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How do mothers deal with chronic violence and the constant presence of guns in their neighborhoods? How do they build situated meaning and discursive practices out of their experiences and relationships with armed actors? We compare the experiences of women in two poor and working-class neighborhoods in Caracas. Through this comparative ethnographic project, we aim to show how, in the midst of state-sponsored depredation and with an overwhelming presence of guns in their lives, women use their cultural roles as mothers to perform everyday forms of resistance vis-à-vis the different armed actors that impose their presence in the barrios. In the mothers’ daily struggles, dramatic discursive actions—from more openly oppositional ones, such as shouting, scolding, and talking, to more hidden ones, such as both “circulating gossip” and “captive gossip,” to more vulnerable ones, such as whispering—are main resources in the micropolitics of their neighborhoods. Our findings suggest that strategies are context dependent and most likely vary according to numerous factors, including the history of civic organizing, policing practices, and the type of armed actor with whom they cohabitate in their neighborhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Refugees that attempt to use digital media for resistance face barriers, including algorithmic censorship and harassment, that solidify their position in the political margins. This demonstrates the need for greater transparency, accountability and democracy in digital governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 19th century England, fathers were considered the owner of the family estate where they were to decide everything regarding their children, but the children did not always welcome these decisions. This study uncovers, with the help of comprehensive and interdisciplinary supporting literary, social, and historical resources about and from the 19th century, Eliot's presentation of the resistance of these children, the conflicts they have with their fathers, and finds out if the resistance of these children is justifiable in the context of the period. It also explores how these children come back to reconcile with their fathers emotionally and physically. It is concluded that all these children are inclined to leave home because they have conflicts with their fathers; however, they have to return to their roots, and therefore also to their fathers and embrace them. It is George Eliot's belief that she keeps her characters attached to the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sagebrush biome is a dryland region in the western United States experiencing rapid transformations to novel ecological states. Threat‐based approaches for managing anthropogenic and ecosystem threats have recently become prominent, but successfully mitigating threats depends on the ecological resilience of ecosystems. We used a spatially explicit approach for prioritizing management actions that combined a threat‐based model with models of resilience to disturbance and resistance to annual grass invasion. The threat‐based model assessed geographic patterns in sagebrush ecological integrity (SEI) to identify core sagebrush, growth opportunity, and other rangeland areas. The resilience and resistance model identified ecologically relevant climate and soil water availability indicators from process‐based ecohydrological models. The SEI areas and resilience and resistance indicators were consistent—the resilience and resistance indicators showed generally positive relationships with the SEI areas. They also were complementary—SEI areas provided information on intact sagebrush areas and threats, while resilience and resistance provided information on responses to disturbances and management actions. The SEI index and resilience and resistance indicators provide the basis for prioritizing conservation and restoration actions and determining appropriate strategies. The difficulty and time required to conserve or restore SEI areas increase as threats increases and resilience and resistance decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ReVisioning Fitness is a research project and community of practice (CoP) working to reconceptualize "fitness" through a radical embrace of difference (e.g., trans, non-binary, queer, Black, people of colour, disabled, and/or fat, thick/thicc, curvy, plus sized), and a careful theorising of inclusion and access. Our collaborative and arts-based work mounts collective resistance against the dominant power relations that preclude bodymind differences within so-called "fitness" spaces. In this work, we build queer, crip, and thick/thicc alliances by centring relational and difference-affirming approaches to fitness, fostering a radical CoP that supports dissent to be voiced, access intimacies to form, and capacitating effects of body-becoming pedagogies to be set in motion. In this article, we consider how conditions of possibility both co-created and inherited by researchers, collaborators, and the research context itself contributed to what unfolded in our project and art making (multimedia storytelling). By a radical CoP, we mean that we mobilise a more relational