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Biased sex ratios among reproductive individuals are common in plants, but the underlying mechanisms, as well as the evolutionary consequences, are not well understood. The classical theory of Düsing and Fisher predicts an equal primary sex ratio at seed production, based on the selective advantage of the rare sex. Biased sex ratios among reproductive plants can arise from sexual dimorphism in survival and flowering. Sex ratio biases can also be present from the seed stage; in these cases, assumptions of Düsing's and Fisher's theory, for example, random mating or demographic equilibrium, are thought to be violated. We investigated mechanisms leading to female‐biased sex ratios in the arctic‐alpine dwarf willow Salix herbacea L. We studied sex ratios in three natural populations over 3 years as well as in 29 crosses (full‐sib families) under controlled conditions over four growth periods. We tested whether sex ratio was associated with habitat parameters (elevation and snowmelt time), or with germination, survival or flowering, and whether females and males differed in size or flowering that may cause observation bias. We detected a strong and consistent female bias, both in natural populations (sex ratio [proportion of females]: 0.71–0.82) and in our controlled experiment (overall sex ratio: 0.70–0‐72). Female bias became more pronounced with increasing elevation. Our data did not support sexual dimorphism in size or flowering. Family sex ratios varied largely (from 0.25 to 1), including many female‐biased families, unbiased families and two male‐biased families. Families with lower germination, seedling establishment, survival or flowering did not have stronger female bias, indicating that intrinsically higher survival or flowering in females does not explain overall female bias. Synthesis. Our results suggest that sex ratio bias in S. herbacea is already present in seeds and does not arise through intrinsic differences between sexes. Candidate mechanisms that can lead to both overall female bias and variation in sex ratio among families are meiotic drive or cyto‐nuclear interactions. The pioneer habit of Salix may lead to non‐equilibrium population dynamics that allow for the long‐term persistence of variable genetic sex ratio distortion systems that arise from genetic conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The pollution of soil by heavy metals, particularly Cd, is constitutes a critical international environmental concern. Willow species are renowned for their efficacy in the phytoremediation of heavy metals owing to their high Cd absorption rate and rapid growth. However, the mechanisms underlying microbial regulation for high- and low-accumulating willow species remain poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the responses of soil and rhizosphere microbial communities to high- and low-Cd-accumulating willows and Cd contamination. We analyzed soil properties were analyzed in bulk soil (SM) and rhizosphere soil (RM) planted with high-accumulating (H) and low-accumulating (L) willow species. Results: Rhizosphere soil for different willow species had more NH4+ than that of bulk soil, and RM-H soil had more than RM-L had. The available phosphorus content was greater in hyper-accumulated species than it was in lower-accumulated species, especially in RM-H. Genome sequencing of bacterial and fungal communities showed that RM-L exhibited the highest bacterial diversity, whereas RM-H displayed the greatest richness than the other groups. SM-L exhibited the highest diversity and richness of fungal communities. Ralstonia emerged as the predominant bacterium in RM-H, whereas Basidiomycota and Cercozoa were the most enriched fungi in SM-H. Annotation of the N and C metabolism pathways revealed differential patterns: expression levels of NRT2, NarB, nirA, nirD, nrfA, and nosZ were highest in RM-H, demonstrating the effects of NO3-and N on the high accumulation of Cd in RM-H. The annotated genes associated with C metabolism indicated a preference for the tricarboxylic pathway in RM-H, whereas the hydroxypropionate-hydroxybutyrate cycle was implicated in C sequestration in SM-L. Conclusions: These contribute to elucidation of the mechanism underlying high Cd accumulation in willows, particularly in respect of the roles of microbes and N and C utilization. This will provide valuable insights for repairing polluted soil using N and employing organic acids to improve heavy metal remediation efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modification of food webs is a frequent cause of shifts in ecosystem states that resist reversal when the food web is restored to its original condition. We used the restoration of the large carnivore guild including gray wolves (Canis lupis), cougars (Felis concolor), and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) to the northern range of Yellowstone National Park as a model system to understand how ecosystems might resist reconfiguration after the restoration of apex predators to the food web. The absence of wolves, cougars, and grizzly bears for nearly a century from the northern range was the primary cause of dramatic changes in riparian plant communities. Willows (Salix spp.) were suppressed in height by intense browsing by the dominant herbivore, elk (Cervus canadensis). The loss of activity by beavers (Castor canadensis) coincided with the loss