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In the Fourth Industrial Revolution, journalism cannot remain oblivious to the innovations brought about by the socio-technological reality. Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the technologies on the rise, although the Spanish media have incorporated it little, experimentally and in specific sections. This research has two objectives: 1) to know the state of development of AI in the Spanish digital media and the industry's perception of the impact of this technology on the profession; 2) to explore a human vs synthetic text generation detection method to assess whether generative AI is being used in media. A comparative study was carried out between two media of reference in Spain, one matrix and conservative ideology (El Mundo), and another digital native and progressive trend (eldiario.es). The methodology was based on methodological triangulation and included a survey and an experiment with ChatGPT to detect whether a sample of texts published in these two media was created by humans or machines. The results diagnose that none of these newspapers apply AI, although they are designing plans to do so, and that there seems to be a lack of AI experts in the newsrooms, although a significantly higher predisposition towards AI in the native media is not confirmed as opposed to the matrix. The analyses carried out confirm that generative AI is not used to create texts. The method applied can be used in other studies because its validity is confirmed to provide clues about the human or artificial origin of journalistic texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

News media and journalists must adapt to emerging platforms in order to respond to changing news consumption habits. This article addresses the trend of Social Media Live Streaming on Twitch, a platform that has experienced significant growth since 2020. The research pursues the main objective of finding out how Spanish media and journalists are adapting to this platform and what possibilities it offers to the journalistic profession, in terms of business model as well as in communicative style, formats and relationship with the audience. An exploratory analysis made it possible to identify 55 channels and to establish, in the first phase of the research, two categories of study: channels driven by journalists --with a background in digital or legacy media-- or by news media --digital natives or legacy ones--. In a second phase, seven representative cases were studied through content analysis of their profiles and streams, as well as interviews with the promoters. The results reflect an initial stage in the development of news initiatives on Twitch, characterized by experimentation and diversity of projects. In general, there is no great innovation in content and formats, which are based on conversation. There is a hybridization of information and entertainment in live broadcasts which, although providing rigorous information and featuring experts, maintain a relaxed tone and make use of humor. The relationship with the audience is built through the chat, a central element during broadcasts, and subscriptions from viewers, which are the main source of income for the channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The war in Ukraine has grabbed headlines around the world. This analysis asks who is covering it and what this says about war reporting. The advent of the Web and the subsequent polarization of the media pits the constant demand for information against the journalistic expectation of calm analysis. While traditional media seem to guarantee credibility, more and more people are turning to alternative information providers. To explore these changes' repercussions on war correspondents, this study analyzes 11,268 bylines of the news on Ukraine published digitally by the most widely read newspapers in Spain (El País, El Mundo, El Correo, and La Vanguardia) and the USA (The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, USA Today and New York Post), during the first week of the conflict, from February 24 to March 2, 2022. Through these, the authors' working relationship with each newspaper is investigated, employing LinkedIn or Twitter when necessary. While relevant literature suggests that freelancers and agencies dominate international news, this analysis concludes that most of the war coverage (65,64%) has been generated in newsrooms, away from the frontline. While confirming the significant contribution of agencies and a decreasing presence of freelancers, it also confirms the survival of foreign bureaus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media reporting greatly influences the civilians’ mentality, which further exacerbates or mitigates outbreaks of infectious diseases, prolongs or shortens the pandemic process. Adopting corpus linguistic methods and Discursive news values analysis (DNVA) framework, this study examined the news values through key words, naming strategies and photographs in monkeypox-themed news reporting in Spanish and the US media, to analyse how they constructed the monkeypox pandemic in their news reporting, sold it to the public and exacerbated the pandemic in the two societies. The results show that the Spanish media constructed the monkeypox pandemic predominantly as an international medical event, distancing the monkeypox pandemic from the Spanish indigenous context and depriving the domestic audiences from the sense of urgency to take prevention actions. On the other hand, the US media mainly packaged the monkeypox pandemic as a political event which isolated this public health crisis from the life of the common people and hindered the US citizens’ understanding of the requisite medical information about the monkeypox virus. It is concluded that the lack of indigenous focus of the Spanish media, and the excessively politicised focus of the US media are important factors that lead to the exacerbation of the monkeypox epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of the Enlightenment and the cultural shift from the France of the Bourbons resulted in significant changes for Spanish women. The changes in their ways of life turned Enlightenment women into subjects who were conscious of the new ideas and of their own capacities, which they asserted in various spaces. This study centres on Josefa Amar y Borbón, a highly educated woman and a pioneer in joining cultural societies, who created a body of work related to the education and worth of women. Based on the historical-educational method, we analyse its impact and reception in the Spanish press from the end of the 18th century to the first third of the 20th century. We point to Josefa Amar y Borbón's qualities as a translator and to the vindication of her figure as a feminist in Spain, starting in the mid-19th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advertising connects the institutional and business sector with the public, responding to a persuasive and commercial interest. Advertising connects the institutional and business sector with the public, responding to a persuasive and commercial interest. The promotion of tourist destinations is a key activity for public and private advertisers to effectively communicate with their audiences. These advertisements show citizens' interests and motivations for travelling in the 21st century. This study analysed 95 advertisements