and difference-affirming notion of CoP than others have described, which often has involved the reification of sameness and the stabilisation of hierarchies. Further, we call on leaders in fitness organisations to open conditions of possibility in their spaces to allow for alternative futures of fitness that centre difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summoning centuries of resistance to violence and oppression with each drum stroke, the Barrileras del 8M performed the sicá bomba piece "No me va a dar" in front of Puerto Rico's Department of Labor on November 25, 2020, as part of a protest against femicide on the island. Well integrated into Puerto Rican popular culture, this Afro-Puerto Rican music, song, and dance form born from a resistance to slavery logically embodies the Barrileras' denunciation of domestic violence. Yet, until recently, an all-women group playing the barriles was, in itself, a subversive act. Despite its insurgent roots, bomba is a traditionally gendered form. This article traces groundbreaking steps taken by women activists such as Marién Torres López, Julia Caridad Cepeda Martínez, Denise Solís, and María José Montijo to transform bomba's gendered practices. It first describes Marién Torres López's work in Puerto Rico with her Taller Tambuyé, Inc., Grupo Ausuba, Encuentro de Tambores, and the Barrileras del 8M. Moving to the diaspora, this paper then evaluates how Julia Caridad Cepeda Martínez and Denise Solís have queered bomba with their Taller Bombalele in the San Francisco Bay Area, and concludes with an analysis of Oakland-based singer-songwriter María José Montijo's bomba "Huracán," which warns that the femicide crisis on the island has escalated to a critical level. Citing the work of these exemplary women, this article demonstrates how they have resisted patriarchy in bomba and simultaneously used this cultural expression as a medium to denounce gender discrimination and violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surprise challenges philosophy. Transcendental thinking, what some consider to be the core of philosophy. Surprise indeed emblematizes the empirical, i.e. the resistance to philosophy, its dissociation. Philosophy has a problem with surprise. Unless it requires another philosophy than meaning or reason. A philosophy able to enter into an alliance of a new kind between transcendantal and empirical, beyond dissociation, beyond resistance. In this contribution, I would like to show how the phenomenon of surprise allows the birth of a new relation to transcendantal, either of disjonction, nor of conjonction. Even if it means radically changing it. And how surprise may then receive a new philosophical credit. It will become the corner stone of a phenomenology of a new kind: an empirical phenomenology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age-associated remodeling processes affect the intramuscular connective tissue (IMCT) network, which may significantly impair muscle function. Thus, we aimed to test whether including exercises shown to efficiently target the IMCT to a conventional resistance exercise intervention (CONV) would result in greater functional gains as compared to CONV alone. Fifty-three men and women (66.2 ± 3.3 years) were assigned to either CONV (n = 15), multimodal training (MULTI; n = 17) or a control (CTRL; n = 21) group. All subjects were tested at baseline, and those assigned to CONV or MULTI underwent a 16-week training intervention. The CONV group followed a progressive resistance training program, in which the number of weekly training sessions gradually increased from 1 to 3. In the MULTI group, one of these sessions was replaced with plyometric training, followed by self-myofascial release. Testing included maximal strength and power, imaging-based muscle volume, architecture, and functional performance. The intervention effects were analyzed using two- or three-way repeated measures ANOVA models (α = 0.05). Briefly, the maximal knee extension isometric contraction, one-repetition maximum, and isokinetic peak torque increased in all groups (p < 0.05), albeit to a lesser extent in CTRL. On the other hand, quadriceps femoris muscle volume (p = 0.019) and vastus lateralis pennation angle (p < 0.001) increased only in the MULTI group. Handgrip strength did not change in response to the intervention (p = 0.312), whereas Sit-to-Stand performance improved in all groups after the first 8-wks, but only in MULTI and CONV after 16-wks (all p < 0.001). In conclusion, we found that a resistance training intervention in which one weekly training session is replaced by plyometric training is feasible and as effective as a program consisting solely of conventional strength training sessions for inducing gains in muscle strength and function in older adults. Muscle size and architecture improved only in the MULTI group. German Clinical Trials: DRKS00015750. • Aging alters intramuscular connective tissue (IMCT) morphology and mechanics • Whether exercise can influence these changes is still highly debated • Plyometrics and foam rolling have been hypothesized to stimulate the IMCT, which could potentially enhance muscle function • Replacing a weekly strength training session with these exercises led to