of tall willows. We hypothesized that intense elk browsing interrupted the mutualism between willow and beavers: ecosystem engineering by beavers was a critical component of willow habitat and tall willows were a critical component of habitat for beavers. This interruption made riparian communities resilient to the disturbance caused by the restoration of apex predators. We hypothesized further that reductions in elk browsing attributable to reductions in elk population size were not sufficient to prevent the suppression of willow growth. To test these hypotheses, we conducted a 20‐year, factorial experiment that crossed simulated beaver dams with the exclusion of browsing. We found that willows grew to heights expected for restored communities only in the presence of dams and reduced browsing. Willows experiencing ambient conditions remained well below this expectation. We found no difference in heights or growth rates of willows in experimental controls and willows in 21 randomly chosen sites, confirming that the results of the experiment were representative of range‐wide conditions. A reorganized community of large herbivores was implicated in the suppression of willow growth. We conclude that the restoration of large carnivores to the food web failed to restore riparian plant communities on Yellowstone's northern range, supporting the hypothesis that this ecosystem is in an alternative stable state caused primarily by the extirpation of apex predators during the early 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Riparian woody plant communities, including shrubs and trees, are essential for maintaining biodiversity, protecting against floods, reducing erosion, and transporting nutrients. However, these habitats are greatly threatened by human activities, particularly agricultural land acquisition, and the introduction of invasive species. This study examined species diversity and interspecific association in riparian woody plant communities along rivers in the Romanian Carpathians. The study focused on communities of Salix purpurea, S. alba, and Hippophaë rhamnoides in mountain regions, with varying sampling efforts at different sites for each species. A total of 174 plant species were found, predominantly herbaceous (77.9%), followed by trees (11.6%) and shrubs (10.5%). While S. alba and S. purpurea communities show high species richness and abundance, S. alba has slightly higher diversity (H′ ≈ 2.23, SD = 0.28) than S. purpurea (H′ ≈ 1.69, SD = 0.42). Contrarily, significant differences exist between H. rhamnoides and S. alba communities in species richness (p =.007) and Shannon diversity (p =.004). PCA analysis elaborated on distinct distribution patterns of plant associations within habitats S. purpurea community, H. rhamnoides community, and S. alba community. Four invasive species (Oenothera biennis L. and Oxalis stricta L. in S. alba communities, Reynoutria sachalinensis Nakai in both S. purpurea and H. rhamnoides communities, and Erigeron canadensis L. in H. rhamnoides communities) were identified, as requiring conservation efforts. Hemicryptophytes dominate species richness, while microphanerophytes and megaphanerophytes significantly contribute to plant abundance. H. rhamnoides formed Hippophaë rhamnoides dunes (2160) Natura 2000 habitat, while S. alba created galleries within the 92A0 Salix alba and Populus alba habitat. In conclusion, the findings from this study highlight the importance of preserving riparian habitats because their value goes beyond local or regional considerations and extends to the global scale due to their unique characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The Asian longhorned beetle (ALB), Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky, is a serious wood borer of hardwood trees in North America, Europe, and China, causing substantial economic and ecological losses. Several ALB management strategies have been applied; however, certain drawbacks have been identified with these strategies. To explore effective and environmentally sustainable management options, we investigated the biological characteristics of ALB, including the distribution of frass and emergence holes on trees and preferred branches for ALB foraging and ovipositing. The results showed that 76.31–78.88% of frass holes and 85.08–87.93% of emergence holes were located above a height of 200 cm. Adults showed a preference for feeding on branches 2–3 cm in diameter, and eggs were predominantly laid on 5 cm branches, primarily located above a height of 200 cm. These findings suggest a correlation between the number of ALBs and the height of the tree crown. To test this hypothesis, we investigated whether the number of ALBs decreased when the tree crown was removed above 200 cm (high trunk truncation, HTT). The results revealed a significant decrease in the number after the implementation of HTT. Based on our results we advocate for HTT as an effective ALB management strategy, offering valuable insights into the development of a sustainable approach to controlling the number of ALBs. The Asian longhorned beetle (ALB) causes substantial economic and ecological losses, thus, an environmentally friendly management strategy is needed. Here, we propose high trunk truncation (HTT), the removal of the above 200 cm portion of trees, as a sustainable management strategy to control ALB. To examine the hypothesis, an initial step involved the assessment of