published in 2020 in the newspaper El País, the most widely read generalist print media in Spain, on the day of the week coinciding with the publication of the specialised supplement "El viajero" (The Traveller). A quantitative and qualitative content analysis has been carried out in order to respond to the main objective of identifying the main advertisers and the usual sales proposition in this type of advertisement, also explaining the narrative strategies used in tourism campaigns. The main conclusions are the importance of wellbeing in the campaigns carried out and the important presence of public bodies in the promotion of destinations, especially Spanish destinations, highlighting historical, cultural and environmental heritage, which take on the same importance as the offer of beaches or cruises. This is an advertisement aimed especially at young people who travel as a couple, reflecting social concerns and trends in an irregular year for tourism promotion due to the covid-19 pandemic. This time period was an exceptional context, with consequences on citizen attitudes towards travel, which undoubtedly limits the application of these conclusions to that specific time context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Private hospitals, despite their enormous weight in the economy and society, have traditionally had little presence in the press. In the present study, we will analyse the impact of the creation of Xanit Hospital Internacional within the Malaga private hospital panorama in the local press. Objetive: To analyse whether such a relevant and significant event as the creation of the Xanit hospital has helped them to achieve a greater media presence. Methodology: We will analyse all the news about the 6 main private hospitals in the province of Malaga in the 3 most important newspapers in the province over a period of 5 years. Results: Private healthcare centres have increased their presence in the local press, with Xanit Hospital Internacional being the one with the highest number of press appearances, even though it is not the most important private hospital in the province. Conclusions: The repercussion of the hospitals in the local press is low, and with low impact news. However, the creation of Xanit has led to a slight increase in this trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The professional pedagogical press has been a subject of growing interest for educational historiography. Proof of this are the numerous analytical repertories published in different countries, as well as the research that has been carried out using the educational press as an object of study or as a source for the investigation of specific topics. The aim of this contribution is to carry out a systematic review of the literature produced in Spain on different educational press titles that appeared during the Civil War and Franco's dictatorship. A bank of 686 press titles has been created from the most complete analytical repertoire published in our country (Checa, 2002) and, subsequently, a systematic search has been carried out in the main scientific databases (Scopus, Web of Science, Dialnet and TESEO). 81 research studies were recovered from 32 journals of the selected period, most of them belonging to the most recognised nationally distributed educational press titles, such as Cuadernos de Pedagogía or Revista Española de Pedagogía, which shows that most of the educational publications of this period are unexplored by historiography. This is an undoubted opportunity for the emergence of lines of research in the field of the History of Education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a context marked by the Covid-19 pandemic, this research focuses on the study of the informative treatment of tourism in Spain and Mexico; countries whose economies are nourished, at a high proportion, by the entertainment industry. For this purpose, a content analysis was conducted based on the observation of three digital media in Spain (El Mundo, El País and La Vanguardia) and another three in Mexico (El Universal, Milenio and Expansión). A sample of 524 news items related to tourism was collected from March 2020 to March 2022. The purpose of this work was to find out, longitudinally, how tourist information has been approached during the health crisis from the perspective of framing. The results indicate that negative economic issues and attribution of responsibility have marked the informative treatment of the press in tourism coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study analyses the presence of sports journalists in the news stories published by the Spanish digital sports press during the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. The aims were to establish whether there are quantitative imbalances in the authorship of the news reports and to identify any gender biases that may contribute to perpetuating inequality in the newsrooms of these media companies. Methodology: A content analysis of the four digital sports newspapers in Spain with the largest readerships (Marca, As, Mundo Deportivo and Sport) was carried out during the days of the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio. A total of 5189 news items were published, and were assessed in this study from a gender perspective. Results: The results reveal an imbalance in the authorship of the news items published during the Rio Olympics in terms of the numbers of stories signed by male and female sports journalists. In addition, a gender bias was also perceived. Women's sports were covered more often by female journalists and the focus tended to be more on national sports or on traditionally female events such as tennis or athletics. Events with a more international coverage, and traditionally male sports, tended to be reported on by male journalists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anonymity provided by social networks offers those who promote the rejection of LGBT diversity an ideal space to publish and expand their homophobic discourse. The aim of this research is to analyse the discourse of the Spanish press and its social audience in relation to nonheteronormative people. We have extracted and analysed the comments written by Twitter users on the news referring to the collective published during Pride Week 2021 (held in Spain from 25 June to 4 July) by the five newspapers with the largest number of followers on this social network: El País, El Mundo, ABC, eldiario.es and La Vanguardia. A total of 2,643 comments on 95 news items. Through the critical analysis of the discourse, we have determined the positioning of the media themselves on the collective. On a quantitative level, we have carried out a content analysis of the feedback from the social audience. The results obtained show the verbal aggressions that LGBT people receive from the social audience of social networks, which, added to their invisibility or rejection by some media, prevents and delays their social normalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article herein presents the results of a research study focused on the evolution of reportage in the Spanish press over a span of four decades. This is the first longitudinal study covering such an extensive period (1982-2018) with regard to this narrative journalistic genre, through publications in La Vanguardia and ABC, the two oldest national newspapers in Spain. The aim of the study is