comparable improvements to strength training alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By denouncing the situation of women in the seventies of the 20th century, Novas cartas portuguesas explores the myth of love working and transfiguring the figure of Mariana Alcoforado. However, in addition to its different developments in Marias, Anas and other Marianas, the work also focuses on Mónica, who appears in eight of her texts. Also in her work Maria Teresa Horta presents two Mónicas, in the short stories "Calor" and "Mónica", which are also convened as in the Hortian universe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the contemporary history of South African social science in relation to the Azanian Philosophical Tradition. It is addressed directly to white scholars, urging introspection with regard to the ethical question of epistemic justice in relation to the evolution of the social sciences in conqueror South Africa. I consider the establishment of the professional social sciences at South African universities in the early twentieth century as a central part of the epistemic project of conqueror South Africa. In contrast, the Azanian Philosophical Tradition is rooted in African philosophy and articulated in resistance against the injustice of conquest and colonialism in southern Africa since the seventeenth century. It understands conquest as the fundamental historical antagonism shaping the philosophical, political, and material problem of 'South Africa'. The tradition is silenced by and exceeds the political and epistemic strictures of the settler colonial nation state and social science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this text is to expose the resistance of rural normalist students to the normal education reform implemented after the 1968 student movement, which eliminated 14 Rural Normal Schools (enr) of 29 by reorganizing them into Agricultural Technical High Schools (eta). The Ministry of Public Education (sep) justified the reorganization with pedagogical arguments to improve its function with the separation of the secondary cycle from the normal cycle. We return to the contributions of James Scott, who proposes to interpret the political behavior of the subordinate groups through resistance strategies. The sources that support this work are documents of the public version of the governing branch of the General Archive of the Nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the concept of resistance rhetoric and the language of persistence as applied to the scholars' perception of the culture and behavior of Indigenous and marginalized peoples. Topics discussed include increase in cross-disciplinary scholarship on resistance, evidence showing the continual analyses of resistance in the humanities and social sciences, and examples of how Indigenous communities have expressed their cultural values regarding gender.

This article explains why some indigenous communities in Mexico have been able to resist drug cartels’ attempts to take over their local governments, populations, and territories while others have not. While indigenous customary laws and traditions provide communal accountability mechanisms that make it harder for narcos to take control, they are insufficient. Using a paired comparison of two indigenous regions in the highlands of Guerrero and Chihuahua—both ideal zones for drug cultivation and traffic—we show that the communities most able to resist narco conquest are those that have a history of social mobilization, expanding village-level indigenous customary traditions into regional ethnic autonomy regimes. By scaling up local accountability practices regionally and developing translocal networks of cooperation, indigenous movements have been able to construct mechanisms of internal control and external protection that enable communities to deter the narcos from corrupting local authorities, recruiting young men, and establishing criminal governance regimes through force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Iraqi poet Saadi Youssef urgently asks, "Why are the poets silent?/Where have they gone?" These questions underscore the compelling need for the guiding voices of Arab intellectuals at this deeply divided present moment in the Arab world that has effectively seen the destruction of seemingly stable nations and identities. It is important to understand why and how easily "things fell apart" for Arab nations and peoples under the destructive influence and direct intervention of imperialist and Zionist agendas and forces. What does it mean to speak truth to power in the current Arab and global context where the destruction of Arab nations, such as Iraq, Syria, Libya, and Yemen has become the all too familiar, convenient, and accepted status quo, which is marked by destructive and exclusionary discourses? It has become incumbent upon the Arab intellectual/writer/poet to lead the self-examination process in order to provide an understanding of the current Arab situation within its greater global context and construct a revolutionary and insurrectionary oppositional discourse that would expose and dismantle the current defeatist and divisionary discourses. Antonio Gramsci's concepts of hegemony and consent, Louis Althusser's ideological state apparatuses, and Edward Said's important ideas on the intellectual's critical consciousness, secular criticism, and beginnings are the theoretical lenses used to help decipher the catastrophic happenings in the Arab world. This study also examines excerpts of literary works by important Arab poets/intellectuals, such as Mahmoud Darwish, Mourid Barghouti, Bader Shaker Al-Sayyab, Saadi Youssef, and Yusuf Al-Ani. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past twenty years, the neighbourhood of El Cabanyal (Valencia, Spain) has suffered from a strong process of degradation after the approval of a municipal plan that involved splitting the neighbourhood in two parts, as well as the disappearance of part of it. Since it was approved in 1998, different forms of neighbourhood resistance have arisen. The objective of this article is to analyse the plurality and dynamism of the mobilizations deployed in a particular context of conflict. The analysis shows, firstly, how the urban movements developed in El Cabanyal have promoted alternatives that move from the normative to the subversive, giving rise to a broad and diverse range of social action. And secondly, how the positions between the different movements (alliances/hostilities) and their position with public institutions (collaboration/opposition) have been changing throughout the conflict depending on political opportunities and social conditions. These changes would respond to a variety of tactics that seek to achieve the success of some of their claims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific interviews provide a useful resource for qualitative researchers studying people's perceptions on contemporary phenomena. This article contributes to the large body of literature on qualitative interviews by investigating a rather common but under-reported pattern in interviews, that of resistance. Resistance is a form of power that the participant maintains and can exercise at any moment. The phenomenon knows various expressions from a refusal on the side of the participant to sign the consent form to question dodging or embellished accounts. Two case studies are used to underpin the basic argument that resistance in interviews may be a valuable finding in itself if contextualized properly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the authors propose a reflection on the idea of negativity in a critical and philosophical perspective that can approach in other ways the meanings and purposes of the formation of both the individual and the thought in current times. The denial, or yet, a philosophy of negativity (Adorno, 2009) is presented as a breeding ground for a reconfiguration of the pedagogical ideal and its possibilities to question the anthropological and historical features of what is introduced to us as the truth. The attitude of resistance is, in this text, a key component to the possibility of this philosophy of negativity, which allows us to expand our horizon of thinking and action. The actual intent couldn't be further from an irrefutable conclusion, quite the contrary. We intend to inspire a provocative debate that destabilizes both the idea of the selfconscious individual and of how they relate with the world. We understand that this is a way to open possibilities to other experiences and narratives about the process of formation and (de)formation in the education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the method of teaching the history of the ontological resistance of slaves amidst their enslavement in the U.S. through the perspective of the personhood and agency of African American slaves. It references the sociologist Charles W. Mills’ perspective on African American personhood and resistance within enslavement.

Collective forms of participation in criminal justice from members of marginalized groups--for example, when people gather together to engage in participatory defense, organized copwatching, community bail funds, or prison labor strikes--have a profound effect on everyday criminal justice. In this Essay I argue that these bottom-up forms of participation are not only powerful and important, but also crucial for democratic criminal justice. Collective mechanisms of resistance and contestation build agency, remedy power imbalances, bring aggregate structural harms into view, and shift deeply entrenched legal and constitutional meanings. Many of these forms of contestation display a faith in local democracy as a tool of responsive criminal justice, while simultaneously maintaining a healthy skepticism of the law and existing legal institutions that maintain the status quo. These forms of resistance and contestation are not antagonistic, but agonistic; not revolutionary, but devolutionary. Without facilitating critical resistance from below, well-meaning criminal justice reforms are in danger of reproducing the antidemocratic pathologies that plague our existing system. Indeed, it is from the voices of those who have been most harmed by the punitive nature of our criminal justice system that we can hear the most profound reimaginings of how the system might be truly responsive to local demands for justice and equality. This Essay concludes by sketching out the dual roles