2,596 results on '"SOCIOLOGY"'
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2. If Schools Didn't Exist: A Study in the Sociology of Schools
- Author
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Christie, Nils and Christie, Nils
- Abstract
A classic in the philosophy of education, considering the fundamental purpose and function of schools, translated into English for the first time. The open access edition of this book was made possible by generous funding from Arcadia--a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin. This classic 1971 work on the fundamental purpose and function of schools belongs on the same shelf as other landmark works of the era, including Ivan Illich's "Deschooling Society," Paulo Freire's "Pedagogy of the Oppressed," and John Holt's "How Children Fail." Nils Christie's "If School Didn't Exist," translated into English for the first time, departs from these works by not considering "schooling" (and deschooling) as much as schools and their specific community and social contexts. Christie argues that schools should be proving grounds for how to live together in society rather than assembly lines producing future citizens and employees. Christie presents three examples of schools in different settings--a French village school that became the bedrock of its community; federal government-run schools for Native Americans that facilitated the experience of inferiority; and a British secondary school that reinforced class stratification. He considers the school's function as a storage space (for an unproductive segment of society), as a means for differentiation (based on merit), and as distributor of knowledge. He introduces the idea of the school-society, a self-governing body of students, teachers, parents, and community; and he offers a vision of a society based on normalizing the needs and values of local communities. [Translated by Lucas Cone and Joachim Wiewiura. Foreword by Judith Suissa.]
- Published
- 2020
3. Information Needs of Appalachian Scholars.
- Author
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Fortner, Sandra
- Abstract
The purpose of this study is to analyze the nature of materials used by scholars in the field of Appalachian studies. Citations were analyzed from four monographic works: "Appalachia and the Politics of Culture,""Appalachia in an International Context,""Appalachia: Social Context, Past and Present," and "Appalachia in the Making." Findings of the investigation revealed that: (1) men publish more articles than women relevant to Appalachia; (2) the articles were most frequently published in journals; (3) the subject most frequently written about was Sociology; (4) most articles were published in the United States; and (5) most of the articles had references that were more than 10 years old. (Contains 16 references and 12 charts and tables that show distributions). (Author/AEF)
- Published
- 1997
4. Towards a Sociology of Educational Computing.
- Author
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Agalianos, Angelos S.
- Abstract
The development of educational computing in the last two decades has been largely uncritical and the field is dominated by technocentric approaches. With few notable exceptions, sociologists of education have not directly addressed educational computing. As a result, the social, political and cultural origins and implications of educational computing have remained to date underexplored. Viewing education as a predominantly social and political phenomenon, this paper suggests that information technology in education should be situated within its neglected social context. It draws on research which appropriates ideas from the sociology of education, sociology of technology, social theory and cultural studies, and looks into the development and evolution of Logo programming language in education in United States and British primary and secondary schools as a case study in the politics of educational change. The predominant lesson drawn from this analysis is that when Logo was introduced, preexisting social relations were largely able to utilize the new technology as an avenue for reasserting themselves, thus reinforcing the status quo. In both United States and United Kingdom primary schools, Logo ended up being seen most often as an elementary geometrical program, or simply as an exercise in enjoyable computer interaction. In secondary schools, if Logo was used at all, it was used in the context of "teaching programming" rather than as a means of expressing mathematical ideas. The dominant and powerfully established school structures changed the meaning of Logo and assimilated it into the existing system, to the disappointment of its original developers. (Contains 42 references.) (Author/AEF)
- Published
- 1996
5. Teaching Sociological Theory for a New Century: Contending with the 'Time Crunch'
- Author
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Abrutyn, Seth
- Abstract
Despite being a decade into the 21st century, sociological theory continues to be taught at the undergraduate and graduate level in nearly every program in the United States as if it were still 1970. 40 years ago, it made sense to dichotomize theory into two courses--"classical" and "contemporary"--because the latter of the two only covered theory from about the 1930s to the "present." Today a literal and figurative "time crunch" has emerged that makes teaching theory difficult and at times, arbitrary based on the professor's training, mentor, ideological/epistemological biases, and structural factors like textbook choice and number of academic weeks allotted per course. That is, we spend a large amount of time debating who should be in or out, and not enough time preparing our students for the application of theory towards the ultimate goal: knowledge about the social world. Students, then, leave confused at how one uses theory, what theory actually is, and, often times, disengaged from theory because of the density with which some theories approach the social world. In the paper below, the "time crunch" and its tendency to produce a "lost generation" of theorists is examined. After elucidating how the "time crunch" constrains sociology, four possible solutions are presented. This list of solutions is neither definitive nor exhaustive, and is meant to generate a rich discussion about the direction the discipline should head in the new century.
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- 2013
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6. Teaching about Consumption: The 'Not Buying It' Project
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Grauerholz, Liz and Bubriski-McKenzie, Anne
- Abstract
This study presents an experiential exercise designed to heighten students' awareness of overconsumption in the United States and allow them to see how their own consumption habits are linked to larger social factors. Students engaged in the "Not Buying It" project--which involved refraining from purchasing all but essentials for a set number of days--as part of a broader lesson on consumerism. Qualitative and quantitative data, gathered from students enrolled in three sections of Introductory Sociology, suggest that the exercise was effective in enhancing students' sociological imaginations by helping students see how their own consumption habits are shaped by larger social forces and how they, along with most Americans, tend toward overconsumption. To a more limited extent, it may help enhance cognitive understanding of consumption. Teaching about consumption in general, and the Not Buying It project in particular, offers instructors an excellent pedagogical means by which students can acquire a sociological imagination, reinforces key sociological principles, and links to broader goals within the discipline. (Contains 4 figures, 2 tables, and 2 notes.)
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- 2012
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7. A National Survey of American Higher Education Capstone Practices in Sociology and Psychology
- Author
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Hauhart, Robert C. and Grahe, Jon E.
- Abstract
Previous research on capstones in sociology and psychology has suggested that there is a typical capstone experience required by three quarters of all four-year colleges and universities in the United States. This article reports results from a national survey that confirm that sociology and psychology capstone courses conform generally to a common format. The findings further indicate that factors related to student limits and time limits predominate with respect to those variables that produce less successful course outcomes. A review of the social science capstone literature and the pedagogical best practices literature suggests that student limitations and time limitations can be attenuated by curricular, structural, and resource-allocation changes. (Contains 7 notes and 5 tables.)
- Published
- 2012
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8. Applying the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in an Irish Context: Mission Impossible?
- Author
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O'Sullivan, Sara
- Abstract
This article reports on an Irish study that examines the teaching of large, introductory-level sociology courses at a research-intensive university. The study's aim was to ameliorate some of the problems associated with large classes by applying key lessons from the U.S. literature to an Irish setting. Overall, the initiative was successful; attendance improved, student evaluations were positive, and the numbers of students continuing with sociology increased. The study illustrates that these lessons can be applied successfully in countries with a broadly similar sociology curriculum and suggests that there is scope to extend what Howard (2010) calls "the teaching and learning movement in sociology" beyond the United States. The results indicate that simple changes lead to gains in student learning. There is therefore a value in sociologists exploring the transferability of other techniques that may be applicable to the Irish classroom. (Contains 2 tables and 1 figure.)
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- 2011
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9. Driving a Car in Saudi: An Illustration of the Power of Norms and Values Using Multicultural Data
- Author
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Tiemann, Kathleen A., Badahdah, Abdallah M., and Pedersen, Daphne E.