to discover how the genre has evolved in recent decades, in terms of authorship, length, section in which it is published, headlines, visual and complementary elements, and the degree of hybridisation with other journalistic genres. Based on a quantitative and qualitative methodology, a sample was analysed using the constructed week sampling technique (N=346 issues). The results obtained show an increase in the amount and general length of the reports published from the year 2000 onward, as well as a tendency toward hybridisation with genres such as the crónica and the news report. However, there is no evidence of a commitment to narrative aspects. The increase in pagination has been fostered by the incorporation of visual and design elements, while the Society section continues to have the highest share of reportage pieces. Most of the reportage items analysed were bylined by one person, who were predominantly men, which suggests a gender gap in the authorship of prestigious journalistic genres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 copied the information content in the media and highlighted the need for responsible communication from all spheres of society to guarantee citizen security and maintain the trust and credibility of the authorities as sources of information. In a context of information multiplatforms, official communication focused on the rotation of public appearances and an increase in fake news, the need to be informed increases the use and consumption of media by citizens, while at the same time rigorous official communication is demanded by the agents in authority. This study aims to describe the relationship of the Guardia Civil with different audiences, as an active agent and formal prescriber during the pandemic based on three objectives: 1. To know the presence of the Civil Guard in the conventional and digital media during the pandemic; 2. To describe the treatment and approach of news about the Guardia Civil in the press during the pandemic; and 3. From the information about its stakeholders in the social responsibility reports, infer the relational role of the Guardia Civil with its audiences in the press news. To achieve the objectives, a mixed methodology with content analysis is used. First, a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the strategic communication (media used and stakeholders) described in the Social Responsibility Reports of 2019 and 2020, and in the Sustainability Plan (2021-2025) of the Civil Guard is carried out. Second, based on the search for the keywords "Guardia Civil" and "COVID" in the two generalist newspapers with the largest coverage in Spain (El País and El Mundo), and throughout the six waves (from March 14, 2020 to December 31, 2021), a content analysis of the 198 resulting news items is performed (FACTIVA database). The analysis variables are: year, newspaper, focus, role of the CG in the communication, media treatment, formal agents and publics in the news and level of responsibility in their communicative behavior. The data indicate a segmentation of audiences in the Social Responsibility and Sustainability Plan reports that show a communication strategy based on a motivational relational behavior of the Civil Guard with its stakeholders, as opposed to a prescriptive presence of other official bodies or protagonist with a predominantly informative approach of the news in the media towards the general population. The only exception refers to the group of young people who appear associated with news about the intervention of the Guardia Civil for non-compliance with restrictions. Although the presence of the Guardia Civil in the media decreases in 2020, its strategy maintains -coinciding with several studies- the use of media that generate more trust in the population (traditional and digital) and, in addition, it registers an increase in followers on Twitter and TikTok. The news with informative approaches refer to restrictions, while the motivational ones focus on communicating measures to safeguard health. It is concluded that although its communicative strategy segments audiences, even in its profiles in social networks such as TikTok, it is still not a visible strategy in news about the Civil Guard in the media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the informative coverage made by the newspapers El País, El Mundo and La Vanguardia in their printed editions on the investiture session of Pedro Sánchez as President of the Spanish Government. For this purpose, all the text related to this issue published between Friday 3 and Wednesday 8 January 2020 were analyze through a content analysis (n=333), which consider variables such as the location, the type of the texts, the topic addressed and the prominence of headlines and graphics. The results show that this topic aroused a remarkable interest among the analyzed newspapers, which provided their coverage with a great opinion and interpretive value. Furthermore, other features that define the informative coverage of these newspapers are the moderate use of graphic elements, the predominant attention to PSOE and Unidas Podemos, and the configuration of the agenda setting around the same issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Old mathematics books and textbooks have focused different researchers onto the history of mathematics and mathematics education. However, books are not the only information source for this field; for example, researchers can also study periodical-type publications from the past (such as diaries, weeklies, newspapers, etc.). Considering this, this study developed an instrument to analyze publications about mathematics and mathematics education included in newspapers, weeklies, journals, etc., which were not exclusively devoted to science, from the perspective of the history of mathematics and mathematics education. In order to do so, a descriptive research focused on the analysis of historical texts was carried out using the content analysis technique. The different labels and categories of this instrument are here exemplified by the categorization of some entries included in several periodical publications published in the 18th century in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to analyze the treatment of cannabis from the perspective of the Spanish newspapers in order to show the image they offer. Using a content analysis methodology, the genres, the sources used, the dominant thematic areas are identified and the treatment given by the Spanish digital newspapers El País, El Mundo, ABC and La Razón, from January 1 to December 31, 2019, is compared. The findings show a predominance of informative texts, signed by the editors or the newspaper itself and a use of official sources. Regarding their subject matter, the newspapers continue to relate cannabis to actions typified as crimes (arrests, dismantling and seizures). Likewise, they incorporate new contents related to this substance, such as the business of production, distribution, biotechnology, cosmetics and leisure companies, which appear as an emerging sector. It also highlights the absence of information on programs, services and campaigns carried out by Institutions and other organizations to face problems of dependency or addiction, among others. These results suggest that legislative changes show the need to carry out a process of normalization of the status of cannabis, which tends to