of the state in a criminal justice system that values contestation: to facilitate methods of participation that originate with and are led by non-elite actors from marginalized populations; and to create criminal justice institutions that transfer agency and control to people ordinarily left out of criminal justice decisionmaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prefiguration has become in the last years an important and powerful conceptualisation to understand the place-based constructions developed by different actors while attempting to create in their own interactions and in the way they organise their lives the kind of society they envision more respectful of inclusion, diversity and non-oppression. Concretely, this paper is focused on how the establishment of communitarian relations is of paramount importance to prefigurative politics. To this end, we will explore the concrete case of Portugal wherein an ever-growing number of communitarian projects (namely social centres, ecovillages and economic solidary networks) have been developed both in urban and country sides of the country in the last years. Implications for contemporary ideas on everyday struggle are discussed in the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 0-3 type CaBi4Ti4O15:30 wt%BiFeO3 composite shows much better high-temperature piezoelectric properties than the single-phase CaBi4Ti4O15 or BiFeO3 ceramics. The composite with 0-3 type connectivity exhibits a high density of 7.01 g/cm3, a saturated polarization of 21.5 μC/cm2 and an enhanced piezoelectric d33 of 25 pC/N. After the poled composite was annealed at 600°C, its d33 is 21 pC/N at room temperature. Resistance of the composite decreases slowly from 109 ohm at 20°C to ~105 ohm at 500°C. Furthermore, the poled composite shows strong radial and thickness dielectric resonances at 20°C-500°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses resistance in correctional therapy in the U.S. as of June 2017. Topics include the social, biological, and psychological explanations affecting human behavior, ways to deal with resistance, and factors contributing to resistance to interventions by clients in correctional treatment. These factors include distrust of practitioners, lack of self-efficacy, and lack of investment on the assigned task.

Practices and discourses manifested in social intervention devices that work with women in Ecuador and Chile contribute to the construction of a subject-victim as justification from a perspective of citizens" rights. Based on two qualitative studies of services from a gender perspective in Ecuador (genderbased violence) and Chile (inclusion of immigrants), the article seeks to understand the bases for intervention with women that positions them as victims; to show how social interventions based on this constitution of the subject generate certain effects both in the users and in those who intervene; and to look at some forms of resistance (Deleuze and Guattari 2012 [1988]) that appear in the relationship between professionals and users that extend beyond these conceptions and practices. As práticas e os discursos manifestos em dispositivos de intervenção social que trabalham com mulheres no Equador e no Chile contribuem para a construção de um sujeito-vítima como justificativa de uma perspectiva de direitos cidadãos. A partir de duas pesquisas qualitativas em serviços com perspectiva de género no Equador (violência de género) e no Chile (inclusão de imigrantes), pretende-se entender quais são as matrizes de compreensão da intervenção com mulheres que as situa como vítimas; como as intervenções sociais sob essa constituição de sujeito geram determinados efeitos nas usuárias e interventoras; além disso, entender algumas resistências (Deleuze e Guattari 2012 [1988)) que aparecem na relação entre profissionais e usuárias que fogem dessas concepções e práticas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The women of northwestern Greenland experienced contact with Euro-American men in multiple ways and in a variety of geographical contexts. Together the archaeological record and unpublished historical documents reveal the complexities of these situations and women’s responses to them. Archaeological and documentary data from two early 20th-century contact situations at Iita in northwestern Greenland and Floeberg Beach on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, highlight the varied nature of women’s responses to contact and the ways in which interaction with newcomers affected them individually and collectively. The women’s responses varied over time and across space. They responded to both the stresses and the opportunities of contact with resilience and resistance, acceptance and rejection, depending on circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on analysis of strength related to Aboriginal resistance conditions depiction in Canadian literature. Topics discussed include description of different movements that are considered as resistance approaches such as the Red Power movement; illustration of an enhancement in studies approaches towards multiculturalism along with its prevalence in indigenous literatures; and depiction of indigenous people's approach towards authoritarianism.

