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Introducción: La enfermedad de Huntington (EH) es un desorden neurodegenerativo autosómico dominante caracterizado por disfunción progresiva motora, cognitiva y psiquiátrica1. No se conoce la prevalencia de EH en Centro América (2-11). En Panamá no se han reportado estudios sobre esta Enfermedad. El objetivo es estimar la prevalencia de EH en población panameña. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de casos con EH entre 2007 y 2021 en un hospital de tercer nivel. Se incluyeron individuos panameños, mayores de 15 años, un caso por familia, con cuadro clínico sugestivo, con o sin antecedentes familiares, resonancia magnética cerebral y prueba genética HTT positiva. Estos casos fueron incluidos en el Registro Nacional de Enfermedad de Huntington. Resultados: Presentamos 11 casos índice, 6 femeninos. Se estima una prevalencia de 0.25 x 100000 habitantes, edad promedio 40 años (rango 23-63), media 43±12.4, la edad de inicio 29 años (rango 14-43), media 27±11.13, presentación juvenil 3 casos. Se detectaron 91 sintomáticos de 185 familiares, transmisión predominante paterna, todos heterocigóticos. Alelo normal entre 13-23 repeticiones de CAG, mientras que alelo mutante oscila entre 41 y 59 repeticiones de CAG. Conclusión: Este es el primer reporte de la EH en población panameña, la prevalencia estimada es baja de 0.25 x 100000 habitantes. Estudios futuros deberán realizarse para conocer la prevalencia en Panamá y Centro América además de determinar el origen ancestral de esta población.

Polystichum pseudostenophyllum Tagawa (1934: 92). Figure 4. Type:— Taiwan Island: Taityu: in monte Noko-goe, 1933, J . Ohwi 3228 (KYO). Polystichum pseudostenophyllum is often treated as a synonym of P. stenophyllum (Franchet 1887: 117) Christ (1905: 27) (e.g., Kung et al. 2001, Zhang & Barrington 2013) and rarely recognized (Knapp 2011, Hsu et al. 2019). The two species are morphologically distinguishable with P. pseudostenophyllum having firm coriaceous laminae 7–10 times longer than wide, pinna margins with obvious and spreading teeth, sori mostly on one side of the midrib, and indusia ca. 1 mm in diam.; and P. stenophyllum having coriaceous laminae 12–15 times longer than wide, pinna margins indistinctly serrate, sori on both sides of the midrib, and indusia P. pseudostenophyllum can have lobed pinnae and the pinnae are long aristate and with rounded auricles, while P. stenophyllum never has lobed pinnae and the pinnae are short aristate and with acute auricles. Polystichum pseudostenophyllum is currently known to be endemic to Taiwan, but it might as well occur in Mainland China. Polystichum stenophyllum occurs in both Mainland China and Taiwan (Knapp 2011, Hsu et al. 2019), the Himalaya (Bhutan, India, N Myanmar, and Nepal), and Japan (Zhang & Barrington 2013, Ebihara 2016)., Published as part of Wan, Xia, Knapp, Ralf, Chen, De-Kui, He, Hai & Zhang, Li-Bing, 2023, Taxonomic notes on some East Asian pteridophytes, pp. 128-140 in Phytotaxa 597 (2) on page 132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7929279, {"references":["Tagawa, M. (1934) Spicilegium Pteridographiae Asiae Orientalis 7. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3: 88 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.18942 / bunruichiri. KJ 00002594151","Franchet, M. A. (1887) Plantae Davidianae ex sinarum imperio deuxieme partie (suite), plantes du Thibet Oriental (Province de Moupine). Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle Paris, ser. 2, 10: 33 - 198.","Christ, H. (1905) Fougeres de la Chine au Museum. Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France 52 (Mem. 1): 27.","Kung, H. - S., Chu, W. - M., He, Z. - R. & Zhang, L. - B. (2001) Polystichum. In: Kung, H. - S. (Ed.) Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae, vol. 5 (2). Science Press, Beijing, pp. 1 - 246.","Zhang, L. - B. & Barrington, D. S. (2013) Polystichum. In: Wu, Z. Y., Raven, P. H. & Hong, D. Y. (eds.) Flora of China, vol. 2 - 3 (Lycopodiaceae- Polypodiaceae). Science Press and St. Louis, Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing, pp. 629 - 713.","Knapp, R. (2011) Ferns and fern allies of Taiwan. Taipei: KBCC Press & Yuan-Liou Publishing.","Hsu, T. - C., Chen, C. - W., Knapp, R. & Hung, H. - C. (2019) Illustrated Flora of Taiwan vol. 8: Ferns & Lycophytes (I & II). Maotouying Chuban, Taiwan.","Ebihara, A. (2016) The standard of ferns and lycophytes in Japan, vol. 1. Gakken Plus, Tokyo, 475 pp."]}

