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Introduction: Early Clinical Exposure (ECE) was incorporated into the Competency-based Medical Education (CBME) curriculum in 2019. ECE in a classroom setting is conducted through Clinical Case Discussion (CCD) using paper-based clinical case scenarios. The assessment pattern of CBME and Maharashtra University of Health Sciences (MUHS) includes clinical case-based questions. Therefore, assessing and developing clinical reasoning skills and critical thinking has become the need of the hour. Aim: To measure the effectiveness of the modified One-minute Preceptor (OMP) model as a teaching-learning tool for CCD to enhance the knowledge and reasoning skills of Phase I Bachelor of Medicine Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) students and to assess the perception of students and faculty towards the modified OMP model. Materials and Methods: This prospective interventional study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry at Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India from February 2020 to May 2020. Out of 250 Phase I MBBS students, 180 who had given consent and participated in all the sessions were included. Eight faculty members voluntarily participated in the study. The faculty involved in CCD for the control and study groups were different and selected through randomisation. After a didactic lecture, a pretest was administered, and then students were divided into Control group A (n=90) and Study group B (n=90). For CCD, the modified OMP model was used for the study group and the traditional unstructured method for the control group. A post-test was given after CCD, and feedback was collected from faculty and students. Quantitative analysis of the feedback was done using a 5-point Likert scale, and open-ended questions were qualitatively assessed. Pretest and post-test scores were analysed using an unpaired t-test. Learning gain was measured, and program evaluation was conducted using Kirkpatrick's model. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the post-test scores obtained by the control group and study group (p-value <0.001). A higher normalised learning gain (0.83) was observed in the study group. The modified OMP model was perceived as an effective, interactive teaching-learning tool for CCD by both students and faculty. Conclusion: CCD using the modified OMP model significantly improved knowledge, critical thinking, and reasoning skills of students. Even after modifications to the original OMP model, the effectiveness of this model for preclinical subjects remains unaffected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India's coastal cities have been playing a pivotal role in international relations through culture, commerce, and connectivity since the hoary past. In modern times, coastal cities such as Mumbai (formerly Bombay) on the Arabian Coast and Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) on the Bay of Bengal have been active actors in international affairs. While Mumbai has been the hub of international trade and commerce, Kolkata has been the junction of cultural bonhomie with Bangladesh and Southeast Asian countries, which gained more traction due to cross-border movements of technology, information, education, trade and finance, and artistic tools bolstered by the New Economic Policy beginning in the early 1990s. Indian states and metropolitan cities are enhancing their positions in international affairs with tangible gains. Mumbai is referred to as India's financial capital and the home to the headquarters of great global business houses and financial organisations. Similarly, Kolkata is known as the cultural capital of India (Sri Aurobindo, Tagore, Shanti Niketan, Bengali folk art and culture etc.) and a destination for foreign tourists, artists and curious researchers. This paper examines the growth and impact of city diplomacy in India through the prism of federalism in advancing local interests in international politics. It attempts to assess the role of Indian cities from a comparative perspective in the conduct of city diplomacy from economic and cultural aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the history of a widening distance and constructed difference between Hindi and Urdu, and their communal identification in colonial and post-colonial India. It examines how majoritarian politics has shaped the language related issues in independent India. Finally, based on limited fieldwork in the Indian city of Mumbai, this paper tries to find out what language does common people speak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nature of tenure 'contracts' that exist within the low-income settlements involves more than title deeds. Accordingly, 'tenure security' manifests itself beyond legal or de jure construction as it also involves de facto forms of tenure and dweller's perception of security. The perceived tenure security is in turn a function of people's lived experiences which shape the trust they may grant to the future effectiveness of land tenure arrangements. Contextual and historical factors, ranging from political patronage to market pressure to policy provisions, govern the perception of tenure security which usually gets overlooked in policy formulations. With a focus on Mumbai and Jaipur in India, this paper aims to generate and examine the viability of a list of indicators that influence perceptions of land and housing tenure security. The intention is to engender a method towards housing solutions beyond the unidirectional