- Abstract
The sociological literature on teaching and learning includes a number of discussions devoted to the importance of multicultural education. Much of this literature encourages educators to revise the curriculum and shows how the experience of multicultural education can stimulate student's sociological imaginations. To this end, some scholars have focused on transforming the curriculum as a whole, while others have hoped to improve it through the development of specific activities to promote multicultural awareness. The authors collected data from two small introduction to sociology classes in Saudi Arabia to use in their large enrollment introduction to sociology class lecture sessions. In this teaching note, the authors describe how they use these data to facilitate a classroom discussion of norms, values and cultural practices, to reveal the interaction among age and gender and the importance of sex segregation rules in Saudi Arabia. Through formal and informal assessment, they find that the activity and ensuing discussion helps students gain insight into the importance of culture while providing them with the opportunity to do so in an interesting and fun way. (Contains 2 tables and 3 footnotes.)
- Published
- 2009
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10. Teaching Mills in Tokyo: Developing a Sociological Imagination through Storytelling
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Storrs, Debbie
- Abstract
Here I emphasize the applicability of the sociological imagination to an international audience by sharing my journey of teaching sociology in Japan. I found my own sociological imagination helpful in critically evaluating the literature on Japanese higher education and the construction of the Japanese student as a form of Orientalism. As I embraced international students' unique, context-specific capacities for learning, I relied on the illuminating power of C. Wright Mills's sociological imagination to heighten their understandings of themselves and others. Despite the characterization of Japanese students as passive learners, I discovered an engaged and responsive student body who developed a keen sociological imagination through storytelling. Employing a pedagogy of storytelling, I helped my students successfully explore gender and ethnic troubles as public issues in a global context. The insight gained abroad has led me to expand my pedagogy at home beyond active learning strategies to incorporate stories to enhance U.S. students' sociological imaginations.
- Published
- 2009
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11. Population Composition, Migration and Inequality: The Influence of Demographic Changes on Disaster Risk and Vulnerability
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Donner, William and Rodriguez, Havidan
- Abstract
The changing demographic landscape of the United States calls for a reassessment of the societal impacts and consequences of so called "natural" and technological disasters. An increasing trend towards greater demographic and socio-economic diversity (in part due to high rates of international immigration), combined with mounting disaster losses, have brought about a more serious focus among scholars on how changing population patterns shape the vulnerability and resiliency of social systems. Recent disasters, such as the Indian Ocean Tsunami (2004) and Hurricane Katrina (2005), point to the differential impacts of disasters on certain communities, particularly those that do not have the necessary resources to cope with and recover from such events. This paper interprets these impacts within the context of economic, cultural, and social capital, as well as broader human ecological forces. The paper also makes important contributions to the social science disaster research literature by examining population growth, composition, and distribution in the context of disaster risk and vulnerability. Population dynamics (e.g., population growth, migration, and urbanization) are perhaps one of the most important factors that have increased our exposure to disasters and have contributed to the devastating impacts of these events, as the case of Hurricane Katrina illustrates. Nevertheless, the scientific literature exploring these issues is quite limited. We argue that if we fail to acknowledge and act on the mounting evidence regarding population composition, migration, inequality, and disaster vulnerability, we will continue to experience disasters with greater regularity and intensity. (Contains 8 figures and 2 notes.)
- Published
- 2008
12. USA Stratified Monopoly: A Simulation Game about Social Class Stratification
- Author
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Fisher, Edith M.
- Abstract
Effectively teaching college students about social class stratification is a difficult challenge. Explanations for this difficulty tend to focus on the students who often react with resistance, paralysis, or rage. Sociologists have been using games and simulations as alternative methods for several decades to teach about these sensitive subjects. This article uses the game "USA Stratified Monopoly" to demonstrate social class stratification, integrating issues of individualism and social change. "USA Stratified Monopoly" is a flexible, dynamic simulation game that effectively teaches students about social class stratification. This game successfully meets its learning objectives and can be a very powerful educational tool. It is well suited for classrooms with up to 60 students and can be played successfully in 50-minute class sessions. However, teachers must be aware of the emotional risks to students before using this game. "USA Stratified Monopoly" can bring out some intense emotions and reactions from students, and it is their responsibility to safely facilitate their learning experiences. (Contains 4 tables.)
- Published
- 2008
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13. A Comparative Analysis of Existing Standards for High School Sociology Curricula
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Andriot, Angie L.
- Abstract
Academic sociologists have recently increased their focus on improving high school sociology. Reform efforts include networking between teachers and universities, improving curriculum, and enhancing teacher training. I propose that this list be expanded to include setting curricular standards. Current trends in educational reform center on standards-based education, and although many social science disciplines have adapted to this trend, sociology's focus on standards is limited to undergraduate education. I analyze the existing state sociology standards by measuring them against the American Sociological Association's (ASA) Advanced Placement Sociology course, the National Council for Social Studies standards, and the sample learning goals from "Liberal Learning and the Sociology Major Updated" (McKinney et al. 2005). The results indicate that there are some substantial differences in the learning goals set forth by the ASA and those set forth by the states. I suggest that since the academic sociological community is in an ideal position to address high school social studies content in a variety of disciplines, we should expand our efforts in this area. (Contains 1 table.)
- Published
- 2007
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14. Circles of Influence and Chains of Command: The Social Processes Whereby Ethnic Communities Influence Host Societies
- Author
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Orum, Anthony M.
- Abstract
Research into immigration has for many years focused most of its attention on the issue of how immigrants adapt to host societies. This tendency is especially true in the work of sociologists. Yet if we acknowledge the growing ethnic diversity today in the United States and elsewhere, the most interesting questions arise as to how immigrants influence the host society--not how they adapt to it. This paper proposes a sociological theory to account for such influence. For evidence it draws on a variety of empirical examples from research on ethnic communities in the United States.
- Published
- 2005
15. 'That's Not Fair!': A Simulation Exercise in Social Stratification and Structural Inequality
- Author
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Coghlan, Catherine L. and Huggins, Denise W.
- Abstract
Social stratification may be one of the most difficult topics covered in sociology classes. This article describes an interactive learning exercise, using a modified version of the game Monopoly, intended to stress the structural nature of social inequality and to stimulate student reflection and class discussion on social stratification in the United States. The primary focus of this exercise is to help students experience different levels of social stratification and to challenge the idea that individual talents or aspirations are enough to overcome structural barriers to upward class mobility. Student reactions to the experience suggest that it is an effective tool for demonstrating the structural nature of social inequality in the United States and for stimulating discussion on social inequality and related topics. This exercise has worked well in introductory sociology, social problems, and social inequality classes. (Contains 4 tables.)
- Published
- 2004
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16. Education and Social Stratification Processes in Comparative Perspective.
- Author
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Kerckhoff, Alan C.
- Abstract
Discusses three characteristics of educational systems that have been used to explain social stratification processes: stratification, standardization, and vocational specificity. Describes how these characteristics affect the movement of students through school and into the labor force in France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States. (CAJ)
- Published
- 2001
17. The Sociology of Knowledge and Contextual Effects: Reality Construction in Rural Schools.
- Author
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Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge. Agricultural Experiment Station. and Falk, William W.