Polystichum subapiciflorum Hayata (1915: 335). Figure 5. Type:— Taiwan Island: Arishan, Hasegawa-kei, April 1914, T . Ito & B. Hayata s.n. (TAIF-1998!, TI). Polystichum subapiciflorum is often treated as a synonym of P. biaristatum (Blume 1828: 164) T. Moore (1858: 86) (e. g., Knapp 2011, Zhang & Barrington 2013, Hsu et al. 2019). However, P. subapiciflorum (Knapp 4182, P!) has rounded pinnule apex and medial sori, whereas P. biaristatum has acute pinnule apex and sori slightly closer to the midrib. Polystichum biaristatum occurs in SE and S Asia but neither in Taiwan nor Mainland China., Published as part of Wan, Xia, Knapp, Ralf, Chen, De-Kui, He, Hai & Zhang, Li-Bing, 2023, Taxonomic notes on some East Asian pteridophytes, pp. 128-140 in Phytotaxa 597 (2) on page 132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7929279, {"references":["Hayata, B. (1915) Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam, vol. 5. Pub. by the Bureau of Productive Industry, Government of Formosa, Taihoku, 358 pp.","Blume, C. (1828) Enumeratio plantarum Javae et insularum adjacentium Fasc 2. J. W. van Leeuwen, Lugduni Batavorum, 274 pp.","Moore, T. (1858) Index Filicum. W. Pamplin, London, 204 pp.","Knapp, R. (2011) Ferns and fern allies of Taiwan. Taipei: KBCC Press & Yuan-Liou Publishing.","Zhang, L. - B. & Barrington, D. S. (2013) Polystichum. In: Wu, Z. Y., Raven, P. H. & Hong, D. Y. (eds.) Flora of China, vol. 2 - 3 (Lycopodiaceae- Polypodiaceae). Science Press and St. Louis, Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing, pp. 629 - 713.","Hsu, T. - C., Chen, C. - W., Knapp, R. & Hung, H. - C. (2019) Illustrated Flora of Taiwan vol. 8: Ferns & Lycophytes (I & II). Maotouying Chuban, Taiwan."]}

Pseudolycopodiella subinundata (Tagawa) Li Bing Zhang, X.Wan, Ralf Knapp & H.He, comb. nov. Basionym: Lycopodium subinundatum Tagawa (1941: 75). Type:— JAPAN. Honshu: 1000–1500 m, T . Hasimoto 7291 (KYO). Lycopodium subinundatum was consistently treated as a synonym of Pseudolycopodiella caroliniana (Linnaeus 1753: 1101) Holub (1983: 442) (e.g., Ching 1982, Zhang & Kung 2000, Zhang 2004, Zhang & Iwatsuki 2013, Ebihara 2016). Based on our earlier molecular study, these two taxa were resolved as paraphyletic in relation to the Central and South American P. meridionalis (Underwood & Lloyd 1906: 121) Holub (1983: 442) (Chen et al. 2022). Lycopodium subinundatum and Pseudolycopodiella caroliniana are distributed in Asia and North America, respectively, and should be treated as different species. The former occurs in China, India, Japan, Malaysia, New Guinea, and Sri Lanka (Zhang & Kung 2000, Zhang 2004, Zhang & Iwatsuki 2013). In our earlier molecular work, we included only Japanese material of Pseudolycopodiella subinundata (Chen et al. 2022) which is assumed to be conspecific with the material from other parts of Asia. However, no molecular data from other parts of Asia are available. It is unknown whether the African material is assignable to the Asian species since no molecular data is available either. Pseudolycopodiella subinundata differs from P. caroliniana by having linear to linear-lanceolate dorsal leaves on the rhizome (vs. lanceolate dorsal leaves on the rhizome in the latter). In addition, the former has 2n = 68 (Takamiya & Kurita 1983), whereas the latter has 2n = 70, 140 (Wagner & Beitel 1993)., Published as part of Wan, Xia, Knapp, Ralf, Chen, De-Kui, He, Hai & Zhang, Li-Bing, 2023, Taxonomic notes on some East Asian pteridophytes, pp. 128-140 in Phytotaxa 597 (2) on page 129, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7929279, {"references":["Tagawa, M. (1941) Lycopodium subinundatum Tagawa, a new species from Japan. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 10: 75. https: // doi. org / 10.18942 / bunruichiri. KJ 00002593860","Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 1200 pp. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 13830 # page / 544 / mode / 1 up (accesed 1 May 2017)","Holub, J. (1983) Validation of generic names in Lycopodiaceae; with a description of a new genus Pseudolycopodiella. Folia Geobotanica & Phytotaxonomica 18: 439 - 442. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02857270","Ching, R. - C. (1982) The taxonomy of Chinese Lycopodiaceae (sens. lat.). III - IV. Acta Botanica Yunnanica 4: 213 - 226.","Zhang, L. - B. & Kung, H. - S. (2000) Two sections of Phlegmariurus (Herter) Holub (Huperziaceae) from China. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 38: 23 - 29.","Zhang, L. - B. (2004) Huperziaceae; Lycopodiaceae. In: Wu, C. - Y. (ed.) Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae, vol. 6 (3). Beijing: Science Press. pp. 1 - 54; 55 - 85.","Zhang, L. - B. & Iwatsuki, K. (2013) Lycopodiaceae. In: Wu, Z. - Y., Raven, P. H. & Hong, D. Y. (eds.) Flora of China, vol. 2 - 3. Beijing: Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press. pp. 13 - 34.","Ebihara, A. (2016) The standard of ferns and lycophytes in Japan, vol. 1. Gakken Plus, Tokyo, 475 pp.","Takamiya, M. & Kurita, S. (1983) Cytotaxonomic studies on Japanese species of the genus Lycopodium sensu lato. Acta Phytotaxonoica et Geobotanica 34: 66 - 79.","Wagner, W. H. & Beitel, J. M. (1993 [1994]) Lycopodiaceae. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.) Flora of North America North of Mexico, vol. 2, printing 2: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Oxford University, New York and Oxford, pp. 18 - 37."]}

