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This paper addresses the problem of designing secure control for networked multi-agent systems (MASs) under Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks. We propose a constructive design method based on the interaction topology. The MAS with a non-attack communication topology, modeled by quasi-Abelian Cayley graphs subject to DoS attacks, can be represented as a switched system. Using switching theory, we provide easily implementable sufficient conditions for the networked MAS to remain asymptotically stable despite DoS attacks. Our results are applicable to both continuous-time and discrete-time systems, as well as to discrete-time systems with variable steps or systems that combine discrete and continuous times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When we study the Karnaugh map in the switching theory course, we learn that the ones in the map are combined in rectangles whose length and width must be a power of two. The result is the logic function described as a sum of products. This paper shows that we can also make groups where the length and width of the rectangles are equal to three. This results in a logic function that is simpler than the sum of products in terms of logic gates, leading to more hardware-efficient circuits. This idea is extended later in the paper to other groups of elements. Finally, a new perspective on the Karnaugh map that integrates the proposed approach with the conventional one is provided. This can be used in switching theory courses to improve the explanation of the Karnaugh map. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the discontinuous dynamic behavior of a two-degree-of-freedom frictional collision system including intermediate elastic collision and unilateral elastic constraints subjected to periodic excitation is studied by using flow switching theory. In this system, given that the motion of each object might have a velocity that is either greater than or less than zero and each object experiences a periodic excitation force that has negative feedback, because the kinetic and static friction coefficients differ, the flow barrier manifests when the object's speed is zero. Based on the discontinuity or nonsmoothness of the oscillator's motion generated by elastic collision and friction, the motion states of the oscillator in the system are divided into 16 cases and the absolute and relative coordinates are used to define various boundaries and domains in the oscillator motion's phase space. On the basis of this, the G-function and system vector fields are used to propose the oscillator motion's switching rules at the displacement and velocity boundaries. Finally, some dynamic behaviors for the 2-DOF oscillator are demonstrated via numerical simulation of the oscillator's stick, grazing, sliding and periodic motions and the scene of sliding bifurcation. The mechanical system's optimization designs with friction and elastic collision will benefit from this investigation's findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scheduling algorithms are crucial for most existing switches to improve the throughput. However, the delay of the switching fabric cannot be guaranteed with such scheduling algorithms. This paper aims to design a novel load-balanced wire-speed multicast switching fabric along with the attractive merits of network coding. We adopt a two-phase self-routing switching fabric constructed by Boolean-multicast concentrators (SRBMCs), where the first SRBMC distributes the incoming cells to its outputs uniformly and the second allows the distributed cells to be self-routed and multicast to their destinations concurrently. To further improve the switching performance, linear network coding is smoothly combined with SRBMC to reduce the packet loss rate. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation demonstrate that the proposed switching fabric cannot only achieve wire-speed multicast switching but also be recursively constructed into an indefinite large-scale one with such merits as no internal buffers, low complexity, and guarantee in switching delay. Finally, we implement the proposed fabric on Field-Programmable Gate Array and verify its performance in multicast switching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-equilibrium work switching simulations and Jarzynski's equation are a reliable method for computing free energy differences, Δ A low → high , between two levels of theory, such as a pure molecular mechanical (MM) and a quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) description of a system of interest. Despite the inherent parallelism, the computational cost of this approach can quickly become very high. This is particularly true for systems where the core region, the part of the system to be described at different levels of theory, is embedded in an environment such as explicit solvent water. We find that even for relatively simple solute–water systems, switching lengths of at least 5 ps are necessary to compute Δ A low → high reliably. In this study, we investigate two approaches towards an affordable protocol, with an emphasis on keeping the switching length well below 5 ps. Inserting a hybrid charge intermediate state with modified partial charges, which resembles the charge distribution of the desired high level, makes it possible