relate it to health, personal care, leisure and even luxury. Thus, Spanish newspapers are beginning to move away from the perception of cannabis as an illegal drug that has been maintained for decades, to show a somewhat more permissive image of cannabis, ignoring other aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aetiological ignorance of the 1918 flu, added to the high mortality that it caused, led to the appearance of a multitude of drugs and health products to tackle it. Objective: To analyze the advertisements that were published in the Spanish press during the influenza epidemic of 1918. Methodology: A selection of advertisements containing the concept 'influenza' was made in the newspapers of the digital newspaper library of the National Library of Spain, between January 1, 1918 and December 31, 1920. Results: There was an increase in the frequency of publication of advertisements, which were characterized by the description of the product to be offered and its validity against the epidemic of flu. Conclusions: It is observed the great advertising coverage that newspapers gave to the influenza epidemic of 1918 and the large number of advertisements that emerged to cure the disease, which produced a huge impact on spanish society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1898, the United States declared war on Spain and "came to the aid" of the Cubans in the liberation struggle they had begun in 1895 against Spain. These events aroused a wide media coverage. Although the differences are evident between the Spanish and American press, both countries pursue the same goal: to offer their vision of the conflict and ratify the hegemonic role they should play in it. Here we are interested in the image of Cuba in the journalistic satires and, in particular, the allegory of Cuba in the Spanish and American press. The intention is to discover the commonality of the forms, but also the symbolic discrepancies, so that the schemes of representation that transcend the immediacy of the political fact also emerge. The objective is, therefore, to deconstruct the visual process of symbolic construction of Cuba, and of the war that took place there, in the press in 1898. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concepción Gimeno de Flaquer moved to Mexico from Spain in 1883, where she founded El Álbum de la Mujer (1883-1890), one of the most important feminist journals of the epoch. This article studies the troubled waters that Gimeno had to navigate shortly after her arrival in the country, and the impact that her unconditional support of the Porfiriato had on her standing, with both the press and portions of society of the period. This text identifies several previously unknown texts and pseudonyms of the author, proposes that interdependence with the Porfiriato extended to her subsequent editorial project -El Álbum Ibero-Americano (Madrid, 1890-1909) until its conclusion-, and that this relationship may explain why the journal stopped abruptly its publication in 1909, after two decades of existence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent exhibition in Santiago de Compostela has collected the career of the silversmith Julio Lado Martínez, last witness of a centuries-old saga of Compostela silversmiths. The aim of this article is to publicise our research on this family by focusing on those members who preceded Julio, in which, through the consult of the archives of the city, we have been able to collect an enormous number of documents, especially historical press reports, which tell us about important missing works, for example, several offered to important politicians or even to the kings of Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new law was published in Spain on August 4, 1970. It represented a renewal of education in the last period of Franco regime. Journalism at that time was concerned with this issue. This is the case of a social and religious magazine called Vida Nueva, a remarkable publication in Spanish religious journalism in the post-conciliar period. Through the analysis of the content of its editorials, from 1968 to 1975, this study shows the magazine’s proposals, which aimed at educational change, and built on freedom, democracy, the relationship with life and the participation of students. From the point of view of the magazine, these improvements would entail a transformation of the spirit, methods, contents and organisation of education in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an analysis of the main discourses that appear in a sample of Spanish newspapers before and after the arrival of the Aquarius at the port of Valencia in June 2018, in order to observe if there is a solidarity discourse or one that rejects the arrival of the rescued immigrants in Spain. The corpus consists of all the news published from June 10 to July 10, 2018 in the electronic version of the Spanish newspapers ABC, El Mundo, El País and La Vanguardia. The methodology is mainly qualitative-descriptive. Critical discourse analysis (CDA) was chosen to observe the main linguistic characteristics of the collected news items and the topics that appear in the articles. The analysis shows that the testimonies of politicians and members of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) predominate, but there are few testimonies of immigrants. The solidarity and acceptance of Spain are strengthened, as well as the defense of human rights. This contrasts with the discourses that the press presents after the arrival of the ship in Valencia. A discourse related to the health of immigrants and their need for help and resources predominates, a fact that contributes to the alarm of the majority group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Iberoamerican Cochrane Network is currently developing an extensive project to identify Spanish-language journals that publish original clinical research in Spain and Latin America. The project is called BADERI (Database of Iberoamerican Essays and Journal) and feeds the research articles, mainly randomised clinical trials (RCTs), into CENTRAL (Cochrane Collaboration Central Register of Controlled Trials). This study aims to assess the quality of reporting of RCTs published in Spanish and Latin American journals for three clinical fields and assess changes over time.Methods: We did a systematic survey with time trend analysis of RCTs for dentistry, geriatrics, and neurology. These fields were chosen for pragmatic reasons as they had not yet been completed in BADERI. After screening RCTs from 1990 to 2018 for randomised or quasi-randomised clinical trials, we extracted data for 23 CONSORT items. The primary outcome was the total score of the 23 predefined CONSORT 2010 items for each RCT (score range from 0 to 34). The secondary outcome measure was the score for each one of these 23 items.Results: A total of 392 articles from 1990 to 2018 were included as follows: dentistry (282), neurology (80), and geriatrics (30). We found that the overall compliance score for the CONSORT items included in this study for all 392 RCTs analysed was 12.6 on a scale with a maximum score of 34. With time, the quality of reporting improved slightly for all RCTs. None of the articles achieved the complete individual CONSORT item compliance score. The lowest overall compliance percentage was for item 10 (Randomisation implementation) and item 24 (Protocol registration), with a