various biological characteristics of ALB. Subsequently, a controlled field experiment was carried out utilizing HTT. Finally, HTT was applied in two additional ALB infestation regions. The results of the study of the biological characteristics of ALB showed that 76.31–78.88% of frass holes and 85.08–87.93% of emergence holes were located on branches above 200 cm. Adults preferred to feed on branches 2–3 cm in diameter, ALB eggs were predominantly laid on 5 cm branches, and both were primarily located above 200 cm. These results revealed a correlation between the number of ALBs and the tree crown height. The controlled field experiment showed that the number of ALBs was significantly decreased when the HTT strategy was implemented: approximately 90% of frass holes and 95% of adults were eradicated by HTT compared with the control. Different field surveys involving HTT have shown similar results. These findings provide valuable insights into a sustainable and efficient management strategy for reducing the number of ALBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid biomass can be used for energy generation and the production of various renewable bioproducts. The aim of this study was to determine the yield and characteristics of wood obtained as debarking residue from 14 genotypes of short-rotation woody crops (SRWCs). These included five Populus genotypes, one Robinia genotype, and eight Salix genotypes, harvested in both annual and quadrennial cycles. The results showed that the highest dry wood yield (12.42 Mg ha−1 y−1 DM) and yield energy value (244.34 GJ ha−1 y−1) were obtained from willow (cultivar Żubr) harvested in a quadrennial cycle. The best effect among the poplar genotypes was achieved for the Hybryda275, and it was particularly marked in the quadrennial harvest cycle. The poorest results were determined for black locust. The Robinia characteristics included the significantly lowest moisture content (31.6%), which was a positive attribute from the energy point of view, but, on the other hand, it had some adverse characteristics—the highest levels of sulfur (0.033% DM), nitrogen (0.38% DM), and ash (0.69% DM). More beneficial properties in this respect were determined for willow and poplar wood. Moreover, willow and poplar wood contained more cellulose—51.8 and 50.0% DM, respectively—compared with black locust. Extending the SRWC shoot harvest cycle from annual to quadrennial resulted in an increase in cellulose, lignin, and carbon, higher heating value, and a decrease in nitrogen, sulfur, ash, and moisture content. Therefore, extending the harvest cycle improved the parameters of SRWC wood as an energy feedstock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) transcription factors are plant-specific and play important roles in plant defense against environmental stresses. Identification and functional studies have been carried out in model plants such as rice, Arabidopsis thaliana, and poplar, but comprehensive analysis on the HD-Zip family of Salix suchowensis have not been reported. Results: A total of 55 HD-Zip genes were identified in the willow genome, unevenly distributed on 18 chromosomes except for chromosome 19. And segmental duplication events containing SsHD-Zip were detected on all chromosomes except chromosomes 13 and 19. The SsHD-Zip were classified into 4 subfamilies subfamilies (I-IV) according to the evolutionary analysis, and members of each subfamily shared similar domain structure and gene structure. The combination of GO annotation and promoter analysis showed that SsHD-Zip genes responded to multiple abiotic stresses. Furthermore, the results of qPCR analysis showed that the SsHD-Zip I gene exhibited different degrees of expression under salt stress, PEG treatment and heat treatment. Moreover, there was a synergistic effect between SsHD-Zip I genes under stress conditions based on coregulatory networks analysis. Conclusions: In this study, HD-Zip transcription factors were systematically identified and analyzed at the whole genome level. These results preliminarily clarified the structural characteristics and related functions of willow HD-Zip family members, and it was found that SsHox34, SsHox36 and SsHox51 genes were significantly involved in the response to various stresses. Together, these findings laid the foundation for further research on the resistance functions of willow HD-Zip genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In nature, plants are exposed to a range of climatic conditions. Those negatively impacting plant growth and survival are called abiotic stresses. Although abiotic stresses have been extensively studied separately, little is known about their interactions. Here, we investigate the impact of long-term mild metal exposure on the cold acclimation of Salix viminalis roots using physiological, transcriptomic, and proteomic approaches. We found that, while metal exposure significantly affected plant morphology and physiology, it did not impede cold acclimation. Cold acclimation alone increased glutathione content and glutathione reductase activity. It also resulted in the increase in transcripts and proteins belonging to the heat-shock proteins and related to the energy metabolism. Exposure to metals decreased antioxidant capacity but increased catalase and superoxide dismutase activity. It also resulted in the overexpression of transcripts and proteins related to metal homeostasis, protein