to obtain reliable calculations with 2 ps switches. Attempts using step-wise linear switching paths, on the other hand, did not lead to improvement, i.e., a faster convergence for all systems. To understand these findings, we analyzed the solutes' properties as a function of the partial charges used and the number of water molecules in direct contact with the solute, and studied the time needed for water molecules to reorient themselves upon a change in the solute's charge distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the long-standing efforts to elucidate the physical mechanisms of protein- ligand catch bonding, particular attention has been directed at the family of selectin proteins. Selectins exhibit slip, catch-slip, and slip-catch-slip bonding, with minor structural modifications causing major changes in selectins' response to force. How can a single structural mechanism allow interconversion between these various behaviors? We present a unifying theory of selectin-ligand catch bonding, using a structurally motivated free energy landscape to show how the topology of force-induced deformations of the molecular system produces the full range of observed behaviors. We find that the pathway of bond rupture deforms in non-trivial ways, such that unbinding dynamics depend sensitively on force. This implies a severe breakdown of Bell's theory-a paradigmatic theory used widely in catch bond modeling-raising questions about the suitability of Bell's theory in modeling other catch bonds. Our approach can be applied broadly to other protein-ligand systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A novel HEMTG is established to calculate the harmonic intensity injected into the power grid by the transformer under the action of different GIC. • A harmonic simulation model of the UHV AC/DC power grid under GIC is established, and the accuracy of the simulation model is confirmed by theoretical analysis. • The HSS model under GIC is formulated, and the accuracy of its calculation results is validated using the simulation model. Utilizing this model, the distribution and propagation characteristics of harmonics in the UHV AC/DC power grid under GIC conditions are analyzed. The power grid's geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) during geomagnetic storms, are associated with a broad and abrupt harmonic impact, with the potential for grid paralysis and extensive power outages in severe scenarios. Therefore, the harmonic characteristics of geomagnetically induced currents in China's ultra-high voltage (UHV) AC/DC power grid are analyzed in this paper. Firstly, a harmonic equivalent model of transformer GIC is established, and the injection of harmonics into the UHV AC/DC power grid during GIC events is quantified. Secondly, a harmonic state-space model is established by combining the 12-pulse converter switching function theory with the exponential Fourier series. The harmonic transmission and dynamic coupling characteristics of GIC in the UHV AC/DC power grid are analyzed using the harmonic equivalent model of the main transformer GIC and the harmonic equivalent model of the converter transformer GIC. Finally, a harmonic simulation model of the UHV AC/DC power grid under GIC is constructed using PSCAD, and the distribution of harmonics in the UHV AC/DC power grid under GIC is calculated. The calculations indicate that with 30 A injected GIC in the sending end transformers, the 2nd harmonic current on the sending end network side alone is 61.45 A, and the 3rd harmonic voltage on the valve side is 8.57 kV. The characteristics of harmonic transmission in the power grid result in a 2nd harmonic current of 34.87 A on the receiving end network side. Simultaneously, the total harmonic distortion of the AC power grid at the sending end is 2.35 %, surpassing the permissible limit established by the national standard. Consequently, this issue should be prioritized by the relevant power authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce the concept of switching from one supervisory control to another one when changes in the state of an embedded sensory network occur. The sensory devices are assumed to be single functional, that is, they are programmed to observe and report only one event. The switching model is built based on the two criteria of language observability and state synchronization. Switching model is the basis for a megacontroller, which monitors the state of the sensory network embedded in the plant as well as the state of the supervisor in charge. Every time the state of this network changes, the megacontroller reconfigures the control system by finding an appropriate supervisor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mixed graph is a set of vertices together with an edge set and an arc set. An (m; n)-mixed graph G is a mixed graph whose edges are each assigned one of m colours, and whose arcs are each assigned one of n colours. A switch at a vertex v of G permutes the edge colours, the arc colours, and the arc directions of edges and arcs incident with v. The group of all allowed switches is Γ. Let k ≥ 1 be a fixed integer and Δ a fixed permutation group. We consider the problem that takes as input an (m,n)- mixed graph G and asks if there is a sequence of switches at vertices of G with respect to Δ so that the resulting (m,n)-mixed graph admits a homomorphism to