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Objective: This research measures the regional GMV (rGMV) of the cerebellum, attention, Executive Function (EF) and we aimed to identify their correlation and sex differences in children and adolescents. Methods: Subjects comprised 114 children (male = 62, female = 52, 12.44 ± 2.99 years old) from South Korea. Participants were divided into three groups by age (age 6-9, 10-13, and 14-17). The Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and Advanced Test of Attention (ATA) were used to estimate executive function. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images were analyzed with Regional Voxel-Based Morphometry Analysis. Results: The correlations between cerebellar rGMV and SCWT, WCST, and ATA subcategories showed difference by age and sex. In 6-9 age group, girls showed more overall correlations with cerebellar regions than boys, in WCST Categories Completed and ATA results. In age 10-13 group, more regions of cerebellum corresponded to SCWT subcategories in girls. Nevertheless, more correlation between cerebellar rGMV, WCST subcategories and some ATA subtests were observed in boys in the same age group. In the adolescent group, aged 14-17, boys showed more correlation with cerebellar rGMV, while girls showed little correlation. Conclusion: This study highlights that sex-different cerebellum maturation in adolescence might be correlated with EF and attention. These results provides evidence that cerebellum modulates higher cognitive functioning during child development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study investigated the association between gray matter volume and the treatment response to antipsychotic medication in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods: We included 26 AD patients with delusions from the Memory Impairment Center of the Pusan National University Hospital in South Korea. All participants underwent baseline brain magnetic resonance imaging and took risperidone as an antipsychotic medication for 6 weeks. Gray matter volumes were measured using voxel-based morphometry at baseline. Treatment response with respect to delusional symptoms was defined as the change in delusion item scores in the Korean version of the Neuropsychiatry Inventory (K-NPI), from baseline to 6 weeks later. A voxel-based multiple linear regression model integrated with statistical parametric mapping was used to investigate the association between gray matter volume and treatment response after controlling for covariates. Results: The treatment response was significantly positively correlated with gray matter volume in the temporal lobe (both the fusiform gyri and the left superior and inferior temporal gyri) and the limbic system (the left parahippocampal gyrus and left amygdala) after controlling for age, sex, education level, total intracranial volume, risperidone dosage, baseline Korean version of the Mini-Mental Status Examination scores, and baseline K-NPI scores for the delusion and non-delusion domains (P < .001, uncorrected, KE > 100 voxels). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that specific gray matter volumes, including those of the temporal region and the limbic system, may affect treatment response to antipsychotic medication in terms of delusional symptoms in patients with AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The memory impairments in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) can be classified into encoding (EF) and retrieval (RF) failure, which can be affected by underlying pathomechanism. We explored the differences structurally and functionally. Methods: We compared quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) power spectra and connectivity between 87 MCI patients with EF and 78 MCI with RF using iSyncBrain® (iMediSync Inc., Republic of Korea) (https://isyncbrain.com/). Voxel-based morphometric analysis of the gray matter (GM) in the MCI groups and 71 cognitive normal controls was also done using the Computational Anatomy Toolbox 12 (http://www.neuro.uni-jena.de/cat/). Results: qEEG showed higher frontal theta and lower beta2 band power, and higher theta connectivity in the EF. There was no statistically significant difference in GM volume between the EF and RF. However, when compared to normal control, GM volume reductions due to EF in the left thalamus and bilateral hippocampi and reductions due to RF in the left thalamus, right superior frontal lobe, right superior temporal lobe, and right middle cingulum were observed (p < 0.05, family-wise error correction). Conclusions: MCI differs functionally and structurally according to their specific memory impairments. The EF findings are structurally and functionally more consistent with the prodromal Alzheimer's disease stage than the RF findings. Since this study is a cross-sectional study, prospective follow-up studies are needed to investigate whether different types of memory impairments can predict the underlying pathology of amnestic MCI. Additionally, insufficient sample size may lead to ambiguous statistical findings in direct comparisons, and a larger patient cohort could more robustly identify differences in GM volume reductions between the EF and the RF group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]