- Abstract
Introducing the concept of phenomenology (concern with consciousness, objects of consciousness, possibilities, and a return to "things") supported by ethnomethodology as a viable approach to rural sociology, this paper presents: (1) a brief review of selected articles discussing the conceptualization of "rural"; (2) certain principles in the sociology of knowledge which have epistemological implications for both rural sociology method and substance; (3) a brief discussion on certain aspects of Husserl's and Schutz's phenomenology and Garfinkel's ethnomethodology as relative to rural sociology; and (4) rural schools as a case in point where analysis might be enriched via a sociology of knowledge-phenomenological-ethnomethodological approach concerning itself with "reality construction". Since ethnomethodology is concerned with the immediately observable social situation, a central concept posited is that ethnomethodology calls into question the normative organizational focus of rural sociology as exemplified in the study of social structure. Emphasizing the difference between objective and subjective reality, rural schools and reality construction are discussed in terms of reality differentials, transmission, and reaction and internalization. Essentially, this paper calls for a humanistic sociology; wherein, researchers open their eyes to the world with a "natural attitude" and perceive the world as an ongoing accomplishment rather than as a "taken for granted facticity". (JC)
- Published
- 1976
18. A Balance Sheet for East-West Exchanges. IREX Occasional Papers, Volume 1, Number 1.
- Author
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International Research and Exchange Board, New York, NY. and Kassof, Allen H.
- Abstract
Four papers discuss research exchanges between the United States and the USSR and East Europe. The first paper considers the evolution of perceptions of social scientists in these countries during the Cold War and Detente. The dominant view of American researchers during the Cold War was that the United States, as the most modern society, was the yardstick for measuring other societies. The United States experienced rapid growth of training and research related to the Soviet orbit. However, Soviet scholars were constrained by Marxist-Leninist doctrine and by educational and research policies. In the 1960s, American social scientists gained a greater appreciation for the complexities of modern societies and East European social scientists began innovative studies. The second paper discusses evaluations of research exchanges between the United States and the Soviet Union. The conclusion is that these exchanges are scientifically valuable to both countries. The most serious problem is Soviet political repression of its scientific community. The third paper discusses problems and accomplishments of East European studies in the United States. Although progress seems to be steady, American social scientists have come to pursue topics that are politically safe, and thus often of secondary importance. The final paper suggests that in exchanges between the Soviet Union and the United States, both academic and government communities profit. The point that Soviet exchanges are generally in sciences and engineering and American exchanges are in history and literature illustrates that each side sends whom it wishes. Thus, the author concludes that this type of exchange is neither unbalanced nor unfair. (Author/KC)
- Published
- 1980
19. Social Generalizations: Biases and Solutions.
- Author
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Hedley, R. Alan
- Abstract
The author conducted a cross national analysis of sociological research reported in leading journals at two points in time over a ten year period to determine if sociologists' ability to produce valid social generalizations had improved significantly over the recent past. The official journals of the United States (American Sociological Review), Canada (Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology), and Great Britain (Sociology) were selected for examination. Also included in the analysis were two other highly reputed journals--the American Journal of Sociology and the British Journal of Sociology. Only articles reporting the results of empirical research were included in the comparative analysis. All of the research reports contained in the five journals were examined to determine the research design employed, the type of sample or population investigated, and the method used to collect the data. Results include the following. Particularly in the American journals, but also in the Canadian Review, the analysis revealed changes over the past ten years in the methodological characteristics of published studies such that sociologists' ability to make valid social generalizations may be improved substantially. By taking readings at several points in time, selecting a broadly based sample, and not relying exclusively upon one or two methods of data collection, it is extremely likely that the generalizations produced are less affected by measurement artifacts and instead reflect effects of relevant factors as they impinge upon the variables sociologists seek to explain. (Author/RM)
- Published
- 1981
20. The Development of Educational Sociology is Reflected in its English-Language Textbooks Published from 1912 to 1970.
- Author
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Card, B. Y.
- Abstract
The research objective was to examine the development and diffusion of a field of knowledge related to education as reflected in textbooks published in the United States, England and Canada. Using a scheme derived from invention-diffusion theory, over 150 textbooks in educational sociology (including sociology of education and social foundations of education) were analyzed. Findings reveal increasing output and participation, shifts in emphases, changing perspectives, broadening scope, and some international diffusion. The study contributes to a definition of the field, discloses disciplinary needs, and demonstrates a close relationship between educational sociology and societal preoccupations. (A five page bibliography of references and a twelve page bibliography of textbooks are appended.) (Author/SBE)
- Published
- 1971
21. Report of the Commissioner of Education for the Year 1899-1900. Volume 1
- Author
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Department of the Interior, United States Bureau of Education (ED)
- Abstract
The Commissioner of Education's introduction in volume 1 provides data and discussion on school and college total enrollment, common schools, average schooling amount per U.S. inhabitant, British India's public schools, truant schools, Puerto Rican schools, U.S. educational extension, sociology and education at the Paris Exposition, introduction of reindeer into Alaska, city school systems, higher education, law student increase, land-grant colleges, secondary schools, education of the colored race, and education in Central Europe, Great Britain, the Philippines, Cuba, Hawaii, and Samoa. The introduction lists letter topics received by the office in 1900.Subsequent chapters cover British India's public schools; boys' secondary schools in England; general information on truant schools, statements on truant schools in various cities, laws on the disposition of truants and incorrigibles in 17 states, discussion of British reformatories and allied institutions and expanded coverage of Puerto Rican education. Chapter V, on U.S. educational extension, addresses lyceums, university extension, Chautauqua, summer schools, cities and popular education, arts and music for the people, travel and pilgrimage as educational extension, the idea of a national university, the Smithsonian Institution, the Library of Congress, museum extension, higher commercial schools, and newspapers as popular educators. A chapter on common school organization and development from 1830 to 1860 covers the South Central and South Atlantic states. Papers from the 1900 Department of Superintendence meeting in Chicago are presented in chapter VII, including papers on education status at the turn of the century, and on alcohol physiology and superintendence with a discussion paper on that subject. The next chapter covers schoolteachers' role in the struggle against alcoholism, while chapter XXI, the last chapter, discusses temperance physiology. Chapters X, XI, and XII concern college students' adjustment to professional courses, justification for public high schools, and free rural high schools. The National Educational Association committee report on relationship between public libraries and public schools is found in chapter XIII. This includes sections on establishing village libraries, rural and small village libraries, small-library cataloging hints, the librarian's spirit and methods working with schools, certain typical libraries, and schoolroom libraries. Final chapters cover Central European education; public playgrounds and vacation schools; the Old South lectures and leaflets; statistics on public, society, and school libraries; British and Irish education; U.S. education periodicals, and a directory of chief state school officers, city superintendents, college presidents, and normal school principals. [For volume 2, see ED622192.]
