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Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a common cause of hair loss in adults. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of topical generic 5% new minoxidil foam (NMF) versus 5% minoxidil Rogaine® foam in male patients with AGA. A randomized, double-blind, controlled, phase III, equivalence trial in 10 centers in China between December 25, 2019, and June 28, 2021, was performed. In total, 417 men patients (≥18 years) with AGA were randomized to receive 5% NMF (211 patients) or 5% Rogaine® foam (206 patients) 1 g two times daily for 24 weeks. The primary outcome was the changes in nonvellus target area hair counts (TAHC) from baseline to week 24. Equivalence was concluded if the 95% confidence interval (CI) for the treatment difference between the 5% NMF and Rogaine® groups was within (−8.00, 8.00). After 24 weeks of treatment, the mean difference in the change of nonvellus TAHC between the 5% NMF group and the Rogaine® group was −3.85 ± 1.62 hair/cm2 in full-analysis set (FAS) and −3.96 ± 1.68 hair/cm2 in per-protocol set (PPS), and the 95% CI of mean difference was (−7.03, −0.67) in FAS and (−7.26, −0.66) in PPS. No significant differences were found between the two groups in hair diameter, the ratio of terminal hair to vellus hair, the global photographic assessment by investigators, and adverse events (all P > 0.05). 5% NMF is as effective as Rogaine® in increasing hair density and hair diameter in AGA patients and was found to be safe. This trial is registered with CTR20191708. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: China's organised health system has remained outdated for decades. Current health systems in many less market-oriented countries still adhere to traditional administrative-based directives and linear planning. Furthermore, they neglect the responsiveness and feedback of institutions and professionals, which often results in reform failure in integrated care. Complex adaptive system theory (CAS) provides a new perspective and methodology for analysing the health system and policy implementation. Methods: We observed the typical case of Qianjiang's Integrated Health Organization Reform (IHO) for 2 years to analyse integrated care reforms using CAS theory. Via questionnaires and interviews, we observed 32 medical institutions and 344 professionals. We compared their cooperative behaviours from both organisational and inter-professional levels between 2013 and 2015, and further investigated potential reasons for why medical institutions and professionals did not form an effective IHO. We discovered how interested parties in the policy implementation process influenced reform outcome, and by theoretical induction, proposed a new semi-organised system and corresponding policy analysis flowchart that potentially suits the actual realisation of CAS. Results: The reform did not achieve its desired effect. The Qianjiang IHO was loosely integrated rather than closely integrated, and the cooperation levels between organisations and professionals were low. This disappointing result was due to low mutual trust among IHO members, with the main contributing factors being insufficient financial incentives and the lack of a common vision. Discussion and Conclusions: The traditional organised health system is old-fashioned. Rather than being completely organised or adaptive, the health system is currently more similar to a semi-organised system. Medical institutions and professionals operate in a middle ground between complete adherence to administrative orders from state-run health systems and completely adapting to the market. Thus, decision-making, implementation and analysis of health policies should also be updated according to this current standing. The simplest way to manage this new system is to abandon linear top-down orders and patiently wait for an explicit picture of IHO mechanisms to be revealed after complete and spontaneous negotiation between IHO allies is reached. In the meantime, bottom-up feedback from members should be paid attention to, and common benefits and fluid information flow should be prioritised in building a successful IHO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Since May 2009, exposure of the population of Beijing, China to pH1N1 has resulted in an increase in respiratory illnesses. Limited information is available on the etiology and clinical characteristics of the influenza-like illness (ILI) that ensued in adults following the pH1N1 pandemic. Methods: Clinical and epidemiological data of ILI in adults was collected. A total of 279 throat swabs were tested for twelve respiratory viruses using multiplex RT-PCR. Clinical characteristics of influenza A in outpatients versus test-negative patients were compared using Pearson's χ2 and the Mann-Whitney U test. 190 swabs were tested for pH1N1 by virus isolation. Consultation rates for ILI were compared between 2009 and 2010. Results: One or two virus were detected in 29% of the samples. Influenza A virus (FLU-A) accounted for 22.9% (64/279). Other viruses were present at a frequency less than 3.0%. Cough was significantly associated with Influenza A virus infection (χ2, p<0.001). The positive rate of FLU-A was consistent with changes in the ILI rate during the same period and there was a significant reduction in the incidence of ILI in 2010 when compared to 2009. During the 2010-2011 influenza season, the incidence peaked in January 2011 in Beijing and north China. Conclusions: Exposure to pH1N1 had no impact on typical influenza seasonal peaks, although FLU-A remained the predominant virus for 2010 in Beijing. Symptomatically, cough was associated with FLU-A infection. The positive rate of influenza virus was consistent with changes in the ILI rate during the same period and there was a significant reduction in the incidence of ILI in 2010 when compared to that of 2009. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Cost and clinically significant adverse effects are the major limiting factors of interferon (IFN) use in therapy for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. A clinical trial was conducted in China to study the efficiency and clinical relevance of low-dose regimen of IFN treatment for chronic HBV infection and to reveal factors predicting sustained combined response. Methods. During a randomized, open-label control study, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive patients with chronic HBV infection (n = 230) were assigned to receive pegylated IFN-α-2b (1.0 μg/kg) (n = 115) or IFN-α- 2b (3 MIU; n = 115) for a 24-week period. Sustained combined response was assessed 24 weeks after the completion of treatment. Results. The greater rate of HBeAg loss in the pegylated IFN-group (23%) was the only statistically significant difference between the 2 treatment arms observed at the end of follow-up. The results of the multivariate statistical analysis revealed that HBV genotype B and patient age (⩽25 years) were 2 independent factors associated with sustained combined response. A total of 40% of patients with HBV genotype B aged ⩽25-years achieved sustained combined response. Only 4 (1.7%) of 230 patients discontinued therapy because of clinically significant adverse effects. Conclusions. The choice of low-dose IFN regimen might be a relevant clinical option to reduce the cost and adverse effects of therapy for younger patients with chronic HBV infection and genotype B infection in countries where it is prevalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4), a leaching agent for ion-absorption rare earth (RE) ores, can reduce the production of ammonia nitrogen wastewater and supply magnesium (Mg) for soil. Three novel solid extractants, i.e., 2,2′-(1,4-phenylenebis(oxy))dioctanoic acid (PPBOA), 2,2′-(1,2-phenylenebis(oxy))dioctanoic acid (OPBOA) and 2,2′-(1,3-phenylenebis(oxy))dioctanoic acid (MPBOA) were synthesized and used to enrich RE by extraction-precipitation strategy, which showed better selectivity and faster equilibrium. The precipitation rates of PPBOA, OPBOA and MPBOA on RE could reach 95.1%, 93.5% and 96.7% at the large liquid/solid phase ratio (450/1). Meanwhile, the purities of RE in the stripping solutions reached 96.1 wt%, 94.1 wt% and 96.2 wt%. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) values of raffinates from OPBOA and MPBOA were 56 mg/L and 69 mg/L, being lower than that of China national emission standard (100 mg/L). The concentration of enriched RE solution by MPBOA was 238.0 g/L, solid extractant and MgSO 4 raffinate could be recycled. Unlabelled Image • Three solid carboxylic acids are synthesized as solid extractants. • The strategy contributes to eliminating the ammonia nitrogen pollution. • The strategy has the larger liquid/solid phase ratio and greater enrichment ability. • Chemical oxygen demand (COD) values of raffinates are low. • Solid extractants and MgSO 4 raffinate in the strategy can be recycled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver transplantation can lead to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in recipients, but the risk factors associated with PTSD in living donors are unknown. To investigate this progression in pediatric living donors, a cross-sectional investigation was carried out.All participants completed 2 questionnaires: a PTSD self-rating scale (PTSD-SS) and a validated Chinese version of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (SF-36). Clinical and demographic data were collected from medical records and self-report questionnaires. Univariate analysis was conducted to identify statistical differences.The prevalence of full PTSD (all symptom clusters) and partial PTSD (2 out of 3 symptom clusters) was 12.1% and 31.1%, respectively. Those with an educational status of elementary school (P = .001), who were donors to their children (P = .008), who were in the first 6 months after transplant (P < .001), or were involved in transplants where the recipients had severe complications (P = .02) were more likely to have higher PTSD-SS scores than other groups. The non-PTSD group had a higher health-related quality-of-life score compared with the full and partial PTSD groups in the domains of physical function, role-physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role-emotional, and mental health. In addition, the occurrence of PTSD was related to a poorer quality of life.The occurrence of PTSD was common in living donors after pediatric liver transplantation. Those with a lower educational status, who were donors to their children, were in the first 6 months after transplant, or were involved in transplants where the recipients had severe complications were most likely to experience PTSD. Post-traumatic stress symptom severity was significantly associated with a poorer quality of life after transplant.