aim of titling and in favour of incremental approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mumbai is a collection of seven islands strung together by a historically layered process of reclamation, migration and resettlement. The built landscape reflects the unique geographical characteristics of Mumbai's archipelagic nature. This paper first explores the material, non-material and epistemological contours of space in Mumbai. It establishes that the physical contouring of space through institutional, administrative and non-institutional mechanisms are architected by complex notions of distance from the city's coasts. Second, the paper unravels the unique discursive strands of space, spatiality and territoriality of Mumbai. It builds the case that the city's collective imaginary of value is foundationally linked to the archipelagic nature of the city. Third, the paper deconstructs the complex power dynamics how a sea view turns into a gaze: one that is at once a point of view as it is a factor that provides physical and mental form to space. In conclusion, the paper makes the case that the mindscapes of space, value and power in Mumbai have archipelagic material foundations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greater Mumbai is a mosaic of diverse languages, cultures and religions. Churches in Mumbai reflect the long association of Mumbai City and Salsette Island which comprise the present day Greater Mumbai. The churches of Greater Mumbai are relics of art, architecture and culture, as well as multi-lingual and religious tolerance. They enjoy a great history which dates back to the 16th century. With the coming of the Portuguese and British, the churches and their surrounding environment have undergone a spatial and temporal change to withstand the needs of the society with increasing population and prevalent intra-urban migration. The contributions of East Indians, Goans, Mangaloreans, Tamilians and Keralites to the progress and development of the Church in the area is immense. The present paper is an attempt to highlight the environmental history of the churches chronologically with sketches and maps. The study also analyses the geographical background and population composition in and around the churches. It brings out the emerging spatial pattern of churches in Greater Mumbai as well as the changes that have taken place over a period of time. Moreover, the paper describes the contribution of sociofugal and sociopetal forces for generating the socio-environmental scenario in the contemporary spatial framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to answer the question: why do the police use deadly force in a democratic country? Police shootings in India are better known as encounters, a term that refers to a specific type of police contact—a spontaneous, unplanned ‘shoot-out’ between the police and alleged criminals, in which the criminal is usually killed, with few or no police injuries. The police use of deadly force remains largely unquestioned or unaccountable. This paper explores the wider structural and systemic factors that create conditions in which killing ‘hardened’ criminals seems to be the last resort for the police to gain some control in the fight against crime. Wider cultural and specifically police sub-cultural factors that make police killing of alleged criminals both feasible and acceptable in a democratic country are discussed. Based on a qualitative study of Mumbai police officers’ narratives accounting for use of deadly force, the paper draws upon wider policing literature in the United Kingdom, United States, Australia, South Africa and certain Latin American countries to explain why this form of police violence occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A handful of recent film studies publications have taken as their subject composers' reflexive and analytical accounts of their own practice in creating music for film. This paper aims to take that approach a step further by exploring both the collaborative creative processes behind the composition of my score for the 2007 South African/Danish film, My Black Little Heart, and the cross-cultural representational issues raised by it. It is often unacknowledged by composers how much a director, producer or music editor informs the final score, and I examine the often very subtle decision-making processes, the constant adjustments and readjustments, that occurred between the film maker (in this case, the director) and myself, the composer, in the creation of the film's music. An unusual consequence of the high level of creative reciprocity on this project was the powerful influence the music had on the structure of the film. This paper adds to a growing body of recent scholarship that sees a consideration of the production process as fundamental to an understanding of music's active role in the creation of meaning in a film; the antithesis of seeing the score as simply music tacked on to a virtually complete film. This paper also examines the way the film uses a number of diegetic music cues associated with specific characters as a shorthand delineation of their racial, religious and sub-cultural identities. I look at the representational value of these cues and how they relate to stereotypes, myths and metaphors used to describe post-apartheid society, as well as how this relates to the film's representation of South African realities. The article ends with a brief analysis and interpretation of the music, its meaning and effects, but rather unusually, this is done from