐wind are subject to the exponential decay function. When the winds reach their corresponding high percentile level, that is, around 80% of the wind record, the Hellman coefficients almost keep constant. The Hellman coefficient is generally higher over the urban area than that over the rural area. Over the urban area, the Hellman coefficient is with the range of 0.49 ∼ 0.169 for gust wind and 0.64 ∼ 0.327 for the avg‐wind; while over the rural area, the Hellman coefficient is with the range of 0.33 ∼ 0.077 for gust wind and 0.49 ∼ 0.153 for the avg‐wind. There is an apparent diurnal variation of the Hellman coefficient, which is lower during the daytime and higher during nighttime. The monthly variation of the Hellman coefficient over the urban area is not evident, mainly due to the city's climate condition and urban heat island. Plain Language Summary: The value of the Hellman coefficient usually decreases with the increase of the wind speed. The fitted Hellman coefficients for both gust wind and avg‐wind are subject to the exponential decay function. When the winds reach their corresponding high percentile level, that is, around 80% of the wind record, the Hellman coefficients almost keep constant. Key Points: The Hellman coefficient decreases with increased wind speed for a certain topography area, subject to the exponential decay functionWhen the wind reaches its high percentile level for a certain topography area, the Hellman coefficients almost keep constantThe monthly variation of the Hellman coefficient is not apparent over the urban area in Shenzhen due to the urban heat island and its climate [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article mainly discusses the evaluation and optimization of the green space utilization value of comprehensive parks used by people in dense urban areas based on the desire for green and healthy living in the postepidemic era. As a qualitative study of urban parks, this study builds an evaluation system based on the American landscape performance series and combines it with comprehensive indicators of China's urban parks, including environmental performance (such as park planning, infrastructure, trails, and vegetation), health performance (such as cultural education, park activities, and transportation accessibility) economic performance (such as tourist consumption and stimulating the development of surrounding construction) and three other aspects: conducting a site evaluation; evaluating observed behavior, interviews and questionnaires; and performing the analytic hierarchy process–coefficient of variation weight comprehensive evaluation analysis. Additionally, the park comprehensive index, land use index, traffic convenience, park vitality index and other dynamic changes are analyzed over time. The purpose is to explore the foundation of urban parks after the epidemic. The role of the urban park environment in sustainable ecological development is verified, and appropriate optimization and improvement actions are determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many of Central Park's bronze statues were coated with lacquer as a protective measure between the late 1970s and early 1990s. In several cases, these coatings outlasted their performance life and were no longer adequately protecting the sculptures. In 2010, a cyclical campaign to remove and refurbish the coatings provided an opportunity to closely assess the condition of de-coated surfaces and to develop suitable, sustainable treatment approaches. The Samuel F. B. Morse statue, created in 1870 by Byron Pickett, commemorates the 19th-century painter and inventor known for the telegraphic code that bears his name. Initially, samples from this statue were collected on the field and analyzed with various techniques to characterize the degradation products that were heavily affecting its surface and the organic coatings used to protect the bronze. Various corrosion species, mainly sulfates and chlorides, were identified by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), while pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) revealed that the organic coatings were based on mineral wax and acrylics. These results informed a decision to relocate the statue to a controlled workshop space to aid in the manipulation of the large figure and optimize cleaning by laser ablation. Treatment was monitored through three campaigns of analysis using portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectroscopy, performed on select locations, to characterize the extent of corrosion across the sculpture's surface and monitor changes on the target areas throughout the cleaning. Following the initial phase of treatment, pXRF showed the substantial removal of iron- and lead-rich compounds from the brownish-toned coating and atmospheric pollution deposition. In the subsequent treatment phases, variations in the relative amounts of sulfates and chlorides were noted and further investigated through the examination of a cross section by means of scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Based on the findings of iron-containing pigments in the organic coating, a decision to apply a new, similar, translucent, brown-toned coating containing such coloring materials was made to achieve the desired visual nuance for the finish and provide additional corrosion protection to the bronze. Scientific analysis on the Morse statue has helped characterize its materials, methods of fabrication, and current conditions on a microscopic scale; in addition, it has guided the means and methodologies of treatment and relays essential information useful for future preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is a common clinical disorder featuring excessive buildup of body fat. The bioavailability of vitamin D in obese subjects is lowered because of its sequestration in the superfluous fat tissue. Hypovitaminosis D itself is associated with glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension, which are also linked to obesity. Objectives: To compare and correlate serum vitamin D and insulin resistance in controls and overweight / obese males. Study Design: Cross Sectional, Comparative Study. Setting: The study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Post - Graduate Medical Institute (PGMI) in collaboration with Lahore General Hospital and Central Park Medical College. Period: From 7th June 2018 to 10th Oct 2018. Material and Methods: Eighty male subjects (age range 35-50 years) included in this cross-sectional comparative study were divided into two groups on the basis of BMI; Group I: non-obese (control) BMI < 25 Kg/m² (n=40) and Group II: overweight / obese males with BMI ≥25 Kg/m² (n=40). Fasting serum vitamin D (25 hydroxy cholecalciferol; 25-OH D, serum insulin and blood glucose levels were measured. Insulin resistance (IR) was estimated from fasting serum glucose levels taken in mmol/l and the fasting serum insulin taken in µIU/ml by using Homeostasis Model Assessment-estimated Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR index). Results: Group II had lower serum 25-OH vitamin D levels and higher HOMA-IR index than control group. Significant negative correlation was present between serum vitamin D and HOMA-IR. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency may promote insulin resistance in overweight or obese individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history of New York City's Central Park. According to the author, the park was a contested ground used and interpreted in different ways by a variety of social, economic, and ethnic groups. Details related to the eviction of people living on the site of the park and to its design by landscape architects Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux are presented. It is suggested that the architects altered and in some cases destroyed the existing natural landscape of the park in order to model the space after English park designs. The use of the park by marginalized populations, including immigrants and protesters, is also discussed.

The article discusses the design philosophy and aesthetics of landscape designer Frederick Law Olmsted, particularly focusing on his views on public parks and freedom. It examines his work designing the series of Boston, Massachusetts parks known as the Emerald Necklace and his work designing New York City's Central Park with landscape designer Calvert Vaux. The author considers the influence of several individuals, including theologian Horace Bushnell and authors Sir Thomas Dick Lauder and Archibald Alison, on Olmsted.

Provides information on the rectilinearly of Central Park at the heart of the curviliner island of Manhanttan. Information on what the park represents; Reference to the shooting of `Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take One' in Central Park; Detailed information on the integration evident in the Park.

This study examined the personal characteristics and preferences of individuals that encourage interactions with smart media displays (media façades). Specifically, it aimed to determine which key aspects of a smart display "media façade" enhance intuitive interactions. A range of smart display technologies and their effects on interaction decisions were considered. Data were drawn from a survey of 200 randomly sampled residents and/or visitors to a smart building, One Central Park, in Sydney, Australia. A binomial logistic regression analysis was undertaken to establish links between a range of design, perceptions and socio-demographic variables and individuals' decisions to interact with a smart media display. The results showed that the aesthetics of an installation, the quality of an installation's content and the safety of the operation-friendly environment significantly affected respondents' decisions to interact with the media display. Interestingly, respondents born overseas were more likely to interact with a smart display than those born in Australia. Respondents who expressed a preference for photograph-based interactions were also more likely to interact with the display. Somewhat surprisingly, age, residency and levels of familiarity with digital technology did not significantly affect respondents' decisions to interact with the display. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]