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The rationality and efficiency of the spatial structure of an urban park system are critical in building a livable urban environment. Fractal theory is currently treated as the frontier theory for exploring the law of complex systems; however, it has rarely been applied to urban park systems. This study applied the aggregation, grid and correlation dimension models of fractal theory in Fuzhou, China. The spatial structure and driving factors of the urban park system were analyzed and an innovative model was proposed. The evidence shows that the spatial structure of the park system has fractal characteristics, although self-organization and optimization have not yet been fully formed, revealing a multi-core nesting pattern. Moreover, the core is cluster of four popular parks with weakening adsorption, and the emerging Baima River Park is located at the geometric center, which is likely to be further developed. The system structure is primarily driven by geographical conditions, planning policies, and transportation networks. Against this backdrop, an innovative model for the park system was proposed. The central park has heterogeneity and synergistic development, relying on the kinds of flow which can lead to the formation of a park city, a variation of a garden city. At the regional scale, relying on the geographical lines, the formation of a regional park zone could be realized. These findings provide new perspectives to reveal the spatial structure of urban park systems. The information derived can assist policy makers and planners in formulating more scientific plans, and may contribute to building a balanced and efficient urban park system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is facing both serious water scarcity and climate change challenges simultaneously. There is an urgent need to identify the synergies between water conservation and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission mitigation. This paper aims to trace the embodied water uses and GHG emissions (i.e., CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O) via China's domestic supply chains in 2012 and to explore their common important paths for driving the water withdrawals and the emissions of GHGs using the environmentally-extended input-output analysis and the structural path analysis. The results show a significant coupling between the embodied water uses and the embodied emissions of CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O in the supply chains on a national scale. The water-GHG nexus relationships from the consumption-side are systematically revealed in terms of industrial sectors, final demands and supply chain paths. The top 20 nexus paths ranked by water together accounted for 37.40% of the national total water withdrawals. Ranked by GHGs, the proportions were 22.46% of the total GHG emissions. Synergies in saving water resources and mitigating the emissions of CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O can be achieved through controlling important supply chain paths and critical transmission sectors. The highly interlinked nature of water and climate change issues requires comprehensive solutions to reduce future freshwater and GHG emission needs to maintain sustained economic growth in China. Image 1 • We trace embodied water uses and GHG emissions in 2012 Chinese supply chains. • We develop Sankey diagrams to illustrate the water-GHG nexus relationships. • The top 20 paths ranked by water contributed 37.40% of the total water uses. • The top 20 paths ranked by GHG contributed 22.46% of the total GHG emissions. • Critical nexus sectors and paths are potential water and climate policy targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalization has characterized geo-economic integrations of world regions via South-South, North-North, and South-North trades, which play a critical role in displacing global greenhouse gas emissions. Based on the global CH 4 emission inventories from the EDGAR database and the global multi-region input-output accounts from the EORA database, this study explores the trade-induced CH 4 emission transfers of 20 geographical regions of the world from 1990 to 2015. Global total CH 4 emissions increased by 19.13% in 2015 compared to 1990, while trade-related emissions increased by 46.28% over the same period. Western Europe, the USA, Japan, Other East Asia, and Mainland China were the largest five importers of embodied CH 4 emissions, while Sub-Saharan Africa, Russia, Middle East, Mainland China, and Southeast Asia were the largest five export regions of embodied CH 4 emissions. Substantial agriculture- and energy-related CH 4 emissions were transferred from developed regions to developing regions. The trade between economies from the global south and the global north had undergone positive changes, with the trade structure and transfer path showing a trend of divergence. Among the total CH 4 emissions embodied in international trade, the CH 4 emissions embodied in South-North trade accounted for more than half (55.94-62.72 Tg, 71%-55%) from 1990 to 2015. The CH 4 emissions embodied in the South-South trade accounted for 19%-34% (14.62-39.46 Tg), and the proportion of CH 4 emissions embodied in the North-North trade appeared to be relatively small (10%-11%, 8.05-12.82 Tg) during the period. It is imperative to strengthen South-South, South-North, and North-North cooperation in multilateral trade to jointly cut down the CH 4 emissions among world regions., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Reducing CH 4 emissions is a major global challenge, owing to the world-wide rise in emissions and concentration of CH 4 in the atmosphere, especially in the past decade. China has been the greatest contributor to global anthropogenic CH 4 emissions for a long time, but current understanding towards its growing emissions is insufficient. This paper aims to link China's CH 4 emissions during 2005-2012 to their socioeconomic determinants by combining input-output models with structural decomposition analysis from both the consumption and income perspectives. Results show that changes in household consumption and income were the leading drivers of the CH 4 growth in China, while changes in efficiency remained the strongest factor offsetting CH 4 emissions. After 2007, with the global financial crisis and economic stimulus plans, embodied emissions from exports plunged but those from capital formation increased rapidly. The enabled emissions in employee compensation increased steadily over time, whereas emissions induced from firms' net surplus decreased gradually, reflecting the reform on income distribution. In addition, at the sectoral level, consumption and capital formation respectively were the greatest drivers of embodied CH 4 emission changes from agriculture and manufacturing, while employee compensation largely determined the enabled emission changes across all industrial sectors. The growth of CH 4 emissions in China was profoundly affected by the macroeconomic situation and the changes of economic structure. Examining economic drivers of anthropogenic CH 4 emissions can help formulate comprehensive mitigation policies and actions associated with economic production, supply and consumption., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)