the perspective of the composer, something that is still relatively rare in film music studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the study reported in this paper we have dealt with the intrinsic complexity of the daily total ozone time series over Mumbai, India (19°23′N, 72 15°00′E) by means of detrended fluctuation analysis and phase portrait analysis. From the detrended fluctuation analysis of first order it is revealed that the said time series is characterized by persistent power-law correlation which is stronger in shorter time scale than in the longer time scale. The phase portrait analysis is based on a non-linear autonomous system generated from regression equations; infinitely many stable nodes are found along the straight line x =273.556 and from the behaviors of the contours, it has been revealed that the daily total ozone concentration is unlikely to go beyond 315DU (approximately) and it is almost stable. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper describes the role of public transport and incidence of transport subsidies in Mumbai, India, where public transport is used for over 75% of all motorized trips. On average, expenditure on public transit constitutes a larger share of income for the poor than for the middle class. However, a larger fraction of transit users are middle class. In terms of incidence, the poorest 27% of the population receives only 19% of bus subsidies and 15.5% of rail subsidies. One-quarter of these households do not use rail, and 10% do not use bus, implying that they receive no transit subsidies. Improving the welfare of the poor through demandside subsidies or cash transfer is, however, difficult. We therefore examine the optimal level of transit subsidies, based solely on distributional considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use a primary data-set comprising the work-life histories of 90 individuals from Coastal and central Karnataka who migrated for work to Mumbai, Bangalore and other destinations sometime between 1935 and 2005. These migrants were all below the age of 15 at the time of leaving home, and their work-life histories provide a unique platform for studying persistence, change and spatial variation in relation to the incidence and causes of child labour migration, in the intrahousehold agreements and dissent that preceded these migration events, and in the workplace experiences and other outcomes awaiting these very young migrants. While migration prior to 1975 was mostly from the Coastal belt, it was often prompted by financial distress and usually targeted small, South-Indian eating places in Mumbai. More recent migration frequently involves educational ‘misfits’. In spite of their young age when leaving home, our informants typically came to regard migration as a transformative and attitude-changing experience that opened new avenues for acquiring work-related and other skills, languages included. This transformative potential varied across time, destinations and occupations and is, we suggest, intimately linked to leisure becoming a reality. Limitations are identified for those who migrated early, for agricultural labourers whose social lives would often be confined to caste-fellows from their native place and for girls working as domestic servants. This paper illustrates how early migrants to Mumbai were uniquely placed, in that migration for work improved their educational opportunities. Their accounts of the Kannada Night Schools they attended provide a useful corrective to official documents and evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: In this study, the concentration of acid and water-soluble ions (Na+, K+, Mg++, Ca++, F−, Cl−, NO3 − and SO4 − −) in different particle size range (>1.1–<2.0μm, >2.0–<3.3μm, >3.3–<4.7μm, >4.7–<5.8μm, >5.8–<9.0μm and >9μm–<10μm) of PM10 atmospheric aerosols collected by six stages Anderson Cascade Impactor were determined using conductivity suppressed ion-chromatography system. Suspended particulate matters in the form of respirable (PM10) aerosols were collected on the roof of a three storied building at a height of 20m above the ground, at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai using Hi-Volume Sampler (HVS) with Whatman glass fiber filter paper during the period of March–June 2009. The sequence of solubility of ions in both extractants (acid+water) of PM10 aerosols from greatest to least was found to be Na+ >Ca++ >K+ >Cl− >F− >Mg++ >NO3 − ≈SO4 −−. The average concentration of Na+, K+, Mg++, Ca++, F−, Cl−, NO3 − and SO4 −− in PM10 aerosols was estimated to be 13.36g/kg, 3.76g/kg,0.251g/kg,3.771g/kg,0.833g/kg,1.17g/kg, 81μg/kg and 290μg/kg respectively. The enrichment of particular ion in soluble components may be due to its high abundance in PM10 aerosols, less sorptivity with the tiny solid particles of atmospheric dust, high extractability and leachability, high solubility and mobility. By classifying the PM10 aerosols into two categories viz fine particle (<2.5μm) and coarse particle (>2.5μm–<10μm), it was found that generally, in the fine particle, the geometric mean concentration of total soluble ions in acid and water components was found to be higher than coarse particle. Overall, it was also observed that generally as particle size increases, the geometric mean concentration of soluble ions in both extractants of PM10 aerosols decreases. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper argues that manifestations of the sacred in Hollywood biblical spectaculars, as well as in films from Bollywood (the Hollywood of Bombay), have been significantly contoured by a reticulate set of oral norms. That is, the films' depictions of hierophany are tied to a way of knowing that maintains roots in orality (as distinct from a way of knowing historically permitted and/or induced by a cultural investment in the written word). Such orally inflected norms as epical and exoteric abundance, melodrama, frontality, and a telescoping of the real into the mythic compel us to re-think the common critical assumption that religious spectaculars are not authentically manifesting the sacred or that they can only be operating as escapist metaphors. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) is deemed highly successful in terms of detection and cure rates. However, some patients experience delays in accessing diagnosis and treatment. Patients falling between the 96th and 100th percentiles for these access indicators are often ignored as atypical 'outliers' when assessing programme performance. They may, however, provide clues to understanding why some patients never reach the programme. This paper examines the underlying vulnerabilities of patients with extreme values for delays in accessing the RNTCP in Mumbai city, India.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with 266 new sputum positive patients registered with the RNTCP in Mumbai. Patients were classified as 'outliers' if patient, provider and system delays were beyond the 95th percentile for the respective variable. Case profiles of 'outliers' for patient, provider and system delays were examined and compared with the rest of the sample to identify key factors responsible for delays.Results: Forty-two patients were 'outliers' on one or more of the delay variables. All 'outliers' had a significantly lower per capita income than the remaining sample. The lack of economic resources was compounded by social, structural and environmental vulnerabilities. Longer patient delays were related to patients' perception of symptoms as non-serious. Provider delays were incurred as a result of private providers' failure to respond to tuberculosis in a timely manner. Diagnostic and treatment delays were minimal, however, analysis of the 'outliers' revealed the importance of social support in enabling access to the programme.Conclusion: A proxy for those who fail to reach the programme, these case profiles highlight unique vulnerabilities that need innovative approaches by the RNTCP. The focus on 'outliers' provides a less resource- and time-intensive alternative to community-based studies for understanding the barriers to reaching public health programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the three-dimensional variational data assimilation scheme (3DVAR) in the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (Penn State–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) is used to study the impact of assimilating Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) retrieved temperature and moisture profiles on board Aqua, a satellite that is part of NASA’s Earth Observing System. A record-breaking heavy rain event that occurred over Mumbai, India, on 26 July 2005 with 24-h rainfall exceeding 94 cm was used for the simulation. By analyzing the data from the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis, possible causes of this heavy rainfall event were investigated. The temporal evolution of meteorological fields clearly indicates the formation of midtropospheric mesoscale vortices over Mumbai that exactly coincides with the duration of the intense rainfall. Analysis also indicated the midlevel dryness with higher temperature and moisture in the lower levels. This midlevel dryness with high temperature and moisture in the lower levels increases the conditional instability, which was conducive for the development of very severe local thunderstorms. The midtropospheric mesoscale vortices existed over Mumbai together with lower-level instability and the active monsoon conditions over the west coast resulted in intense rainfall, on the order of 94 cm in 24 h. Numerical experiments were conducted, with two nested domains (45- and 15-km grid spacing). The assimilation of the AIRS-retrieved temperature and moisture profiles produced significant impacts on the location and intensity of the simulated rainfall. It is seen from the numerical experiments that the assimilation of AIRS data could produce the structure of mesoscale vortices, and lower-level thermodynamics and convergence much more realistically compared with the control simulation. The spatial distribution of the rainfall from the simulation using AIRS data was more realistic than that without AIRS data. To make the quantitative comparison of the predicted rainfall with the observed one, the equitable threat score and bias were calculated for different threshold values of rainfall. Inclusion of AIRS data significantly improved the precipitation as indicated by the equitable threat scores and biases for almost all of the threshold rainfall categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the scintillometric measurements of daytime heat and momentum fluxes made at Trombay, Mumbai, India during two periods. The first set of measurements was made during 25–26 May 2000 while the second was made during 10–11 October 2000. Typical measurements of sensible heat flux are compared with the estimates obtained by two other independent and well-established techniques namely the SODAR and surface energy balance (SEB) techniques. The estimates by the SEB technique agree reasonably