- Published
- 1901
22. Report of the Commissioner of Education for the Year 1896-97. Volume 1. Containing Part I
- Author
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Department of the Interior, United States Bureau of Education (ED)
- Abstract
This is Volume 1 of the Report of the Commissioner of Education for the Year 1896-97, containing Part I. The volume begins with the Commissioner of Education's Introduction and Part I covers the topics: (1) Education in Great Britain and Ireland; (2) Education in France; (3) Education in Denmark; (4) Education in Norway; (5) Education in Central Europe; (6) Commercial Education in Europe; (7) The Teaching of Civics in Switzerland, France, and England; (8) Education in Greece; (9) Sunday Schools; (10) The Curriculum of the Land-Grant Colleges; (11) Requirements for Admission to Freshman Class in Colleges, Universities, and Schools of Technology; (12) The Legal Rights of Children; (13) Psychological Tendencies--The Study of Imitation; (14) Discussion of Educational Topics, by President Francis A. Walker, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with some Account of His Life; (15) Horace Mann and the Great Revival of the American Common School, 1830-1850; (16) Henry Barnard; (17) Report of the Committee of Twelve of Rural Schools; (18) Entrance Requirements for Engineering Colleges; (19) Early History of the Kindergarten in St. Louis, Missouri; (20) Some Recent Contributions of Biology, Sociology, and Metallurgy to the Curriculum of Colleges Endowed by the Federal Government for the Benefit of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts; (21) The Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition, Held in Nashville, Tennessee, May 1 to October 31, 1897; and (22) Educational Directory. [For "Report of the Commissioner of Education for the Year 1896-97. Volume 2. Containing Parts II and III," see ED622097.]
- Published
- 1898
23. 'Changing Places' Revisited: The 'Cosmopolitan Motif' Brought to Life.
- Author
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Falk, William W. and Molloy, Stephen
- Abstract
College students, particularly those in the United States, exhibit individualistic, isolationist world views. Students in Great Britain display these isolationist tendencies to a lesser degree. The reasons are discussed. To help students develop a world view, sociology teachers should make a more conscientious use of Mills's "sociological imagination" and Berger's "cosmopolitan motif." (Author/RM)
- Published
- 1985
24. One Hundred Years of Sociological Solitude?
- Author
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Rumbaut, Ruben G.
- Abstract
This Cuban-born author presents a narrative on the social events in the United States that marked his life as he embarked on a career in the field of sociology in the 1960s and 70s. He advocates for sociologists' awareness of social realities and the evolution of sociological studies from a socially-conscious perspective.
- Published
- 2005
25. Coloniality and Refugee Education in the United States.
- Author
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Koyama, Jill and Turan, Adnan
- Subjects
- *
REFUGEE children , *REFUGEES , *REFUGEE families , *STUDENT activism , *CULTURAL studies , *SOCIOLOGY - Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate the ways in which the schooling of refugee youth in the United States reflects ongoing coloniality in education. Drawing on data collected in a case study, conducted between 2013 and 2016, as part of a larger ongoing ethnography of a Southwest United States District school's response to refugee students, we show how the enactment of policies, pedagogies, and practices within schools reinforce the government's control over refugee students and their families. In schools, the students are kept out of certain school spaces, marginalized in remedial courses, and denied academic opportunities and integrated support services. Using empirical data, we demonstrate how the restriction of the students' movement in and around schools is embedded within the larger limitations embedded in coloniality and assimilation. We situate our analysis within the tensions and interactions between coloniality, assimilation, and neoliberalism as articulated in studies within anthropology and sociology, migration studies, critical refugee studies, and cultural studies. We conclude with a call for the decolonization of education and offer a practical starting point in refugee education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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26. Quantitatively examining the interaction between cybercrime and physical crime.
- Author
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Doss, Daniel Adrian and Scherr, Daniel
- Subjects
COMPUTER crimes ,INTERNET security ,SOCIOLOGY ,ROBBERY - Abstract
This study examined the differences and relationships between reported incidents of cybercrime and physical crime within U.S. society nationally. The examined period encompassed the years between 2001 and 2020. The study outcomes showed that a relationship existed between reported incidents of cybercrime and reported incidents of physical crime (p = 0.00; α = 0.05). More specifically, it appeared that relationships existed between the reported incidents of cybercrime and the reported incidents of physical crimes representing robbery rate (p = 0.01; α = 0.05), burglary rate (p = 0.00; α = 0.05), and larceny theft rate (p = 0.00; α = 0.05). It also appeared that a difference (p = 0.00; α = 0.05) existed between reported incidents of cybercrime and physical crime wherein greater quantities of physical crime were exhibited societally during the examined period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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27. From Apathy to Structural Competency and the Right to Health: An Institutional Ethnography of a Maternal and Child Wellness Center.
- Author
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DOWNEY, MARGARET MARY and THOMPSON-LASTAD, ARIANA
- Subjects
APATHY ,NATIONAL competency-based educational tests ,MATERNAL health services ,LAWYERS ,SOCIAL determinants of health ,SOCIOLOGY ,WORK ,ATTITUDES of medical personnel ,SOCIAL workers ,RIGHT to health ,IMAGINATION ,ETHNOLOGY research ,MEDICAL protocols ,CHILD health services ,HEALTH ,CLINICAL competence ,SOCIAL worker attitudes ,EXPERIENTIAL learning ,COMMUNITY health workers ,PSYCHOSOCIAL factors ,MENTAL health counselors ,REFLECTION (Philosophy) - Abstract
Given the persistence of health inequities in the United States, scholars and health professionals alike have turned to the social determinants of health (SDH) framework to understand the overlapping factors that produce and shape these inequities. However, there is scant empirical literature on how frontline health and social service workers perceive and apply the SDH framework, or related movements such as the right to health, in their daily practice. Our study seeks to bridge this gap by applying constructs from the sociological imagination and structural competency (an emerging paradigm in health professions' education) to understand the perspectives and experiences of social work case managers, community health workers, legal advocates, and mental health counselors at a maternal and child health center in a large US city. This frontline workforce displayed strong sociological imagination, elements of structural competency, and engagement with the principles of the right to health. Workers shared reflections on the SDH framework in ways that signaled promising opportunities for frontline workers to link with the global movement for the right to health. We offer a novel approach to understanding the relationships between frontline worker perspectives on and experiences with the SDH, sociological imagination, structural competency, and the right to health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
28. Transmission of Knowledge and Practice between Cultures: A Case Study of Chinese Medicine Integration in the United States.
- Author
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Morris, William
- Subjects
CHINESE medicine ,INTEGRATIVE medicine ,CHINESE diaspora ,CHINA studies ,WORLD culture - Abstract
Medicine operates within the world views of the culture that it serves, and the widespread Chinese diaspora has carried medical practices with it. The resulting creolization takes shape at the borders of intersecting cultures in a distinct form of integration. This article explores the intersections of integration relative to the spread of Chinese medicine in the United States in practical, cognitive, and theoretical terms. This article could be a reference to practitioners, academics, and policymakers in the areas of integrative and Chinese medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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29. Status Lenses: Mapping Hierarchy and Consensus in Status Beliefs.
- Author
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VALENTINO, LAUREN
- Subjects
OCCUPATIONAL prestige ,STATE power ,SOCIAL groups ,SOCIOLOGY - Abstract
Research on status beliefs demonstrates that judgments of status are not always universally shared and are shaped by social structural factors. Building on this literature, I introduce the concept of status lenses, reflecting a hierarchical-nonhierarchical dimension and a consensus-dissensus dimension of how social groups view the status order. Using data from the 2012 General Social Survey module on occupational prestige, the most common measure of status in sociology, I find that groups use different status lenses depending on their proximity to the traditional centers of power in the United States. Men, Whites, college-educated, and higher-earning groups have a diffuse consensus status lens; women have a discriminating consensus status lens; and Black, noncollege degree, and lower- earning groups have a discriminating dissensus status lens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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30. Rural education : Some sociological provocations for the field.