folding, and the antioxidant machinery. The simultaneous exposure to both stressors resulted in effects that were not the simple addition of the effects of both stressors taken separately. At the antioxidant level, the response to both stressors was like the response to metals alone. While this should have led to a reduction of frost tolerance, this was not observed. The impact of the simultaneous exposure to metals and cold acclimation on the transcriptome was unique, while at the proteomic level the cold acclimation component seemed to be dominant. Some genes and proteins displayed positive interaction patterns. These genes and proteins were related to the mitigation and reparation of oxidative damage, sugar catabolism, and the production of lignans, trehalose, and raffinose. Interestingly, none of these genes and proteins belonged to the traditional ROS homeostasis system. These results highlight the importance of the under-studied role of lignans and the ROS damage repair and removal system in plants simultaneously exposed to multiple stressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrub willows are widely planted for landscaping, soil remediation, and biomass production, due to their rapid growth rates. Identification of regulatory genes in wood formation would provide clues for genetic engineering of willows for improved growth traits on marginal lands. Here, we conducted an expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis, using a full sibling F1 population of Salix suchowensis, to explore the genetic mechanisms underlying wood formation. Based on variants identified from simplified genome sequencing and gene expression data from RNA sequencing, 16,487 eQTL blocks controlling 5505 genes were identified, including 2148 cis-eQTLs and 16,480 trans-eQTLs. eQTL hotspots were identified, based on eQTL frequency in genomic windows, revealing one hotspot controlling genes involved in wood formation regulation. Regulatory networks were further constructed, resulting in the identification of key regulatory genes, including three transcription factors (JAZ1, HAT22, MYB36) and CLV1, BAM1, CYCB2;4, CDKB2;1, associated with the proliferation and differentiation activity of cambium cells. The enrichment of genes in plant hormone pathways indicates their critical roles in the regulation of wood formation. Our analyses provide a significant groundwork for a comprehensive understanding of the regulatory network of wood formation in S. suchowensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood ash is sometimes used as an alternative to mineral fertilizers; however, there is still a paucity of reliable data concerning its effect on plants—and on biological properties of soil. The present study aimed to determine the possible extent of soil pollution with ash from Salix viminalis that does not disturb the growth of Zea mays L., intended for energetic purposes, in order to identify how the increasing ash doses affect biochemical and physicochemical properties of soil and to finally to establish the neutralizing effects of soil additives, i.e., compost and HumiAgra preparation, on this soil pollutant. The study demonstrated that the heating value of Zea mays L. was stable and not modified by the excess content of ash from Salix viminalis in the soil. This finding points to the feasibility of Zea mays L. cultivation on soils contaminated with ash from Salix viminalis and its use in bio-power engineering. The biomass of the aboveground parts of Zea mays L. was significantly reduced after soil contamination with Salix viminalis ash dose of 20 g kg−1 d.m. soil, whereas the smaller ash doses tested (5–10 g kg−1 d.m. soil) did not impair either the growth or the development of Zea mays L. The ash inhibited activities of all analyzed soil enzymes but increased soil pH and sorption capacity. Fertilization with compost proved more effective in neutralizing the adverse effect of ash on enzymatic activity of the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer's etiology is linked to oxidative stress. As a result, it's vital to find effective natural antioxidant remedies. Salix mucronata and Triticum spelta plant extracts were prepared using five different solvents and examined for their cytotoxicity against liver HepG2 cancer cell line. It was found that Salix mucronata ethanolic extract is high in antioxidant mediated anti-cancer activity. The functional constituents (phenolic and flavonoids) as well as preparation of different ethanolic concentrations used to study their properties that include DPPH, oxygen, hydroxyl, nitrogen radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing power and metal chelating activities. The MTT assay was used to determine antioxidant-mediated anti-cancer activity against human liver (HepG2) and colorectal (Caco-2) cancer cells to calculate the half-maximal growth inhibitory concentration (IC50). Moreover, flow cytometry analysis was used to quantify the apoptotic effect on the treated cancer cells. Additionally, qRTPCR of p53, BCL2, Cyclin D, MMP9 and VEGF were measured. Furthermore, HPLC was used to assess the most effective ingredients of the plant extract. Salix mucronata 50% ethanol extract had the highest polyphenolic content, anti-oxidant, and anti-proliferative activity. Salix mucronata increased the number of total apoptotic cells, and caused an upregulation of p53 gene expression by more than five folds and a downregulation