Huperzia myriophyllifolia (Hayata1914:133) Holub(1985:75). Basionym: Lycopodium serratum var. myriophyllifolium Hayata (1914: 133). Figure 1. Type:— Taiwan Island: Mt. Arisan, March 1911, U . Mori 6208 (holotype, TI). Lycopodium serratum var. myriophyllifolium was often treated as a synonym of “ Huperzia serrata ” (Thunberg 1784: 944) Trevisan (1875: 247) (e.g., Knapp 2011, Zhang & Iwatsuki 2013). Huperzia myriophyllifolia is a rather rare taxon, found only in Jiayi (the type locality and Luqushan) in Central Taiwan and Taoyuan (Xuebaishan) in North/ North-Central Taiwan. It is characterized by having narrower linear microphylls with the margins strongly crinkly and toothed. Molecular data from cpDNA sequences showed that the two species are distinct (Chen et al. 2022) with three samples of H. myriophyllifolia forming a distinct clade, different from the resolution of H. serrata. Doubt regarding its taxonomic status as a variety was already casted by Knapp & Hsu (2017). Its recognition as a species was then published by Hsu et al. (2019), but only in Chinese. Our earlier molecular data showed that it formed a distinct and strongly supported clade and deserves the recognition as a species (Chen et al. 2022)., Published as part of Wan, Xia, Knapp, Ralf, Chen, De-Kui, He, Hai & Zhang, Li-Bing, 2023, Taxonomic notes on some East Asian pteridophytes, pp. 128-140 in Phytotaxa 597 (2) on page 129, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7929279, {"references":["Hayata, B. (1914) Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam, vol. 4. Pub. by the Bureau of Productive Industry, Government of Formosa, Taihoku, 365 pp.","Holub, J. (1985) Transfers of Lycopodium species to Huperzia; with a note on generic classification in Huperziaceae. Folia Geobotanica & Phytotaxonomica 20: 67 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02856466","Thunberg, C. P. (1784) Flora Japonica. J. G. Muller, Leipzig, 337 pp.","Knapp, R. (2011) Ferns and fern allies of Taiwan. Taipei: KBCC Press & Yuan-Liou Publishing.","Zhang, L. - B. & Iwatsuki, K. (2013) Lycopodiaceae. In: Wu, Z. - Y., Raven, P. H. & Hong, D. Y. (eds.) Flora of China, vol. 2 - 3. Beijing: Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press. pp. 13 - 34.","Knapp, R. & Hsu, T. - C. (2017) Ferns and fern allies of Taiwan - Second supplement. Taipei: KBCC Press.","Hsu, T. - C., Chen, C. - W., Knapp, R. & Hung, H. - C. (2019) Illustrated Flora of Taiwan vol. 8: Ferns & Lycophytes (I & II). Maotouying Chuban, Taiwan."]}