dismal 1% compliance across all included RCTs, regardless of country.Conclusions: CONSORT compliance is very poor in the 392 analysed RCTs. The impact of the CONSORT statement on improving the completeness of RCT reporting in Latin America and Spain is not clear. Iberoamerican journals should become more involved in endorsing and enforcing adherence to the CONSORT guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exit of the United Kingdom from the European Union, popularly known as Brexit, has a great media coverage in Spain. Thus, this paper analyses the journalistic treatment and the ideological bias that this political event received. To do this, a study of the semantic prosody of the term 'Brexit' in the Spanish press was carried out. The study covers a broad period of time, from the exit referendum in June 2016 to the second extension in October 2019. To achieve the analysis, a corpus for specific purposes was compiled made up of the most widely read newspapers in Spain according to the Estudio General de Medios. Specifically, four generalist newspapers (El País, El Mundo, La Vanguardia and ABC) and three economic newspapers (Expansión, Cinco Días and El Economista). The data obtained showed that Brexit received mostly negative coverage in all newspapers, especially economic newspapers that presented a greater number of negative co-occurrences with the term Brexit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The media have played a leading role on Covid-19 news coverage in Spain. After the first cases were detected, they were forced to urgently develop graphic representations of the SARS-CoV-2 virion in order to talk about an invisible and unknown enemy. This study starts from the analysis of these early media representations to determine how they have contributed to the visual imagery of the virus in the Spanish population during the first wave. For this, a valid sample of 369 SARS-CoV-2 virion drawings made by adults during June and July 2020 was analysed and compared with the graphic representations offered by television news and print media between January and April 2020 in Spain and also with the main SARS-CoV-2 images released by the scientific community. The study concludes that the predominant imagery is closer to the representative patterns offered by television news, despite being a less scientific representation of the virus than the offered by the newspapers. Likewise, the representational patterns present two specificities to be highlighted: peplomers with a sharp ending giving aggressiveness to the virion and expressive facial features which are characteristic of humanisation or animalisation in the representation of the virion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The covid-19 outbreak is a highly disruptive event in our society. Its consequences have affected different social domains. Our objective is to analyse its impact on journalism in a panoramic and comprehensive way. We intend to identify the main alterations and changes that the outbreak of the coronavirus has caused. The methodology is based on the qualitative analysis of secondary data, taking the case of Spain during the first period of the pandemic as a reference. The results allow the identification of positive and negative effects in five areas: news consumption, business models, working conditions, disinformation, and relations with political actors. These findings reveal that covid-19 has had a considerable impact on journalism. This incidence is ambivalent as it has positive and negative effects that affect different aspects of this domain. The main positive consequences are increased news consumption and the promotion of new formats and information products, such as infographics or newsletters. On the other hand, the weakening of business models due to the reduction of advertising revenues, the deterioration of journalists' working conditions, the reinforcement of political control mechanisms over the media, and the increase of disinformation are the main negative effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the compliance of Spanish crime reporting with the principles of the 2016 EU Directive on presumption of innocence, which aims at preventing the publication of information that might bias the public and the jurors against the suspect. A content analysis applied to a sample of 200 crime news stories published by eleven of the most popular print and online news platforms in 2018 reveals that the Spanish press coverage of crime is centered around the pre-trial and sentence stages, with little attention to the oral trial. The full name and the face portrait of the suspect appear in roughly one-third of the stories, but this overwhelmingly happens in news stories reporting on the court's decision, so that the presumption of innocence is generally protected. Interestingly, the legacy media are more likely to report on the victim's full name and the crime details that online digital media. One-fourth of the stories include accusations of guilt, as prosecutor attorneys and other officials are more frequently cited than defense lawyers. Although the Spanish press is largely compliant with the recommendations of the EU Directive, the lack of attention to the oral phase, where the arguments of both parts are deployed and contrasted, leads to a bias in the coverage against the suspect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study analyzes the press of the Spanish city of Gijón during the Spanish Civil War period, between July 1936 and April 1939. The outbreak of the conflict triggered the immediate confiscation of the three major broadsheets of the town and started a process of emergence of new newspapers, first republicans –and after the fall of the city to the rebels in October 1937– then Francoists. All these publications shared a new principal function, sustaining morale on the front and the rear. This decisively determined its contents and configured a press constituted by the war and for the war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The media help to construct the visual and iconographic imagery of economic power in the dialectical tension between what they show and what they leave out of view. Images such as unemployment queues, graphs, and portraits of the powerful appear assiduously on the front pages of the press, revealing different visual motifs essential to understanding the narrative of the economy, with its inheritances, mutations and hierarchies, which point to its relationship with other spheres of power such as the monarchy or politics. This article attempts to decipher the codes of visual representation of the economic sphere in Spain through the qualitative analysis of front-page photographs published in El País, El Mundo and La Vanguardia from 2011 to 2013, a period marked by the banking and financial crisis, civil protests, or the judicial prosecution of figures such as Rodrigo Rato. The methodology used combines visual analysis and comparative iconography with theoretical foundations of social semiotics and visual communication, as well as interviews with photojournalists and chiefs of staff. Finally, the results conclude that both economic leaders and the media codify their photographs using specific visual motifs to project a distant and proactive image of the banking elite, which is only disrupted when previously revered figures of the economic elite fall from grace in