an (m,n)-mixed graph on k vertices. Our main result establishes that this problem can be solved in polynomial time for k ≤ 2, and is NP-hard for k ≥ 3. This provides a step towards a general dichotomy theorem for the Δ-switchable homomorphism decision problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bidirectional buck-boost current-fed isolated dc–dc converter (B3CFIdc) has the advantages of low current stress, high efficiency, and wide power/voltage conversion range. The linear models of buck mode and boost mode of B3CFIdc are originally derived using state-space averaging method. The dual-closed-loop control configuration with the inductor current and output voltage is designed. In order to ensure the stability of both operation modes at the same time, the parameters of the controllers are designed using the method of Hurwitz criterion plus frequency response. The asymptotic stability of the operating conditions with periodic switching between the two modes caused by the periodic fluctuation of input voltage is verified using the linear switching theory. The detailed experimental results verify the correctness of the built small-signal models and the feasibility of the designed closed-loop control configuration and the design rule of the controller parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel method for measuring the complex magnetic susceptibility of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) has been developed by a broadband microstrip line-type probe with a frequency range of up to 50 GHz. Two external orthogonal DC fields, Hhard and Heasy, were applied to change the susceptibility of MNPs (Streptavidin coated, 200 nmϕ, number of MNPs about 1010) based on magnetization switching theory. The susceptibility of MNPs in the liquid, solid state, and after biotin-avidin reaction with polymer beads (2 μmϕ, number of polymer beads about 108) was evaluated. A clear FMR frequency of MNPs and the same FMR frequency shift trend as Hhard changed was observed around 2–10 GHz in both liquid and solid states. The susceptibility of MNPs reached maximum when Hhard was 0.1 T which is approximately equal to Heasy (0.135 T). The maximum values of real and imaginary parts increased by a factor of 3.39 and 1.66 compared to when Hhard was 0. The obtained results indicate that the magnetic anisotropy was successfully controlled in the liquid and solid states of MNPs aggregate. Furthermore, after the biotin-avidin reaction of MNPs with polymer beads, the imaginary part of susceptibility showed a decreasing trend regardless of the increase in Hhard, and its half-width expanded by 35.1% at maximum when Hhard was 0.15 T. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A distributed H ∞ filtering issue is addressed in this paper for discrete-time nonlinear systems in the face of replay attacks over sensor networks, where an indicator variable is introduced to describe whether a replay attack is launched by the adversaries. First, an interesting pattern dependent on three parameters including a time-varying one is established to account for the temporal behavior of malicious attacks. Then, taking advantage of such a model, the resulting filter dynamic is transformed into a switching system with a subsystem with time-varying delays. By means of the famous switching system theory, a sufficient condition guaranteeing the H ∞ performance is derived to disclose the tolerant attack condition, that is, the attack-active duration and proportion. In addition, the applicable filter gains are achieved with the aid of the solutions of matrix inequalities. Finally, an example is purposively given to adequately illustrate the availability of the developed secure filtering strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Random jump of network communication topology challenges the tracking accuracy of linear switched reluctance motor (LSRM) system. This paper studies the pilot‐following consensus control of the multiple direct‐drive motion system (MDDMS) with semi‐Markov jump topology. The mathematical model of LSRM is constructed and the multi‐phase excitation strategy is studied. The directed graph is used to model the information transmission among the leaders and follower, and a new mechanism consensus based on previous states is provided. A consensus system based on semi‐Markov jump topology is constructed and the problem of consensus is shifted into a problem of stability analysis. A sufficient condition for consensus problem is obtained by using semi‐Markov switching system theory and graph theory. The MDDMS achieves consensus in the form of exponential convergence under the designed consensus controller. Several groups of simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed consensus control method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from a reformulation of the mass balance law based on the Bilby–Kröner–Lee (BKL) decomposition of the deformation gradient tensor, we study some peculiar mechanical aspects of growth in a monophasic continuum by regarding the reformulated mass balance equation as a non-holonomic and rheonomic constraint. Such constraint restricts the admissible rates of the growth tensor, i.e., one of the two factors of the BKL decomposition, to comply with a growth law provided phenomenologically. For our purposes, we put the constraint in Pfaffian form, and treat