Spinulum lioui Li Bing Zhang & H.He in Chen et al. (2017: 161). Figure 2. Type:— CHINA. Heilongjiang: Xiaoxing’anling, Hongxing, Hongqi Experimental Forest Farm of Beijing Forestry College [48°19ʹ N, 129°19ʹ E], under Larix forest, 2 September 1963, T.N . Liou et al. 10407 (holotype HIB-0099100!, isotype PE!). Spinulum annotinum with its type from Europe is not distributed in East Asia including Korea and Japan nor in the Himalaya. The phylogenetic analysis of Chen et al. (2022) provides additional evidence that the Asian material of “ Spinulum annotinum ” (Linnaeus 1753: 1103) A. Haines (2003: 86) should be recognized as S. lioui, separable from the material from Europe and North America (Chen et al. 2017). We thought S. lioui only occurs in NE China but Chen et al. (2022) showed that the Asian material of “ Spinulum annotinum ” should all be S. lioui. Spinulum annotinum does not occur in Asia except part of the Far East of Russia., Published as part of Wan, Xia, Knapp, Ralf, Chen, De-Kui, He, Hai & Zhang, Li-Bing, 2023, Taxonomic notes on some East Asian pteridophytes, pp. 128-140 in Phytotaxa 597 (2) on page 129, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7929279, {"references":["Chen, D. - K., Zhou, X. - M., He, H. & Zhang, L. - B. (2017) Spinulum lioui, a new species referred as to Lycopodium neopungens (Lycopodiopsida: Lycopodiaceae) in China. Phytotaxa 307: 161 - 163. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 307.2.9","Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 1200 pp. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 13830 # page / 544 / mode / 1 up (accesed 1 May 2017)","Haines, A. (2003) The families Huperziaceae and Lycopodiaceae in New England: A taxonomic and ecological reference. V. F. Thomas Co., Bowdoin, 100 pp."]}

Polystichum subobliquum Tagawa (1935: 138). Figure 6. Type:— Taiwan Island: Taito (Taitung): between Kiriyama et Tippon-zan, about 2000 m, 4 Oct. 1934, M . Tagawa 1092 (KYO). Polystichum subobliquum is often treated as a synonym of P. obliquum (D. Don 1825: 3) T. Moore (1858: 87) (e.g., Knapp 2011, Zhang & Barrington 2013, Hsu et al. 2019). However, P. subobliquum (Knapp 3625, 4178, P!) has lower pinnae that are not reflexed and sori close to pinna margins, but P. obliquum has lower pinnae often reflexed and sori closer to the midrib. Therefore, here we reinstate this species. It is endemic to Taiwan. Our unpublished molecular data supports the separation of the two species., Published as part of Wan, Xia, Knapp, Ralf, Chen, De-Kui, He, Hai & Zhang, Li-Bing, 2023, Taxonomic notes on some East Asian pteridophytes, pp. 128-140 in Phytotaxa 597 (2) on page 132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7929279, {"references":["Tagawa, M. (1935) Spicilegium Pteridographiae Asiae Orientalis 8. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 4: 132 - 148. https: // doi. org / 10.18942 / bunruichiri. KJ 00001078841","Don, D. (1825) Prodromus Florae Nepalensis. J. Gale, Londini, 256 pp.","Moore, T. (1858) Index Filicum. W. Pamplin, London, 204 pp.","Knapp, R. (2011) Ferns and fern allies of Taiwan. Taipei: KBCC Press & Yuan-Liou Publishing.","Zhang, L. - B. & Barrington, D. S. (2013) Polystichum. In: Wu, Z. Y., Raven, P. H. & Hong, D. Y. (eds.) Flora of China, vol. 2 - 3 (Lycopodiaceae- Polypodiaceae). Science Press and St. Louis, Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing, pp. 629 - 713.","Hsu, T. - C., Chen, C. - W., Knapp, R. & Hung, H. - C. (2019) Illustrated Flora of Taiwan vol. 8: Ferns & Lycophytes (I & II). Maotouying Chuban, Taiwan."]}

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are well known for their immunoregulatory roles on allergic inflammation particularly by acting on T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells (DCs). MSC-derived small extracellular vesicles (MSC-sEV) are increasingly considered as one of the main factors for the effects of MSCs on immune responses. However, the effects of MSC-sEV on DCs in allergic diseases remain unclear. MSC-sEV were prepared from the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)-MSCs by anion-exchange chromatography, and were characterized with the size, morphology, and specific markers. Human monocyte-derived DCs were generated and cultured in the presence of MSC-sEV to differentiate the so-called sEV-immature DCs (sEV-iDCs) and sEV-mature DCs (sEV-mDCs), respectively. The phenotypes and the phagocytic ability of sEV-iDCs were analyzed by flow cytometry. sEV-mDCs were co-cultured with isolated CD4