of gene expression level of BCL2, Cyclin D, MMP9 and VEGF by more than five folds. Consequently, that could modulate oxidative stress and improve the effectiveness of cancer therapy. Results, also, showed that Triticum spelta ethanolic extract was less effective than Salix mucronata. Therefore, Salix mucronata ethanolic extract represents promising surrogate natural therapy for apoptosis-mediated cancer and recommended for further investigation using animal model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay, we explore Cooper's theorizing of institutional aesthetics and technology to analyse a field study of a commoning process at a recreational area at Linnarhult near Gothenburg, Sweden. The paper focuses on a series of craft interventions that used the willow plant to make the area a common space. Using Cooper's theories, we analyse the community craft activities conducted at Linnarhult as an aesthetic process of making a common space by crafting frames, boundaries and reflections on site. We thus conclude by highlighting the process of commoning through institutional aesthetics, and we reflect on our attempt to use Cooper's theoretical ideas in analysing a concrete case. His emphasis and exemplary writing on the aesthetics of institutions has inspired us greatly, but our exploration has come with challenges and probably a deal of betrayal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Poplar (Populus cathayana)and willow (Salix rehderiana) are important fast-growing trees in China. Grafting plays an important role in improving plant stress resistance and construction of ornamental plants. It is found that willow scions grafted onto poplar rootstocks can form ornamental plants. However, this grafted combination has a low survival rate. Many studies have reported that the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) family plays an important role in the healing process of grafts. Results: A total of 38 PtrXTHs and 32 SpuXTHs were identified in poplar and willow respectively, and were classified into three subfamilies. Tandem duplication was the main reason for the expansion of the PtrXTHs. Grafting treatment and Quantitative real time PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis revealed that five XTH genes differentially expressed between self-grafted and reciprocal grafted combinations. Specifically, the high expression levels of SrXTH16, SrXTH17, SrXTH25, PcXTH22 and PcXTH17 may contribute to the high survival rate of the grafted combination with willow scion and poplar rootstock. Subcellular localization identified that the SrXTH16, SrXTH17, SrXTH25, PcXTH17 and PcXTH22 proteins were located on the cell walls. Transcription factors (NAC, MYB and DOF) may regulate the five XTH genes. Conclusions: This study provides a new understanding of the roles of PcXTH and SrXTH genes and their roles in grafting. Our results will give some hints to explore the molecular mechanisms of PcXTH and SrXTH genes involved in grafting in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogas from anaerobic digestion is a versatile energy carrier that can be upgraded to compressed biomethane gas (CBG) as a renewable and sustainable alternative to natural gas. Organic residues and energy crops are predicted to be major sources of bioenergy production in the future. Pre-treatment can reduce the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic energy crops such as Salix to anaerobic digestion, making it a potential biogas feedstock. This lignocellulosic material can be co-digested with animal manure, which has the complementary effect of increasing volumetric biogas yield. Salix varieties exhibit variations in yield, composition and biomethane potential values, which can have a significant effect on the overall biogas production system. This study assessed the impact of Salix varietal differences on the overall mass and energy balance of a co-digestion system using steam pre-treated Salix biomass and dairy manure (DaM) to produce CBG as the final product. Six commercial Salix varieties cultivated under unfertilised and fertilised conditions were compared. Energy and mass flows along this total process chain, comprising Salix cultivation, steam pre-treatment, biogas production and biogas upgrading to CBG, were evaluated. Two scenarios were considered: a base scenario without heat recovery and a scenario with heat recovery. The results showed that Salix variety had a significant effect on energy output–input ratio (R), with R values in the base scenario of 1.57–1.88 and in the heat recovery scenario of 2.36–2.94. In both scenarios, unfertilised var. Tordis was the best energy performer, while the fertilised var. Jorr was the worst. Based on this energy performance, Salix could be a feasible feedstock for co-digestion with DaM, although its R value was at the lower end of the range reported previously for energy crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salix psammophila was converted to value-added chemicals in the presence of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl) and water by the hydrothermal liquefaction method. [Bmim]Cl acted as both liquefier and catalyst, while water served as both co-solvent and reactant. The optimal reaction parameters for the highest liquefaction yield were determined by an orthogonal experiment. The possibility of application of the recycled [Bmim]Cl was investigated. FT-IR spectra results of