- Author
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Corbett, Michael
- Published
- 2015
31. Next Day Wildfire Spread: A Machine Learning Dataset to Predict Wildfire Spreading From Remote-Sensing Data.
- Author
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Huot, Fantine, Hu, R. Lily, Goyal, Nita, Sankar, Tharun, Ihme, Matthias, and Chen, Yi-Fan
- Subjects
- *
MACHINE learning , *DROUGHT management , *WILDFIRES , *EMERGENCY management , *ARTIFICIAL satellites , *RANDOM forest algorithms , *LEAD time (Supply chain management) - Abstract
Predicting wildfire spread is critical for land management and disaster preparedness. To this end, we present “Next Day Wildfire Spread,” a curated, large-scale, multivariate dataset of historical wildfires aggregating nearly a decade of remote-sensing data across the United States. In contrast to existing fire datasets based on Earth observation satellites, our dataset combines 2-D fire data with multiple explanatory variables (e.g., topography, vegetation, weather, drought index, and population density) aligned over 2-D regions, providing a feature-rich dataset for machine learning. To demonstrate the usefulness of this dataset, we implement a neural network that takes advantage of the spatial information of these data to predict wildfire spread. We compare the performance of the neural network with other machine learning models: logistic regression and random forest. This dataset can be used as a benchmark for developing wildfire propagation models based on remote-sensing data for a lead time of one day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Developing Nontechnical Professional Skills in African American Engineering Majors Through Co-Curricular Activities.
- Author
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Garrett, Stacey D., Martin, Julie P., and Adams, Stephanie G.
- Subjects
- *
AFRICAN Americans , *AFRICAN American students , *MINORITY students , *ENGINEERS , *ENGINEERING - Abstract
Contribution: This study contributes to efforts to diversify the field of engineering by studying the influence of co-curricular activities on African American students’ development of key nontechnical professional skills. Background: The 21st Century workforce requires significant collaboration and communication. For engineering graduates to meet workforce challenges, they must graduate with nontechnical skills. This study operationalized these skills using traits identified in the National Academy of Engineering’s (NAE) “Engineer of 2020” report. The NAE also points to the urgent need for the United States to diversify its workforce; broadening the participation of African American engineers is key to doing so. Co-curricular activities help students develop nontechnical professional skills and are particularly important to African Americans at predominantly White institutions (PWIs). Research Question: How do African American engineering students attending PWIs in the United States develop nontechnical professional skills through participation in ethnic-specific co-curricular activities? Methodology: This qualitative study explored the lived experiences of 16 participants from one of six engineering disciplines. Each participant was a member of at least one of the following organizations: a Black fraternity or sorority (termed Black Greek Letter organizations), their campus student chapter of the National Society of Black Engineers, or an institution-sponsored program for racially underrepresented students such as a minority engineering program. Findings: Data analysis revealed significant evidence that involvement in one or more of the studied ethnic-specific co-curricular activities enhanced African American engineering students’ educational experiences by providing resources and opportunities to help them develop professional skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. 'It can feel like there's no way out' - political scientists face pushback on their work.
- Author
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Lewis D and Abbott A
- Subjects
- Internationality, United States, Disinformation, Politics, Research Personnel psychology
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. First Nation Peoples' nutrition and exercise group programmes: transforming success through the lifeworld.
- Author
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Urquhart, Lisa, Fisher, Karin, Duncanson, Kerith, Roberts, Karen, Munro, Simon, Gibbs, Clinton, and Brown, Leanne
- Subjects
- *
CULTURE , *INDIGENOUS Australians , *FIRST Nations of Canada , *LABELING theory , *EVALUATION of human services programs , *SOCIOLOGY , *NUTRITION , *CONSUMER attitudes , *PHENOMENOLOGY , *SELF-disclosure , *RESPONSIBILITY , *EXERCISE , *INTERPERSONAL relations , *COMMUNICATION , *INTELLECT , *INDIGENOUS peoples , *DATA analysis software , *RESPECT , *HEALTH promotion , *SUCCESS , *REFLECTION (Philosophy) - Abstract
Previous literature has applied system-focused structures to understand the success of First Nations Peoples' nutrition and exercise group programmes. Existing system-focused measures have included biomedical outcomes, access and service utilization. By broadening the focus of programme success beyond the system, we can evaluate programmes from a First Nations Peoples' lifeworld perspective. Critical hermeneutics and yarning using a lens of Habermas' Theory of Communicative Action to the literature has the potential to transform understandings of "success" in First Nations Peoples' nutrition and exercise group programmes. In this literature interpretation, we explored the critical success factors from a lifeworld perspective, giving scope to go beyond a system perspective to include a cultural, social or personal perspective. Our yarning led us to understand that there is a communicative relationship between explicit system structures and implicit lifeworld concepts that are critical success factors for First Nations nutrition and exercise group programmes. We have developed a set of reflective questions to guide others in considering a lifeworld perspective. Our findings represent a shift away from success measured by the dominant power structure to respect the lifeworld culture, knowledges and values of First Nations Peoples towards shared understanding and mutual decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. LGBTQ+ in ECE: Culture and (Non)Visibility.
- Author
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Yang, Jerry A., Sherard, Max K., Julien, Christine, and Borrego, Maura
- Subjects
- *
STUDENT attitudes , *LGBTQ+ students , *DIVERSITY in organizations , *LGBTQ+ identity , *COMPUTER engineers , *ETHNICITY - Abstract
Contribution: This article confirms the continued marginalization of undergraduate LGBTQ+ electrical and computer engineering (ECE) students and describes how they navigate their (non)visibility in engineering. Best practices to increase diversity and inclusion are discussed. Background: LGBTQ+ ECE undergraduate students experience a chilly, sometimes hostile climate in engineering. As a result, they experience lower sense of belonging, worse academic outcomes, and greater mental and emotional stress in their daily lives. Research Questions: How are LGBTQ+ ECE undergraduate students’ perceptions of ECE culture, sense of belonging, perceptions of discrimination, and (non)visibility affected by their identities? How do they navigate their (non)visibility in engineering contexts? How do LGBTQ+ ECE undergraduate students perceive and navigate engineering culture and their (non)visibility in engineering spaces, potentially integrating LGBTQ+, race, ethnicity, gender, and other identities into their perceptions? Methodology: A mixed-methods study with a survey and focus groups was conducted at a large southern public university in the United States. Survey participants included 854 undergraduate ECE students, of which 9% were strongly LGBTQ+. Focus group participants included 9 self-selected LGBTQ+ ECE students from the survey sample. Findings: LGBTQ+ ECE undergraduate students face noninclusive environments, marginalizing experiences, and cis-heteronormativity in engineering as a result of their multiple marginalized identities that intersect with their LGBTQ+ identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Sociology of Multiracial Identity in the Late 1980s and Early 1990s: The Failure of a Perspective.