time as a fictitious, additional Lagrangian parameter, subjected to the condition that its rate must be unitary. Then, by taking some suggestions from the literature, we assume the existence of generalized forces conjugated with the virtual variations of the growth tensor, and we write a constrained version of the Principle of Virtual Work (PVW) that leads to a mixed boundary value problem whose unknowns are the motion, the growth tensor, and the Lagrange multipliers of the considered theory. This allows to extrapolate a physical interpretation of the role that the growth-conjugated forces play on the components of the growth tensor, especially on the distortional ones, i.e., those that are not directly related to the variation of mass of the body. The core message of our work is conceptual: we show that the growth laws usually encountered in the literature, which are prescribed phenomenologically, but may be difficult to justify theoretically, can be put in the framework of the PVW by regarding them as constraints. Moreover, we retrieve more particularized frameworks of growth available in the literature, while being able to switch to a theory of growth of grade one, such as a Cahn–Hilliard model of growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates a practical time-varying formation control method for quadrotors subjected to disturbances, uncertainties, and switching-directed topologies. A fully distributed formation control scheme is proposed using a linear-velocity independent position controller (LVIPC) and a nonsingular terminal sliding mode attitude controller (NTSMAC). A distributed observer is adopted to eliminate the measurement of linear-velocity states, and only local neighbor states are needed to realize formation flight. A time-varying nonsingular terminal sliding mode manifold is designed to suppress the reaching phase and ensure the finite-time convergence. Adaptive estimators are employed to remove the reliance on the prior knowledge of the upper bound of lumped uncertainties. It is then proven that all the closed-loop signals are bounded under the proposed method. Comparative experimental results based on a practical outdoor hardware solution are presented to confirm the effectiveness of the suggested control algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, atomically K1−xNaxNbO3 thin films are taken as examples to investigate the reversible and irreversible effects in a horizon plane, i.e., the changes of domain structures, phase states, free energies, etc., under a z-axis alternating current field via a phase-field method. The simulation results show the driving forces during the charging and discharging process, where there is a variation for the angles of the domain walls from 180° to 90° (and then an increase to 135°), which are the external electric field and domain wall evolution, respectively. As for the phase states, there is a transformation between the orthorhombic and rhombohedral phases which can't be explained by the traditional polarization switching theory. This work provides a reasonable understanding of the alternating current field effect, which is essential in information and energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern trends in the information technology have led to the fact that entire systems of infrastructure are becoming software-defined. Modern hyper-converged solutions use software-defined networking and soft switches for the hypervisor networking subsystem. The paper goal is to study traffic processing in hyperconverged structures with software switching based on OpenFlow versus traditional approaches. The features of the hyperconverged solutions network infrastructure are considered, approaches to the study of software-defined environments are described. A model of the processing traffic internal structure of a converged node, combining the functions of a hypervisor, a storage system and a switch, is proposed. Interface models reproduced traffic switching with the traditional approach and with higher-level OpenFlow processing have been developed. The approaches to the implementation of the developed models based on experimental studies of network equipment are described. The results of an experimental study of a network node and a synthesized model are presented. The possibility of implementing the proposed approaches within the specified accuracy are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet the demand of ship control, a new heading control tactic is explored using switching theory. Different from the previous results, the stochastic noise and switched control are considered in the Norrbin nonlinear mathematical model concurrently to discuss ship heading control. Then, for the resulting systems, the adaptive control issue is addressed, while the dead-zone input is embedded and unknown. By establishing switched state observers for the corresponding subsystems, the conservatism of the common state observer can be reduced greatly, and the analysis can be achieved under the switching signal satisfying the average dwell time (ADT). The "explosion of terms" problem occurring in the backstepping technique is well remedied via an innovative tracking differentiator (TD) technology, which is an innovation in itself. According to the theory proof, under the developed control tactic, the resulting signals are then to be bounded