Aim: To evaluate the outcomes of patients with end-stage biliary disease (ESBD) who underwent liver transplantation, to define the concept of ESBD, the criteria for patient selection and the optimal operation for decision-making., Methods: Between June 2002 and June 2014, 43 patients with ESBD from two Chinese organ transplantation centres were evaluated for liver transplantation. The causes of liver disease were primary biliary cirrhosis (n = 8), cholelithiasis (n = 8), congenital biliary atresia (n = 2), graft-related cholangiopathy (n = 18), Caroli's disease (n = 2), iatrogenic bile duct injury (n = 2), primary sclerosing cholangitis (n = 1), intrahepatic bile duct paucity (n = 1) and Alagille's syndrome (n = 1). The patients with ESBD were compared with an end-stage liver disease (ESLD) case control group during the same period, and the potential prognostic values of multiple demographic and clinical variables were assessed. The examined variables included recipient age, sex, pre-transplant clinical status, pre-transplant laboratory values, operation condition and postoperative complications, as well as patient and allograft survival rates. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier curves, and the rates were compared using log-rank tests. All variables identified by univariate analysis with P values < 0.100 were subjected to multivariate analysis. A Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to determine the effect of the study variables on outcomes in the study group., Results: Patients in the ESBD group had lower model for end-stage liver disease (MELD)/paediatric end-stage liver disease (PELD) scores and a higher frequency of previous abdominal surgery compared to patients in the ESLD group (19.2 ± 6.6 vs 22.0 ± 6.5, P = 0.023 and 1.8 ± 1.3 vs 0.1 ± 0.2, P = 0.000). Moreover, the operation time and the time spent in intensive care were significantly higher in the ESBD group than in the ESLD group (527.4 ± 98.8 vs 443.0 ± 101.0, P = 0.000, and 12.74 ± 6.6 vs 10.0 ± 7.5, P = 0.000). The patient survival rate in the ESBD group was not significantly different from that of the ESBD group at 1, 3 and 5 years (ESBD: 90.7%, 88.4%, 79.4% vs ESLD: 84.9%, 80.92%, 79.0%, χ(2) = 0.194, P = 0.660). The graft-survival rates were also similar between the two groups at 1, 3 and 5 years (ESBD: 90.7%, 85.2%, 72.7% vs ESLD: 84.9%, 81.0%, 77.5%, χ(2) = 0.003, P = 0.958). Univariate analysis identified MELD/PELD score (HR = 1.213, 95%CI: 1.081-1.362, P = 0.001) and bleeding volume (HR = 0.103, 95%CI: 0.020-0.538, P = 0.007) as significant factors affecting the outcomes of patients in the ESBD group. However, multivariate analysis revealed that MELD/PELD score (HR = 1.132, 95%CI: 1.005-1.275, P = 0.041) was the only negative factor that was associated with short survival time., Conclusion: MELD/PELD criteria do not adequately measure the clinical characteristics and staging of ESBD. The allocation system based on MELD/PELD criteria should be re-evaluated for patients with ESBD.