corruption cases. And also, that in the dialectic of the visible and the invisible of economic power there are hidden historical moments that can never be photographed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research analyses the opinion articles about the COVID-19 published in the main newspapers of Italy, Spain and Germany. To this purpose, a qualitative inductive-deductive content analysis methodology has been used along two complementary phases. The first included the detailed analysis of the sample, and the second involved a method of comparative textual analysis using the Sketch Engine software. The results show the existence of some common issues about the virus, although with different approaches depending on the country: a certain vision marked by national politics in the Spanish case, an interpretative view in the case of Germany and a more social-humanistic perspective in the Italian dailies. A discourse contrary to generating panic is common in the three countries studied, but with a clear underestimation of the virus' potential consequences in the first couple of months after the outbreak in Wuhan as regards the Spanish and Italian press. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the informative coverage of 9 Latin American newspapers on the general election held in Spain on November 10, 2019. This is considered an important event that helped close a turbulent period of the national political life. A content analysis sheet was applied to all texts regarding the campaign appeared between November 1 and 11 (n = 35), considering, among other variables, location, extension, authorship, sources, genres, nature of the content and frame. The results allow concluding that the selected newspapers dedicated a wide space to the November 10 election. Furthermore, media outlet granted part of their coverage an interpretive dimension and offered a vision on the campaign dominated by the strategic and game frames, since they placed the focus on the polls and the possibility of post-electoral agreements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Due to its great socioeconomic repercussions, back pain represents a major public health problem. The Internet is one of the primary sources of information for people with back pain. Objectives: To describe and analyze the recommendations in the Spanish general press about the prevention and treatment of back pain, as well as to evaluate its sources and the explanations on the concept "pain". Methodology: Content analysis of articles published in the digital version of El País, El Mundo, ABC and La Vanguardia. Results: 56 articles were found. The most frequent recommendations are: physical exercise (84%), ergonomic strategies (64%), lifestyle change (34%), visiting specialists (21%), acute analgesia treatments (16%) and pain education (8%). The most prevalent sources are specialists. Explanations of pain are very rare. Conclusions: Some of the recommendations offered in newspaper articles do not have sufficient scientific evidence and derive from unreliable and outdated sources. It is necessary that those responsible for this type of articles use quality sources, are more critical of the selected data and ensure that the information offered is supported by the actual scientific evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present research is to analyze which is the current state of disabled people representation in the Spanish digital press. It has been used a methodological triangulation that has combined documental analysis, the interview with expert sources and content analysis of two hundred news about disability in 2019. This information has been analyzed on the basis of an indicator chart that has taken into account parameters such as the medium in which the information is broadcast, the journalistic genre, the section in which it is found, the source of information, the type of disability treated in the news and which are the most represented disabilities, the number and biological sex of the protagonists and the approach. The results have shown that 70 % of the analysed media abided by the guidelines described in the publication Guía de estilo sobre discapacidad para profesionales de la comunicación by Spanish Real Patronato sobre Discapacidad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new trend of politically polarized media in Spain has led the authors of this paper to rethink the relationship between media and citizens within selective exposure, perception and retention theory and its influence on electoral behavior. The selection of political information contents by citizens during electoral campaigns forms a diet that influences their votes. Therefore, this research article attempts to clarify the relationship between the consumption of political information from mass media and the voters' electoral behavior amid the new media reality of the country. For this, and per the post-electoral surveys of the Center for Sociological Research (CIS, for its acronym in Spanish), it studies the effects of citizens' media exposure during the 2015 and 2016 general elections on voting. In these years, there was a crisis in the party system in Spain after several decades of bipartisanship and institutional stability. The results allow concluding that the political discussion in the country builds on two lines of confrontation: ideological (left-right) and territorial, which politically polarizes those citizens from territories with their own identity (mainly Catalonia). Media positively influence the political narrative since voters consume political information from related media as a symbol of electoral reaffirmation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy production and consumption is currently considered a socio-scientific issue of enormous importance. It represents one of the main indicators of progress and social welfare. The economic, social and environmental impact of the different energy sources, the consumption habits of energy, the energy cost, among other aspects, are subject of relevant discussions. Thus, the analysis of Science-Technology-Society (STS) interactions related to energy should be a key goal for basic science education. In this sense, the present article highlights the educational interest of reading, in a critical a reflective manner, news of digital press related to that topic. Likewise, in order to value the didactic potential of such resource, a systematic analysis of news related to energy, which are published in the 2013-2018 period in the most important digital newspapers in Spain, is made. After applying various analysis filters, a final sample of 20 press news was selected whose content is analyzed descriptively. In addition, specific didactic suggestions for implementing each press news in science classroom are offered. These suggestions are concreted in asking open-ended and reflective questions, which can help students to develop both critical thinking abilities and responsibility attitudes regarding CTS issues related to energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an analysis of the main discourses that appear in a sample of the Spanish press before and after the arrival of the ship Aquarius to the port of Valencia in June 2018 in order to observe if there is a solidarity discourse or one that rejects the arrival of the rescued immigrants to Spain. The corpus consists of all the news published