in probability, with the tracking goal being achieved well. The theoretical design result was analyzed, and the corresponding validity is given through simulation experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicles driving on the road continuously suffer low-frequency and high-intensity road excitation, which can cause the occupant feelings of tension and dizziness. To solve this problem, a three-degree-of-freedom vehicle suspension system model including vehicle seat is established and a linear function equivalent excitation method is proposed. The optimization of the random excitation is transformed into the optimization of constant force in a discrete time interval, which introduces the adaptive weighted particle swarm optimization algorithm to optimize the delay and feedback gain parameters in the feedback control of time delay. In this paper, the stability switching theory is used for the first time to analyze the stability interval of 3-DOF time-delay controlled active suspension, which ensures the stability of the control system. The numerical simulation results show that the algorithm can reduce vertical passenger acceleration and vehicle acceleration, respectively, by 13.63% and 28.38% on average, and 29.99% and 47.23% on random excitation, compared with active suspension and passive suspension based on inverse control. The effectiveness of the method to suppress road random interference is verified, which provides a theoretical reference for further study of suspension performance optimization with time-delay control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel quasi-resonant flyback converter that mainly comprises two modules of flyback converters is proposed. A relay is connected in series to the input terminals of two transformers, and the transformer input structure is adjusted according to the input voltage to improve the conversion efficiency. In addition, a novel frequency-limiting quasi-resonant control strategy for solving the limitations of the conventional quasi-resonant control strategies is proposed, wherein the switching frequency is increased under light load conditions. Here, the current-mode pulsewidth modulation IC is used as the core controller. The operating principle and design parameters of the converter are analyzed and discussed in detail. The experimental results prove the feasibility of the proposed circuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes the concept of millimeter-wave (mm-wave) switching rectifiers originated from drain-pumped mixers. The topology and circuit design methodology are distinctly different from other CMOS mm-wave rectifiers which adopt voltage multiplier techniques. Operation principle and RF-to-dc power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the proposed switching rectifiers are analyzed to overcome the fundamental limits on achievable performance of switching rectifiers at mm wave. In order to demonstrate the utility of the proposed concept, two prototypes in 65-nm bulk CMOS technology have been implemented: two fully integrated switching rectifiers operating at Ka-band and W-band. A peak PCE of 36.5% at 35 GHz with a load resistance of $50~\Omega $ at about 15-dBm input power is measured for the Ka-band rectifier. Measurement results for the W-band rectifier also indicate that the PCE peaks at 27% at 91 GHz for a load resistance of $43~\Omega $ at about 16-dBm input power. To the best of our knowledge, the two fully integrated rectifiers which occupy the smallest chip area exhibit a competitive PCE reported among Ka-band and W-band CMOS rectifiers, competing well with GaAs counterparts where the Schottky diode is available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a five-dimensional energy demand-supply system has been considered. On the one hand, we analyze the stability for all of the equilibrium points of the system. For each of equilibrium point, by analyzing the characteristic equation, we show the conditions for the stability or instability using Routh-Hurwitz criterion. Then numerical simulations have been given to illustrate all of cases for the theoretical results. On the other hand, by introducing the phenomenon of time delay, we establish the five-dimensional energy demand-supply model with time delay. Then we analyze the stability of the equilibrium points for the delayed system by the stability switching theory. Especially, Hopf bifurcation has been considered by showing the explicit formulae using the central manifold theorem and Poincare normalization method. For each cases of the theorems including the Hopf bifurcation, numerical simulations have been given to illustrate the effectiveness of the main results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we demonstrate a device using a Ni/SiN/BN/p+-Si structure with improved performance in terms of a good ON/OFF ratio, excellent stability, and low power consumption when compared with single-layer Ni/SiN/p+-Si and Ni/BN/p+-Si devices. Its switching mechanism can be explained by trapping and de-trapping via nitride-related vacancies. We also reveal how higher nonlinearity and rectification ratio in a bilayer device is beneficial for enlarging the read margin in a cross-point array structure. In addition, we conduct a theoretical investigation for the interface charge accumulation/depletion in the SiN/BN layers that are responsible