with the measurements while those by the SODAR technique were off by more than 50% when compared to the measurements. This study also demonstrates the use of these measurements by applying them to one of the recent schemes of atmospheric stability evaluation. For adopting the scheme with these measurements, necessary modifications to be made in the scheme with regard to the conditions of the measurement site are also discussed. The modifications were mainly with respect to the geographical location and surface/weather conditions of the measurement site. The usefulness of scintillometric measurements in the stability evaluation is also discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Rear axle shafts of 575 DI tractors manufactured by Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd, Tractor Division, Mumbai, failed before completion of warranty period. Most of the shaft failures (nearly 80–85%) occur during puddeling operations. Rear axle shafts fail in the spline portion. Cracks were found at the root of the splines. The causes of failure and remedies have been discussed in this paper. The work is summarized by a comparative statement of the modifications suggested with respect to life and cost. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In the Indian subcontinent, trends in incidence and prevalence rates of HIV/AIDS present a disturbing picture. From the first HIV case reported in a female sex worker in Madras in 1986, the National AIDS Control Organisation (2001) estimates 3.86 million HIV infections upto the year 2000. With heterosexual transmission as the predominant mode of infection, HIV is spreading from populations with high risk behaviours to the general population with reportedly low levels of risk behaviour. Primary prevention activities aimed at controlling the spread of HIV/AIDS are totally inadequate in content, volume and orientation and leave much to be desired in terms of the effectiveness of the programmes and policies. This paper reports the experiences of wives in the study households, which emerged as a significant component of the findings and formed the core/organising theme of "moments of truth." The study was conducted in Mumbai the capital city of the Western state of Maharashtra, which covers an area of 600 square kilometers and houses 9.9 million people.

Abstract: This paper examines the concentration levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) such as hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) (α, β and γ), Aldrin, Endosulfan (α, β), DDE, DDD, and DDT in the leaf, root and sediment part of Avicennia marina, a dominantly distributed mangrove species in Mumbai. The overall pattern of accumulation of OCPs was observed as ∑HCH>∑DDT>∑Endosulfan>Aldrin. The occurrence of αHCH was found to be frequent in all the samples. The leaf and root samples showed better uptake of organochlorine pesticides whereas lower concentration levels of OCPs was observed in case of sediment samples. The mean concentration of OCPs was observed highest in case of root samples. This study indicated towards the capability of A. marina in bioaccumulation of the OCPs. The present data will serve as the baseline against which future study of OCPs uptake in the mangrove plant species may be assessed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Information about the 58th National Conference of the Indian Association of Occupational Health (IAOH) held at the ITC Grand Central Hotel in Mumbai, India on January 22-25, 2008 is presented. Several industrial physicians presented scientific papers during the scientific sessions. Dr. T. Rajgopal talked about promoting health in the workplace. Other topics discussed at the conference are also offered.

This article comprehensively presents an overview of the technological advances in automated aircraft sheet metal component production technology developments due to the initiative by the Aeronautical Development Agency, Ministry of Defense, Government of India, since 1989 in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Commencing with a modest computer-aided flat pattern development software system suitable for a class of sheet metal components, this activity after several stages of development has now resulted in the development of full-fledged, personal-computer-based graphical interactive, three-dimensional application flat pattern development and automated production loft generation system. This research, encompassing the practical methods (exclusively developed for flat pattern software), literature survey, development of key algorithms suitable for designing a system for automated loft generation for a variety of surfaces with complex geometric features characteristic of aircraft sheet metal components with the aid of a wide choice of surface model creations, and testing and validation (carried out through an associated aircraft factory, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited), is now being published through four full-length papers concluding with the present paper. In fact, comprehensive illustrations of production lofts sampled from over thousands of parts used in the factory pertinent to the Indian Light Combat Aircraft (termed as Tejas) and other projects like Advanced Light Helicopter (termed as Dhruv) sheet metal components are included here to provide insight into these developments, and also to provide a glimpse of the success of the mission of indigenous automated aircraft sheet metal component manufacture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]