from June 10 to July 10, 2018 in the electronic version of the Spanish newspapers ABC, El Mundo, El País and La Vanguardia. The methodology is mainly qualitative-descriptive. Critical discourse analysis (CDA) was chosen in order to observe the main linguistic characteristics of the collected news items and the topics that appear in the pieces of news. The analysis shows that the testimonies of politicians and members of NGOs predominate and there are few testimonies of immigrants. Solidarity and acceptance of Spain are strengthened, as well as the defense of human rights. This contrasts with the discourses that the press presents after the arrival of the ship to Valencia, since a discourse related to the health of immigrants and their need for help and resources predominates, a fact that contributes to the alarm of the majority group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media effects of jihadist terrorism have produced a great deal of contributions both to studies on political communication and those on security and defense. Networks of jihadist propaganda and their evolution have been a constant concern for military members, politicians and academics. The objective of this article is twofold: on the one hand, to show how jihadist statements making reference to Spain have been in recent years. On the other hand, to analyze the impact of such statements in Spanish media, and more specifically in Spanish press. Based on a classic and quantitative methodology, namely content analysis, this research provides original data on the media significance of groups such as Al-Qaeda or Daesh in Spain. Press analysis is based on framing theories, mainly with the purpose of identifying the main media themes when dealing with jihadist terrorism. To sum it up, this work offers an empirical view on the relationship between jihadist communiqués and media coverage, a topic rarely explored in the Spanish academic field to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Before this health crisis, health and medicine journalism was already a subject of study in journalism schools. At the University of Extremadura, while COVID-19 began to take over the media sphere, in January and February, a teaching innovation practice was carried out. Objective: To measure the degree of excellence of the information from the Spanish digital press while motivating class work. Methodology: Through a "case study", students were structured through working groups to analyze the news about the pandemic in the main print media in their digital editions of El País, El Mundo, La Vanguardia, El Abc and La Razón. Results: 43 analysis units have been analyzed in 226 news items that constitute the first information on COVID-19 in the Spanish press, which the students have perceived as informative (67,6%), far from sensationalism but lacking originality. Conclusions: It is clear that for journalism students the press has given priority to the news without a great deal of interpretation, and on the other hand, that these types of proactive initiatives in the classroom encourage practice, awaken motivation and facilitate learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The study of the relationship between the current health crisis and media contributes to the understanding of how society captures and guides the situation, given the influence of topics reported by media. Objectives: This research aims to study the evolution of the presence of news about COVID-19 on the front pages of main Spanish newspapers. Methodology: The method is based on the review of the three most relevant Spanish newspapers (El País, El Mundo and La Vanguardia) from January 21 to March 14, 2020, drawing from a content analysis of the front pages (N = 301). Results: Results show, on one hand, the increasing weight of COVID-19 on the front pages, and, on the other, although there are differences between newspapers, these do not reveal a 'global' presence of the virus on covers until a few days before the declaration of the state of alarm. Conclusion: The study contributes to the understanding of the evolution of COVID-19 from the analysis of newspaper front pages in Spain and results may involve comparative analyzes in relation to other crises, time periods and geographic contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Traditional media in Spain are playing a prominent role in the coverage of the COVID-19 disease. Objective: To study the visual representations of the SARS-Covid-2 virion in television news programs and printed press, the designer's motivations and their relationship with scientific images of the virion. Methodology: A mixed qualitative-quantitative methodology has been followed, with interviews with experts and a statistical analysis with a Chi-Square test applied to 1,732 pieces of news, extracted from the printed version of 19 Spanish daily newspapers, and 121 images of the virion in 5 television news programs. Results: Scientific illustrations were used in 36.02% of newspaper's pieces of news, and only in 11.57% of TV news programs images. Conclusions: Newspapers are more faithful to scientific images than TV news. The most used image assets use the most representative virus forms: elongated spicules ending in tentacles, intended for the sensitization of the dangerousness of the virus than to a merely informative objective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The news coverage of health emergencies faces the temptation to give in to alarmism and morbid curiosity. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the degree of compliance with the ethical principles of journalism in the COVID-19 information on the front pages of the Spanish newspapers. Methodology: Content analysis of the photos on the front pages (n=344), published between January 1 and April 15, 2020 (n=608) in general information newspapers (n=6), regional and national, that amount the 43.9% of the Spanish daily readers. Results: 3.5% of images questioned or violate precepts contained in ethical codes, especially in relation to the right to privacy and the right to one's own image. Violations around pain and suffering, alarmism, the presumption of innocence, security or political pressure are not representative. Conclusion: The photographic display was restrained, respectful and opted for extensive metaphorical snapshots. Protection mechanisms against the pandemic --personal protection equipment (PPE), masks or glasses-- frequently made it difficult to recognize the protagonists. In addition, pixelated of the face was used extensively to prevent personal identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In Spain, the recreational use of cannabis is illegal. This illegality is once again part of a social debate in which certain political groups support a justified legalization based on economic benefits against some medical opinions that do not recommend the consumption decriminalization. Objective: This review aims to identify the approach given to consumption in Spain, both in the scientific field and in a more general one as the written press. The coherence or disagreement between the detected approaches can contribute to determinate if legalization will be a reality soon. Method: An analysis of scientific and non-scientific publications is carried out using three forms of research: a specialized search tool (Google Scholar), two national newspapers in their digital version (ABC and El País) and an online scientific citation indexing service (Web of Science). Results: The journalistic and the scientific field coincide in a negative approach regarding the cannabis consumption; in addition, its content turns out to be very focused on society. Conclusions: The high consumption of cannabis among the Spanish population despite the negative approach indicates a failure in the communication related with this problematic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The media play a fundamental role when it comes to promoting blood donation and building the symbolic values and contents associated with it. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the ways in which press treats blood donation and other issues related to transfusion medicine, based on an analysis of news published in the main newspapers of Spain during the year 2016. Methods: From a search conducted in the newspapers El Pais, El Mundo, ABC, La Vanguardia, El Confidencial and eldiario.es, 332 news items were selected. A simple frequency statistical analysis was performed, as well as a content analysis. Results: News items were classified by topic, finding that 45.5% of the news referred campaigns and calls for donation; 26.8% addressed organizational issues related to transfusion services and resources;19.6% dealt with medical research and therapeutic innovations; and 11.4% addressed didactic or educational issues. In addition, 24.4% of the news explicitly mentioned values such as altruism, generosity or solidarity, while 29.8% referred to specific territories or made comparisons between autonomous communities. Conclusions: We identified five functions that newspapers fulfill regarding the promotion and symbolic construction of blood donation: appealing, didactic, futuristic, ideological and construction of collective identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research deals with the manner of the audio visual style within current affairs programmes broadcasted by the news media on the Spanish public television TVE, when specifically dealing with the reporting of refugee movement in Spain. Based on Setting Agenda and the Framing Theory, about which it is assumed that its audio visual contents not only determine the public agenda but the form in which a concrete reality is proposed,282 news fragments have been analysed from January of 2015 to June of 2017. The search criteria of these fragments is to be determined through the following terms: refugee (m), refugee (f), refugees (m.pl) and refugees (f.pl). The variables under consideration about the images of refugees, new frames, the evaluative character of the news and the images that appear on the screen have been scrutinised by a process of external intercodes to ensure the reliance of the coding phase. The pattern obtained through the different statistical models and the discourse analysis with a multimodal approach, will describe the news treatment and the predominant frameworks that TVE give to refugees in Spain, approach to the social judgment and the cognitive impact on the audience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reflects on the use of hemerography as a source for the study of the history of education in Spain during the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, also covering the Restoration period, both from a global point of view and in relation to certain specific didactics (humanistic, scientific, social, and artistic). In the first place, the interest of this period is exposed in the historical evolution of Spanish education and its relationship with periodicals to subsequently analyse their informative possibilities, distinguishing generalist from specialized periodicals. In addition, this article emphasizes the need to address the use of hemerography as a source for research from interdisciplinarity, in its epistemological and methodological aspects as well as those related to the training of historians and / or pedagogues. Likewise, after exposing the current situation of the digital repositories of the historical press and the gradual increase of their collections, as well as the ease in accessing the periodical publications promoted by the new technologies, a series of procedural guidelines in relation to the aforementioned period are considered. These form a methodological proposal oriented to the adequate use of historical hemerography as a source that allows us to profit from its informative possibilities, thus contributing new data that propitiate a better approach to the history of Spanish education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The launching of Marca España in June 2012 reveals the Spanish Government concern to improve the country image both abroad and within the national territory. Some relevant people have a key role in the construction of the country image (Anholt, 2009a, Peralba, 2010). This article describes the features of the journalistic coverage of the term 'marca España' linked to specific people between 2012 and 2015, a period defined by a context of economic, social and institutional crisis. All the pieces that include the expression 'marca España' are analyzed through a content analysis and the three Spanish newspapers with the widest distribution, El País, El Mundo and La Vanguardia, are taken as a sample. This paper shows the close journalistic link between marca España and the Crown, the President of the Government and personalities of the political and business class as well as sport and culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the tendencies presented in the madrilean press regarding the Cuban American North American conflict, and the predominance of a triumphalist vision in most of the press organs of the time, which conditioned the population of the capital of Spain an environment of ultranationalism that, finally, vanished before the evidence of the defeat of the Iberian hosts. The frustration that was generalized in the peninsula was reflected in the fall of the credibility of the newspapers, and even in the ruin of many of them due to the reduction of print runs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text, in the form of a review, presents the book "Periodistas (in) formado, un signo de enseñanza periódica en España: Historia y tendencias" (2017), by Pilar Sánchez-García. The work is the partial result of a doctoral research by the author, which portrays the main transformations in journalism education, including the times of the Franco dictatorship (1939-1975), goes through the Bologna Plan, which advances towards the unification of the higher education system in Europe to the present day. Sanchez-García is a professor at the Universidad de Valladolid (UV) in Spain, where she works and participates in the Nuevas Trends in Communication Research Group (Gir Nuteco). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The written press remains in Spain the medium that dedicates more space to cultural content. In the context of digital transformation, this article reflects the need to support a specialized, contextual and rigorous cultural journalism that fulfills a prescriptive and relevant mission for the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Informative note on the admission to the Academy of Nursing of the Valencian Community of José Siles. It is accompanied by his acceptance speech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]