for defect creation at the interface and how this accounts for the improved switching characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a new square-based fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor network model is proposed to address possible link failures in FBG sensor networks and improve their reliability. Graph theory and optical switching are simultaneously applied to these sensor networks to improve their self-healing ability; the FBG sensor network is regarded as a directed graph. Three commonly used self-short-circuit algorithms are compared in terms of the self-healing capabilities that they provide to the optical fiber sensor network. Among these, the shortest-path faster algorithm achieved a high, nearly 90% repair accuracy and had an average repair time of 0.103 s, the shortest in this study. The newly designed FBG self-healing network can be reorganized and repaired when local damage occurs, thereby improving its reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the various switching sequences on a generalized 60 ∘ distributed coordinate system-based space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) algorithm for multilevel inverters. The main focus of this work is to improve the inverter output voltage profile by taking advantage of the redundancy inverter switching states. With the help of SVPWM algorithm, the three nearest vectors have to find out the synthesis of the V ref location and then by applying the various optimum switching sequences, the inverter produces less harmonic content in the output voltage compared to the conventional switching sequence. All the switching sequence designs are developed with the help of minimum change detector (MCD) by using switching redundancies in order to reduce inverter switching loss. Simulation results to analyze various sequences on the general SVPWM algorithm are presented in the seven-level cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverter. To validate the results, hardware results are presented on the seven-level CHB inverter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the optimal transmission switching (OTS) problem for power systems, where certain lines are fixed (uncontrollable) and the remaining ones are controllable via on/off switches. The goal is to identify a topology of the power grid that minimizes the cost of the system operation while satisfying the physical and operational constraints. Most of the existing methods for the problem are based on first converting the OTS into a mixed-integer linear program (MILP) or mixed-integer quadratic program (MIQP), and then iteratively solving a series of its convex relaxations. The performance of these methods depends heavily on the strength of the MILP or MIQP formulations. In this paper, it is shown that finding the strongest variable upper and lower bounds to be used in an MILP or MIQP formulation of the OTS based on the big- $M$ or McCormick inequalities is NP-hard. Furthermore, it is proven that unless $P=NP$ , there is no constant-factor approximation algorithm for constructing these variable bounds. Despite the inherent difficulty of obtaining the strongest bounds in general, a simple bound strengthening method is presented to strengthen the convex relaxation of the problem when there exists a connected spanning subnetwork of the system with fixed lines. With the proposed bound strengthening method, remarkable improvements in the runtime of the mixed-integer solvers and the optimality gaps of the solutions are achieved for medium- and large-scale real-world systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individual microgrids have proven their ability to provide uninterrupted power to critical end-use loads during severe events. Building on the performance of individual microgrids during extreme events, there has been an increasing interest in the operations of network microgrids. By networking microgrids during extreme events, it is possible to share resources, increase the duration for which they can operate islanded, improve efficiency, and increase the resiliency of critical end-use loads. While there are benefits to networking the operations of resiliency-based microgrids, the switching operations that they require introduce transients, which can result in a loss of dynamic stability. The issue of dynamic stability is especially acute in microgrids with high penetrations of inverter-connected generation, and correspondingly low system inertia. While the low inertia of these microgrids can be increased by over-sizing the rotating generators, the increased capital and operating costs can become a barrier to deployment. This paper will present a method of augmenting primary frequency controls to support the switching transients necessary for the operation of networked microgrids, without the need to over-size rotating machines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing popularization of Electric Vehicle (EVs), Electro-mobility (in terms of where to charge EV) has become an increasingly important research problem in smart cities. One of the major concerns is the anxiety of EVs, as drivers may suffer from discomfort due to long charging time. In this paper, we leverage the battery switch technology to provide an even faster charging than plug-in charging service, by cycling switchable (fully recharged) batteries at