- Author
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Daniel, G. Reginald
- Subjects
SELF ,IDENTITY (Psychology) ,SOCIOLOGY ,GROUP identity ,PSYCHOLOGICAL stress - Abstract
Sociologists largely failed to comprehend the emergence of multiracial identities in the United States during the late 1980s and early 1990s. This was due, in part, to hypodescent and the monoracial imperative. These social devices, respectively, categorize offspring of interracial unions between Whites and people of color based exclusively on the background of color, and necessitate single-racial identification. This has prohibited the articulation and recognition of multiracial identities. Hypodescent and the monoracial imperative are so normative that they have been taken for granted by sociologists across the monoracial spectrum, much as the larger society. Sociology's espoused objectivity blinded sociologists to the standpoint of their own monoracial subjectivity. They provided little critical examination of hypodescent and the monoracial imperative in terms of their impact on multiracial identity formations. Some sociologists challenged theories of marginality, which stressed the psychological dysfunction of multiracials. Yet multiracial identities were considered symptomatic of mainly isolated psychological concerns with personal identity. Sociologists were absent from analyses of collective identity and agency speaking to mixed-race concerns. Consequently, they remained on the periphery of social scientific theorizing of multiracial identities in terms of their wider-ranging implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Too Red for Crowdfunding: The Legitimation and Adoption of Crowdfunding Across Political Cultures.
- Author
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Lewis, Alexander C., Cordero, Arkangel M., and Xiong, Rachael
- Subjects
POLITICAL culture ,CROWD funding - Abstract
Institutional change is typically studied at the organizational field level; we leverage political culture to examine how the context in which these fields are embedded influence processes of institutional change within such fields. Specifically, we look at the effect of conservative political culture on legitimation and adoption of crowdfunding in the United States. We find that crowdfunding is less popular and more slowly legitimated in conservative regions. However, we also find that crowdfunding's legitimacy is more important in these regions and that once a legitimacy threshold is reached, the adoption of crowdfunding in conservative regions surpasses that in liberal regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Deepfakes, trolls and cybertroopers: how social media could sway elections in 2024.
- Author
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Ledford H
- Subjects
- Humans, United States, Harassment, Non-Sexual, Information Dissemination ethics, Information Dissemination legislation & jurisprudence, Research Personnel psychology, Politics, Social Media standards, Social Media statistics & numerical data, Social Media trends, Social Sciences methods, Social Sciences trends, Disinformation
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. La doctrina militar colombiana en las prácticas de los oficiales durante el conflicto armado interno (1995-1998).
- Author
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Mauricio Cardona-Angarita, Jorge
- Subjects
- *
CIVIL war , *MILITARY doctrine , *ARMY officers , *FOCUS groups , *MILITARY strategy - Abstract
This article addresses the Colombian Army's military doctrine and its relationship with practices during the internal armed conflict from 1995-1998. First, the development of the Colombian military doctrine in that period and the United States and other countries' influence on it, as well as its eclectic combining with the national doctrine in the face of the irregular conflict, was addressed through qualitative analysis. Then, the practices and their relationship with the doctrine were analyzed in a sample of 180 then active Army officers participating in surveys, interviews and a focus group, based on four operational setbacks suffered at the time. It was found that, although the officers recognized and valued the doctrine, they faced complex situations that led them to take initiatives with varying results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Reading and Leading: Interviews With RBPE Editors About the Past and the Future of the Review.
- Author
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Coleman, Major G.
- Subjects
BLACK political candidates ,RACISM ,SOCIOLOGY ,FINANCE ,PRACTICAL politics - Abstract
The Review of Black Political Economy has been a leader on issues of race and economics, politics, sociology and area studies. After half a century of shaping minds, critical ideas and arguments, the time has come to look back and ask the editors of the Review what they saw when they were at the helm, and what they see ahead. While all their views are different, common themes emerged: 1. The need to embrace new technologies, 2. Making the Review the first pick for top scholars, 3. Relevancy in the post-civil rights era, and 4. Finance for the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Ethnic Entrepreneurial and Marketing Systems: Implications for the Global Economy.
- Author
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Iyer, Gopalkrishnan R. and Shapiro, Jon M.
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL business enterprises ,SMALL business ,GLOBALIZATION ,BUSINESSPEOPLE ,MARKETING ,IMMIGRANTS ,SOCIOLOGY ,SOCIOECONOMICS ,BUSINESS networks ,NATION-state - Abstract
The role of immigrant ethnic entrepreneurs in the small business milieu of the developed world has been studied within sociology for the past three decades. This article attempts to generate interest in the study of ethnic entrepreneurs within marketing and international business, especially noting the distinct business and marketing systemic features of ethnic entrepreneurial networks. Using prior literature and the findings from a qualitative study, the authors build some elements of theory of ethnic business systems and demonstrate aspects on which such systems differ from other business firms and networks, especially in the United States. The authors argue that ethnic enterprises make tremendous contributions to local and international economies while bridging small business, globalization, and the nation-state in interesting ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Social influence of e-cigarette smoking prevalence on smoking behaviours among high-school teenagers: Microsimulation experiments.
- Author
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Chao, Dingding, Hashimoto, Hideki, and Kondo, Naoki
- Subjects
- *
SOCIAL influence , *ELECTRONIC cigarettes , *TEENAGERS , *CIGARETTE smoke , *SMOKING - Abstract
The prevalence of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has rapidly increased among young people, while conventional cigarette use has decreased in this age group. However, some evidence suggests that e-cigarette use is likely to induce conventional cigarette smoking. The present study explored the social influence of the prevalence of e-cigarette use in the peer network and in the general population as a potential mechanism by which e-cigarette use affects adolescents’ overall smoking behaviours. For this purpose, we developed an agent-based model in which young agents repeatedly choose to smoke conventional cigarettes and/or e-cigarettes, or to remain non-smokers. The choice is based on the agent’s evaluation of the utility derived from smoking and attitude towards smoking (‘openness’), which is influenced by smoking prevalence in the agent’s peer network and in the broader society. We also assumed a ‘crossover’ effect between the different types of smoking. The model was calibrated with United States National Youth Tobacco Survey data to reflect real-world numbers. We further simulated the prevalence of different types of smoking under counterfactual scenarios with different levels of openness and crossover effects. The models developed successfully reproduced actual prevalence trends in different types of smoking from 2011 to 2014. Openness to smoking is associated with a dramatic increase in e-cigarette smoking and especially in dual smoking, which cancels out the decline in sole conventional smoking. Larger crossover effects are associated with a higher prevalence of conventional smoking. The simulation results indicate that the social influence of the prevalence of e-cigarette use may influence young people to initiate or continue conventional cigarette smoking. Assessing the impact of e-cigarettes in the general population as a ‘healthier’ alternative to conventional smoking may require carefully monitoring trends in young people’s smoking behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Protecting children’s health in a calorie-surplus context: Household structure and child growth in the United States.
- Author
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Cunningham, Solveig A., Chandrasekar, Eeshwar K., Cartwright, Kate, and Yount, Kathryn M.
- Subjects
- *
CHILDHOOD obesity , *CHILDREN'S health , *INTERGENERATIONAL relations - Abstract
Studies from the social and health sciences have tended to view the household as the locus of access to and distribution of care, resources, monitoring and modeling for children’s wellbeing. Obesity may present a special case for the study of investments in children, being a component of health for which more of certain inputs may not lead to better outcomes. We expanded on common measures of household structure in the child health literature by considering co-residence and relatedness of parents, grandparents, other relatives, and other children. Data were from a longitudinal sample of 6,700 children participating in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Kindergarten Class of 1998–99 (ECLS-K), the largest U.S. national dataset with measures of child anthropometrics and household structure at seven time-points over nine years. We used lagged survey-adjusted regressions to estimate associations between household structure and subsequent changes in children’s weight between ages 5 and 14 years in terms of BMI gain and incident obesity. Adjusting for household structure more thoroughly, children living in households with two parents rather than one parent did not experience advantages in terms of less excess weight gain or lower incidence of obesity during elementary and middle school. Children living with a grandmother gained more weight than children not living with a grandmother. Living with siblings and with non-related adults was associated with less weight gain. These findings corroborate a scenario in which, for health problems associated with caloric surplus, classic household factors have more complex associations with child wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Did you really need to ask? Cultural variation in emotional responses to providing solicited social support.