the fresh used, the firstly reused, and the secondary reused IL [Bmim]Cl confirmed the high stability of [Bmim]Cl. Moreover, an explanation of the possible liquefaction mechanism for S. psammophila was also provided. This study may provide fundamental data for S. psammophila conversion and application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence points out that increasing plant productivity associated with greater erect shrub abundance alters soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in the Arctic. However, the underlying plant economic traits remain poorly examined, which limits our understanding of plant–environment interactions driving tundra carbon cycling. We explored how erect shrub abundance leads to SOC variation in a High Arctic tundra (Bylot Island, Nunavut, Canada), where the only erect shrub, Salix richardsonii, has settled along currently active and abandoned channel zones of alluvial fans. The effects of vegetation and local environmental changes on SOC were evaluated through a paired sampling of soil materials and plant aboveground functional traits associated with plant carbon supply and nutrient demand processes. The occurrence of S. richardsonii, characterized by a tenfold increase in aboveground biomass, induced a 28% increase in SOC compared to adjacent plots dominated by prostrate shrubs and graminoids. Yet, this vegetation effect was solely observed along active channels, where higher SOC was associated with greater leaf and stem biomass. A path analysis showed that shrub leaf area index and total leaf nutrient content best represented plant carbon supply and nutrient demand dynamics, respectively, and jointly regulated SOC variation. This study underscores that vegetation structural changes associated with increasing erect shrub abundance in the Arctic can promote soil organic carbon storage, but that this pattern may be mediated by strong plant–environment interactions. Accounting for changes in functional traits driving plant carbon supply and nitrogen demand proves important for a better mechanistic understanding of how shrubification impacts tundra carbon cycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diverse specialised metabolites contributed to the success of vascular plants in colonising most terrestrial habitats. Understanding how distinct aspects of chemical diversity arise through heterogeneous environmental pressures can help us understand the effects of abiotic and biotic stress on plant evolution and community assembly. We examined highland and lowland willow species within a phylogenetic framework to test for trends in their chemical α‐diversity (richness) and β‐diversity (variation among species sympatric in elevation). We show that differences in chemistry among willows growing at different elevations occur mainly through shifts in chemical β‐diversity and due to convergence or divergence among species sharing their elevation level. We also detect contrasting phylogenetic trends in concentration and α‐diversity of metabolites in highland and lowland willow species. The resulting elevational patterns contribute to the chemical diversity of willows and suggest that variable selective pressure across ecological gradients may, more generally, underpin complex changes in plant chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a subarctic forest at Kvaløya, northern Norway, willow grouse Lagopus lagopus fed at snow level by clipping bits of twigs from mountain birch Betula pubescens during winter. Birch has two types of twigs ending in a terminal bud: long twigs with a smooth bark, and short twigs with rings of thicker bark. The grouse selected ringed twigs above smooth twigs despite a surplus of smooth twigs in the forest. Ringed twigs had more bark cm−1 of twig length and a higher relative bark/wood ratio than smooth twigs. Smooth twigs had growth nodes that increased in diameter inwards from the tip. Because of the non‐linear relation between the area and the circumference of a circle, the bark/wood ratio decreased for each node. Although being able to clip much thicker twigs, 90% of smooth twigs clipped by grouse were ≤ 2 mm in diameter. It is concluded that willow grouse fed optimally on birch in winter by selecting twigs to minimize fibrous wood intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Willow bark (Salix spp., Salicaceae) is a traditional analgesic and antirheumatic herbal medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the phytochemical and antioxidant profiles of leaf and bark extracts of six species of the genus Salix obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and to examine the inhibitory potential of target bioactive compounds against two inflammatory mediators, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), through in silico molecular docking. The total phenolic and flavonoid content of the extracts was estimated using spectrophotometric methods and the antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and hydroxyl radical (•OH) scavenging assays. Chemical profiling of extracts was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to differentiate the sample extracts based on their phytochemical profiles and amounts of target bioactive compounds. Chemical composition varied among the analyzed willow species and also among the plant organs of the same species. The major bioactive compounds of the extracts were salicin, chlorogenic acid, rutin