This study aims to measure the social perception created by the impact of the July 15 coup attempt. The social picture that emerged during and after July 15 deserves greater sociological attention. A total of 250 people were martyred in this upheaval, making it the bloodiest coup attempt in the history of coups in Turkey. Social resistance to the perpetrators transformed into "democracy watch" countrywide which lasted 27 days. As part of the study, interviews were conducted with 176 people who participated in the democracy watch in 9 cities and 12 squares. Hence, the codes of social consciousness developed about the coup attempt and the perpetrators, amongst others, are captured by how the society perceives the coup attempt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, following the teachings of the French philosopher Vladimir Jankélévitch, presents the ethics of resistance as a path facing the impossibility of pardon in cases of extreme violence and, in particular, when there is no remorse on the part of the violence performer. The path of resistance shapes, therefore, not only the commitment and the need to keep alive the memory of the horror and the cherished ipséité, but also the possibility to feel again and redefine silence as a way to honour the victims without allowing the moral stance to be usurped by the judicial system or the rule of law. The central thesis that we would like to hold here is based on the following statement: If we cannot forgive at least we can resist. Resistance concerns the duty of memory and the recovery of the silenced voice of victims in the public space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how the Cold War directly and indirectly shaped the terrain on which popular music evolved in Uruguay during the period of authoritarianism that stretched from the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s. Four moments in the evolution of two distinct musical movements, one associated with protest, the other with rock, reveal the intersection of politics and culture in the world of popular music. When Cold War driven repression supersedes aesthetic divisions between musicians, a new movement arises which brings together both tendencies in order to resist authoritarianism "between the lines." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the representation of madness in Nuruddin Farah's Close Sesame (1983) as a performance of resistance against the Somali dictatorship of Mohammed Siyad Barre. I argue that Farah presents madness as a performance rather than a manifestation of mental illness in order to protect those who speak and act out against tyranny as well as their associates and families. The novel's presentation of these counter-hegemonic performances has implications for the study of narrative representations of dictatorship in Africa as well as for understanding the linkage between the colonial and neocolonial disciplinary attitudes toward resistance fighters in East Africa. In particular, I consider the "Mad Mullah" and J. C. Carothers in light of their contributions to colonial discourse about madness and resistance. Farah's novel explicitly makes connections between colonial history and Barre's dictatorial regime, yet the place of madness within that history and the function of madness in Close Sesame have not been adequately explored. In focusing on resistance in Farah's text, this article also provides a broader reading of resistance and repression in colonial states and neocolonial dictatorships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the origins and meaaning of the phrase, "resistence is futile.? [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study proposes an efficient combination of the Discrete Element Method (DEM) and the Finite Element Method (FEM) to study the tractive performance of a rubber tire in interaction with granular terrain. The presented approach is relevant to all engineering devices interacting with granular matter which causes response forces. Herein, the discrete element method (DEM) is used to describe the dynamics of the granular assembly. On the one hand, the discrete approach accounts for the motion and forces of each grain individually. On the other hand, the finite element method accurately predicts the deformations and stresses acting within the tire tread. Hence, the simulation domain occupied by the tire tread is efficiently described as a continuous entity. The coupling of both methods is based on the interface shared by the two spatially separated domains. Contact forces develop at the interface and propagate into each domain. The coupling method enables to capture both responses simultaneously and allows to sufficiently resolve the different length scales. Each grain in contact with the surface of the tire tread generates a contact force which it reacts on repulsively. The contact forces sum up over the tread surface and cause the tire tread to deform. The coupling method compensates quite naturally the shortages of both numerical methods. It further employs a fast contact detection algorithm to save valuable computation time. The proposed DEM–FEM coupling technique was employed to study the tractive performance of a rubber tire with lug tread patterns in a soil bed. The contact forces at the tread surface are captured by 3D simulations for a tire slip of s T = 5 % . The simulations showed to accurately recapture the gross tractive effort T H , running resistance T R and drawbar pull T P of the tire tread in comparison to related measurements. Further, the traction mechanisms between the tire tread and the granular ground are studied by analyzing the motion of the soil grains and the deformation of the tread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented on teaching solidarity, resistance, and social justice to students. It offers approach that focuses on combining transformative human rights perspective with praxes of critical pedagogies and social justice. It discusses the human rights club student-centered human rights education (HRE). It mentions the role of educators in initiating students into legacy of critical and engaged participation in new society.