- Author
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Lawley, Kendall A., Willett, Zachary Z., Scollon, Christie N., and Lehman, Barbara J.
- Subjects
- *
SOCIAL support , *EMOTIONAL conditioning , *SOCIOCULTURAL factors , *SOCIAL sciences education , *SOCIAL science research , *CROSS-cultural differences - Abstract
Most prior research on culture and the dynamics of social support has focused on the emotional outcomes for social support recipients. Though an existing body of research has identified cross-cultural differences in the emotional correlates of receiving different types of social support, researchers have seldom examined possible cultural differences in the experience of social support providers. This study used the Day Reconstruction Method to examine cultural differences in the emotional correlates of the provision of solicited and unsolicited and emotional and informational social support in the daily lives of Singaporean (n = 79) and American (n = 88) participants. Singaporean participants reported providing more social support overall. Regardless of culture, participants reported more positive emotion (affection, happiness) and less negative emotion (anger, anxiety) when they provided emotional social support. Also, multilevel modeling analyses revealed a 3-way interaction between culture, social support provision, and social support solicitation, indicating cultural differences in negative emotional responses to providing solicited social support. Specifically, results suggest that attempts to provide more solicited social support were associated with more negative emotions in the U.S. In contrast, provider negative emotions were highest in Singapore when the provider did not meet the recipient’s request for support. Patterns of cultural differences in social support provision are dissimilar to—rather than simply mirroring—those found in published research on social support receipt, highlighting the importance of studying social support provision as a distinct phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Risk factors for acute abdominal pain (colic) in the adult horse: A scoping review of risk factors, and a systematic review of the effect of management-related changes.
- Author
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Curtis, Laila, Burford, John H., England, Gary C. W., and Freeman, Sarah L.
- Subjects
- *
META-analysis , *ABDOMINAL pain , *DISEASE risk factors , *COLIC , *SCIENCE databases , *VETERINARY medicine - Abstract
Acute abdominal pain (colic) is the most common reason for emergency veterinary treatment in the horse. Consolidation of data through a systematic review is important to inform evidence-based medicine and clinical guidelines, but there are currently no published systematic reviews on colic in the horse. The aim of this study was to identify, categorize and appraise the evidence on factors associated with increased risk of developing abdominal pain (colic) due to gastrointestinal disease in the adult horse. A scoping review was performed to identify and categorize evidence on all risk factors for colic. A systematic review of management-related risk factors was then performed following PRISMA guidelines. Both searches were conducted in Medline, CAB Abstracts and Web of Science databases, and publications were assessed against inclusion and exclusion criteria. For the scoping review, study and participant characteristics of included publications and key results were extracted and tabulated. For the systematic review, cohort, case-control or cross-sectional studies investigating acute abdominal pain in horses within two weeks of management changes were assessed. Study characteristics, participant characteristics and study results of included publications for the systematic review were extracted and tabulated. Included publications were appraised using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools for cohort, case-control and cross-sectional studies. The scoping review search identified 3,756 publications. Fifty eight studies met final inclusion criteria, and 22 categories of risk factors were identified. These were grouped into three broad areas: horse-related factors, management-related factors and environment-related factors. The largest body of evidence related to management change. The systematic review of management change identified 410 publications: 14 met inclusion criteria for analysis. These consisted of one cohort, eight case-control and five cross-sectional studies. The studies were conducted between 1990–2008, and the majority of studies were located in the USA (8/14) or UK (3/14). The risk factors related to management change that were assessed were feed, carer, exercise, pasture, water and housing. The largest bodies of evidence for increased risk of colic associated with management change were changes in feed (5/14 publications) and recent change in housing (3/14). Most studies (8/14) did not meet the JBI criterion on confounding factors. There was marked heterogeneity of study methodologies and measures. This is the first study to use a combined scoping and systematic review to analyse evidence for modifiable risk factors for a common condition in the horse. It provides a comprehensive review that will be a key resource for researchers, veterinary practitioners and horse owners. It identified modifiable risk factors associated with an increased risk of colic which should be a key target for preventative health programmes. The findings from the critical appraisal were used to develop recommendations for future research to improve the quality of evidence-based veterinary medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Physical activity and sleep problems in homeless adults.
- Author
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Taylor, Ashley, Murillo, Rosenda, Businelle, Michael S., Chen, Tzu-An, Kendzor, Darla E., McNeill, Lorna H., and Reitzel, Lorraine R.
- Subjects
- *
PHYSICAL activity , *HOMELESS persons , *SLEEP - Abstract
Background: For the estimated 554,000 homeless individuals on any given night in the United States, obtaining quality sleep is often challenging. This group is known to have multiple health disparities, potentially affected by sleep problems; therefore, identifying lifestyle factors–such as physical activity–that are associated with improving both quality and quantity of sleep has important implications for public health. Here, we examine associations of physical activity with subjective sleep problems within a large sample of homeless adults. Methods: Participants were homeless adults recruited from Dallas and Oklahoma (N = 747; 66.1% men, Mage = 43.7±12.1). Participants self-reported insufficient sleep (number of days without sufficient rest/sleep in the last month; categorized as 0, 1–13, 14–29, or ≥30 days), sleep duration (over average 24 hours; categorized as ≤6 [short sleeper], 7–9 [optimal sleeper], or ≥10 hours [long sleeper]), and unintentional daytime sleep (number of days with unintentional sleep in the last month; categorized as 0 vs ≥30 days). Physical activity was assessed subjectively using the BRFSS Physical Activity Questionnaire. Regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between physical activity and sleep problems, controlling for age, sex, race, education, body mass, months homeless, at-risk drinking, self-rated health, serious mental illness, smoking status, and recruitment city. Results: Failure to meet/exceed physical activity guidelines was associated with higher likelihood of being a long sleeper (OR = 2.64, 95% CI: 1.46, 4.78) but a lower likelihood of having ≥30 days of insufficient rest/sleep (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.29, 0.93). Conclusions: Findings suggest that physical activity promotion may hold promise for addressing the problem of too much sleep, but not other manifestations of sleep problems among this vulnerable group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Strengthening multi-sectoral collaboration on critical health issues: One Health Systems Mapping and Analysis Resource Toolkit (OH-SMART) for operationalizing One Health.
- Author
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Vesterinen, Heidi M., Dutcher, Tracey V., Errecaborde, Kaylee M., Mahero, Michael W., Macy, Katelyn W., Prasarnphanich, Ong-Orn, Kassenborg, Heidi, Yulizar, Erinaldi, Fauzi, Rama P., Budayanti, Nyoman S., Suwandono, Agus, Artama, Wayan T., Valeri, Linda, and Pelican, Katharine M.