Charging Stations (CSs). Upon that, a cost-efficient Publish/Subscribe (P/S) system is provisioned, to facilitate the design of distributed charging manner for privacy guarantee. The proposed communication framework utilizes Mobile Edge Computing (MEC)-functioned Road Side Units (RSUs) to bridge, process, and aggregate the information flow between CSs and EVs. We further design an advanced reservation-based charging system, in which the knowledge of EVs' reservations is utilized to predict how likely a CS will be congested. This benefits to a smart transportation planning on where to charge, in order to improve charging comfort. Results show the advantage of our enabling technology comparing to other benchmark solutions, in terms of minimized waiting time for the battery switch (as the benefit for EV drivers), and a higher number of batteries switched (as the benefit for CSs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The precise manipulation of ferroelectric vortices is one of the most important issues concerning its potential applications in functional electronic devices such as non-volatile memory. Despite investigations focusing on the switching of toroidization of vortex domain structure performed in recent years, there is still a lack of a simple and general method to realize vortex switching. In this work, we propose a direct electrical method to switch ferroelectric vortices by sweeping a biased tip, which is easy-to-operate in practice and is demonstrated to be feasible for various ferroelectric structures. It is the electric field gradient generated by the tip bias in conjunction with the time-reversal asymmetric tip-sweeping operation that induces the vortex switching. The influencing factors of this method, e.g. , field profile, tip size, tip bias, tip displacement and surface screening conditions, etc. , are systematically studied. As an implementation, we put forward a nanowire vortex memory system in which the information stored by vortex chirality can be successfully manipulated by the tip-sweeping method. The effects of temperature and nanowire structure on the feasibility of vortex switching are analyzed. Our findings provide an efficient control strategy on ferroelectric vortices and suggest broad device opportunities exploiting vortex domain structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a Bayesian approach for sequential detection of anomalies in the motion of a target and joint tracking. The anomaly is modeled as a binary (on/off) switching unknown control input that goes into action (begins to exist, or "switches on") thereby modifying the object dynamics; and by ceasing its activity (becoming nonexistent, or "switching off") returns the dynamics to nominal. The developed Bayesian framework brings together random finite set (RFS) theory to represent the switching nature of the anomaly, and optimal joint input and state estimation to sequentially update a hybrid state that incorporates a random vector for the kinematic state and a Bernoulli RFS for the unknown control input. In addition, a closed-form solution, the Gaussian-mixture hybrid Bernoulli filter (GM-HBF), has been developed to provide a customized solution for dynamic anomaly detection in the maritime domain characterized by linear Gaussian target dynamics. Based on the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck dynamic model for vessels, where the evolution of the object velocity is governed by a piecewise mean-reverting stochastic process, the anomaly can be represented by a change in the long-run mean velocity (i.e., the unknown control input) from the nominal condition that forces the vessel to deviate from its standard route. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed GM-HBF in both simulated and real-world maritime surveillance applications and test its performance in the face of false measurements, detection uncertainty, and sensor data gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we propose a context-aware switching of routing protocol scheme for specific application requirements of IoT in real-time using a softwaredefined networking controller in wireless sensor networks. The work planned has two stages i) Selection of suitable routing protocol (RP) for given IoT applications using higher cognitive process and ii) Deployment of the corresponding routing protocol. We use the supervised learning-regression method for classification of the routing protocol while considering the network parameters like stability, path delay, energy utilization, and throughput. The chosen routing protocol will be set in the sensor network using a software-defined networking controller in an exceedingly flexible manner during the second stage. Extensive simulation has been done and results are evaluated to point out the strength of the proposed work, while dynamically varying the specific requirements of IoT applications. We observe that the work proposed is path-breaking the prevailing methods, where a specific routing protocol is employed throughout the period of time. It's clearly shown that the proposed, Low-cost Context-Aware Protocol Switching (LCAPS) scheme is efficient in improving the performance of the sensor network and also meets the specific application requirements of IoT by using Software-Defined Wireless Sensor Networks SDWSNs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]