This work aims at the analysis of the Spinoza's concept of right of resistance. At the beginning of this work is developed an investigation about the historic and theoretical circumstances that influenced the Spinoza's reflections about the right of resistance. After this investigation, some spinozian political and juridical categories related to the right of resistance concept are analysed, such as: the idea of natural right, the relation between political obedience and resistance and the political and institutional mechanisms of right of resistance proposed by Spinoza. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers the author's insights and experience as teacher on the inclusion of courses related to rape in religion in teaching the Hebrew Bible. Topics mentioned include the teaching of the course in 2000 only once and never again allowed by the school administration, the resistance from male deans of higher education institutions, and the ordinary-inclusion approach in discussing the topic to elective courses every semester.

The new social policies are characterized by their emphasis on the comprehensive approach to highly complex problems, as for example the child development. Therefore, they are based on joint work between different government sectors and, specifically, a high-intensity intersectorality. However, resistance to inter-agency collaboration are one of the key factors to decrease the gaps in implementation. The work identifies and analyzes political resistances and institutional-cultural resistances and its influence on the intensity of the cross-sectoral work, based on a survey of 117 managers and authorities linked to the Chilean intersectoral Social Protection System in six regions. The research demonstrates a high weight of both types of resistance, as well as a clear association between them and some areas of specialty. These findings suggest that professional communities not only affect the perception of resistances to the intersectoriality but can have significant weight in its creation. Furthermore, they contravene the mainstream to adopt exclusively structural and formal approaches that do not consider those factors difficult to change quickly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The right to resist and the right to rebel have again become relevant as legal problems. Their justifications traditionally derive from natural law, human rights, the principle of the lesser evil or of the social contract. Interpretation of the right to resist expresses the tendencies to the law of people, in particular, the right to self-determination, distinguishing national and international understanding, and underscores the special nature of such right. Also, two-level research of the right to resist should be distinguished research of the right to resist - the first is a debate about the nature character and legislative consolidation of this right, partly focused on preventive-limiting its properties, whereas the second one is updated at the time of social upheaval and legal concerns, and it contains not only the evaluation of the events, but sometimes attempts to justify ex post risk of abuse and original post-legitimation of public authorities. An important condition for the existence of the right to resistance is a legitimate aim. This could be called the internal condition, which is provided by those who implement this right. Other condition (which can be called external) and the base of implementation should recognize certain actions, acts or decisions by public authorities - those that violate human rights are illegal and unfair. At the same time, the purpose and result of the right to resistance may be changes in the public authorities, the termination of abuse of authority and violation of human rights by its agents, return to democratic legal regime or change in the constitutional system, aimed at creating a state of law, as well as in some cases, when combined with the right to self-determination, - the achievement of independence. The author of the present paper considers that the right to resist is an individual right, a human right. But the author inclines to the idea of the collective nature of the right to resist implementation, but warns against simply counting the number of persons engaged in it. In other words, it does not matter how many people commit acts, but it does matter how many people support them. Considering the modalities of implementing the right to resist, it should be noted that these forms can be active or passive, expressed in actions directly or indirectly. The right of rebellion is an extreme form of the right to resist, which is carried out in case if the non-violent means of resistance are exhausted or proved ineffective. The conditions (and bases) of the right of rebellion are phenomena, such as the following: (1) massive human rights violations by public authorities (quantitative criterion); (2) systematic human rights violations by public authorities (accumulating criterion); or (3) extraordinary human rights violations by public authorities (criterion by serious, explicit and violent nature of the violation). Ambiguous is an issue of the limits of the right of rebellion, its permission and proportion, as well as whether it is possible to develop a mechanism for exercising this right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]