- Subjects
- *
SYSTEM analysis , *DISEASE outbreaks , *COMMUNICABLE diseases - Abstract
Addressing critical global health issues, such as antimicrobial resistance, infectious disease outbreaks, and natural disasters, requires strong coordination and management across sectors. The One Health approach is the integrative effort of multiple sectors working to attain optimal health for people, animals, and the environment, and is increasingly recognized by experts as a means to address complex challenges. However, practical application of the One Health approach has been challenging. The One Health Systems Mapping and Analysis Resource Toolkit (OH-SMART) introduced in this paper was designed using a multistage prototyping process to support systematic improvement in multi-sectoral coordination and collaboration to better address complex health concerns through an operational, stepwise, and practical One Health approach. To date, OH-SMART has been used to strengthen One Health systems in 17 countries and has been deployed to revise emergency response frameworks, improve antimicrobial resistance national action plans and create multi agency infectious disease collaboration protocols. OH-SMART has proven to be user friendly, robust, and capable of fostering multi-sectoral collaboration and complex system-wide problem solving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Educational attainment and cardiovascular disease in the United States: A quasi-experimental instrumental variables analysis.
- Author
-
Hamad, Rita, Nguyen, Thu T., Bhattacharya, Jay, Glymour, M. Maria, and Rehkopf, David H.
- Subjects
- *
EDUCATIONAL attainment , *EDUCATIONAL mobility , *HEALTH & Nutrition Examination Survey , *DISEASE progression , *CARDIOVASCULAR diseases - Abstract
Background: There is ongoing debate about whether education or socioeconomic status (SES) should be inputs into cardiovascular disease (CVD) prediction algorithms and clinical risk adjustment models. It is also unclear whether intervening on education will affect CVD, in part because there is controversy regarding whether education is a determinant of CVD or merely correlated due to confounding or reverse causation. We took advantage of a natural experiment to estimate the population-level effects of educational attainment on CVD and related risk factors.Methods and Findings: We took advantage of variation in United States state-level compulsory schooling laws (CSLs), a natural experiment that was associated with geographic and temporal differences in the minimum number of years that children were required to attend school. We linked census data on educational attainment (N = approximately 5.4 million) during childhood with outcomes in adulthood, using cohort data from the 1992-2012 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS; N = 30,853) and serial cross-sectional data from 1971-2012 waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; N = 44,732). We examined self-reported CVD outcomes and related risk factors, as well as relevant serum biomarkers. Using instrumental variables (IV) analysis, we found that increased educational attainment was associated with reduced smoking (HRS β -0.036, 95%CI: -0.06, -0.02, p < 0.01; NHANES β -0.032, 95%CI: -0.05, -0.02, p < 0.01), depression (HRS β -0.049, 95%CI: -0.07, -0.03, p < 0.01), triglycerides (NHANES β -0.039, 95%CI: -0.06, -0.01, p < 0.01), and heart disease (HRS β -0.025, 95%CI: -0.04, -0.002, p = 0.01), and improvements in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HRS β 1.50, 95%CI: 0.34, 2.49, p < 0.01; NHANES β 0.86, 95%CI: 0.32, 1.48, p < 0.01), but increased BMI (HRS β 0.20, 95%CI: 0.002, 0.40, p = 0.05; NHANES β 0.13, 95%CI: 0.01, 0.32, p = 0.05) and total cholesterol (HRS β 2.73, 95%CI: 0.09, 4.97, p = 0.03). While most findings were cross-validated across both data sets, they were not robust to the inclusion of state fixed effects. Limitations included residual confounding, use of self-reported outcomes for some analyses, and possibly limited generalizability to more recent cohorts.Conclusions: This study provides rigorous population-level estimates of the association of educational attainment with CVD. These findings may guide future implementation of interventions to address the social determinants of CVD and strengthen the argument for including educational attainment in prediction algorithms and primary prevention guidelines for CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. The Support for Economic Inequality Scale: Development and adjudication.
- Author
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Wiwad, Dylan, Mercier, Brett, Maraun, Michael D., Robinson, Angela R., Piff, Paul K., Aknin, Lara B., and Shariff, Azim F.
- Subjects
- *
EQUALITY , *PREDICTIVE validity , *ECONOMIC impact analysis , *U.S. states - Abstract
Past research has documented myriad pernicious psychological effects of high economic inequality, prompting interest into how people perceive, evaluate, and react to inequality. Here we propose, refine, and validate the Support for Economic Inequality Scale (SEIS)–a novel measure of attitudes towards economic inequality. In Study 1, we distill eighteen items down to five, providing evidence for unidimensionality and reliability. In Study 2, we replicate the scale’s unidimensionality and reliability and demonstrate its validity. In Study 3, we evaluate a United States version of the SEIS. Finally, in Studies 4–5, we demonstrate the SEIS’s convergent and predictive validity, as well as evidence for the SEIS being distinct from other conceptually similar measures. The SEIS is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing perceptions of and reactions to economic inequality and provides a useful tool for researchers investigating the psychological underpinnings of economic inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Impact of health service interventions on acute hospital use in community-dwelling persons with dementia: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis.
- Author
-
Godard-Sebillotte, Claire, Le Berre, Mélanie, Schuster, Tibor, Trottier, Miguel, and Vedel, Isabelle
- Subjects
- *
HOSPITAL utilization , *MEDICAL care , *ELIGIBILITY (Social aspects) , *LITERATURE reviews , *META-analysis , *RANDOM effects model , *DEMENTIA - Abstract
Background: Persons with dementia have twice the acute hospital use as older persons without dementia. In addition to straining overburdened healthcare systems, acute hospital use impacts patient and caregiver quality of life and is associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes including death. Reducing avoidable acute hospital use in persons with dementia is thus a global healthcare priority. However, evidence regarding the impact of health service interventions as defined by the Effective Practice and Organization of Care Cochrane Group on acute hospital use is scant and inconclusive. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to synthesize available evidence on the impact of health service interventions on acute hospital use in community-dwelling persons with dementia compared to usual care. Methods: Data Sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and Cochrane CENTRAL (from 01/1995 to 08/2017). Study eligibility criteria: Randomised controlled trials measuring the impact of health service interventions on acute hospital use (proportion and mean number of emergency department visits and hospitalisations, mean number of hospital days, measured at 12 months, and at longest follow-up) in community-dwelling persons with dementia, compared to usual care. Study selection, appraisal and synthesis methods: Reviewers independently identified studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias, with the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Authors of relevant trials were queried about unpublished data. Random effects model was used for meta-analyses. Effect heterogeneity was assessed through prediction intervals, and explored using sub-group analyses. Findings: Seventeen trials provided data on 4,549 persons. Unpublished data were obtained for 13 trials, representing 65% of synthesized data. Most interventions included a case management or a self-management component. None of the outcome comparisons provided conclusive evidence supporting the hypothesis that these interventions would lead to a decrease in acute hospital use. Furthermore, prediction intervals indicated possible and important increased service use associated with these interventions, such as emergency department visits, hospital admissions, and hospital days. Subgroup analyses did not favour any type of intervention. A limitation of this study is the inclusion of any type of health service intervention, which may have increased the observed heterogeneity. Conclusion: Despite a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis, including predominantly unpublished data, no health service intervention beyond usual care was found to reduce acute hospital use in community-dwelling persons with dementia. An important increase in service use may be associated with these interventions. Further research is urgently needed to identify effective interventions for this vulnerable population to limit rising acute hospital use, associated costs and adverse outcomes. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42016046444. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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