and epicatechin. The extracts exhibited significant DPPH● and ●OH scavenging activities. Results of molecular docking revealed that chlorogenic acid had the highest binding affinity toward TNF-α and IL-6. UAE extracts represent valuable sources of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The NAC (NAM-ATAF1/2-CUC) transcription factor family is one of the largest plant-specific transcription factor families, playing an important role in plant growth and development and abiotic stress response. As a short-rotation woody plant, Salix integra (S. integra) has high lead (Pb) phytoremediation potential. To understand the role of NAC in S. integra Pb tolerance, 53 SiNAC transcripts were identified using third-generation and next-generation transcriptomic data from S. integra exposed to Pb stress, and a phylogenetic analysis revealed 11 subfamilies. A sequence alignment showed that multiple subfamilies represented by TIP and ATAF had a gene that produced more than one transcript under Pb stress, and different transcripts had different responses to Pb. By analyzing the expression profiles of SiNACs at 9 Pb stress time points, 41 of 53 SiNACs were found to be significantly responsive to Pb. Short time-series expression miner (STEM) analysis revealed that 41 SiNACs had two significant Pb positive response patterns (early and late), both containing 10 SiNACs. The SiNACs with the most significant Pb response were mainly from the ATAF and NAP subfamilies. Therefore, 4 and 3 SiNACs from the ATAF and NAP subfamilies, respectively, were selected as candidate Pb-responsive SiNACs for further structural and functional analysis. The RT-qPCR results of 7 transcripts also confirmed the different Pb response patterns of the ATAF and NAP subfamilies. SiNAC004 and SiNAC120, which were randomly selected from two subfamilies, were confirmed to be nuclear localization proteins by subcellular localization experiments. Functional prediction analysis of the associated transcripts of seven candidate SiNACs showed that the target pathways of ATAF subfamily SiNACs were "sulfur metabolism" and "glutathione metabolism", and the target pathways of NAP subfamily SiNACs were "ribosome" and "phenylpropanoid biosynthesis". This study not only identified two NAC subfamilies with different Pb response patterns but also identified Pb-responsive SiNACs that could provide a basis for subsequent gene function verification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The Salicaceae, including Populus and Salix, are dioecious perennials that utilize different sex determination systems. This family provides a useful system to better understand the evolution of dioecy and sex chromosomes.Here, a rare monoecious genotype of Salix purpurea, 94003, was self‐ and cross‐pollinated and progeny sex ratios were used to test hypotheses on possible mechanisms of sex determination. To delimit genomic regions associated with monoecious expression, the 94003 genome sequence was assembled and DNA‐ and RNA‐Seq of progeny inflorescences was performed.Based on alignments of progeny shotgun DNA sequences to the haplotype‐resolved monoecious 94003 genome assembly and reference male and female genomes, a 1.15 Mb sex‐linked region on Chr15W was confirmed to be absent in monecious plants. Inheritance of this structural variation is responsible for the loss of a male‐suppressing function in what would otherwise be genetic females (ZW), resulting in monoecy (ZWH or WWH), or lethality, if homozygous (WHWH).We present a refined, two‐gene sex determination model for Salix purpurea, mediated by ARR17 and GATA15 that is different from the single‐gene ARR17‐mediated system in the related genus Populus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animals adjust their use of alarm calls depending on social environments. We tested whether dominant (adult) and subordinate (juvenile non-kin) male crested tits (Lophophanes cristatus) warn each other and heterospecific willow tits (Poecile montanus) across the wintering season. Birds rarely alarm called when feeding alone. Both adult and juvenile crested tits warned each other in early winter, and adults did so in the middle of wintering season. However, juvenile males rarely warned conspecific adult males in the middle of the winter. Both adult and juvenile males stopped giving alarm calls when feeding together at the end of wintering season. The results suggest that the mid-winter reduction of juvenile alarms could increase the likelihood of successful predator attacks on adults, increasing the chances for juveniles to replace adults and acquire their territories. By contrast, both adult and juvenile males produced alarm calls throughout the season when foraging together with willow tits. Whether juvenile male crested tits could be selectively altering alarm call propensity to endanger adult males, thereby selfishly enhancing their own succession to territory ownership, is discussed. The results add to the understanding of the origin of mixed-species groups and explain the dynamics of social communication. This article is part of the theme issue 'Mixed-species groups and aggregations: shaping ecological and behavioural patterns and processes'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Extreme water-level fluctuations in river reservoirs have led to ecological problems. Among those problems, the degradation of riparian vegetation has drawn much attention. Planting suitable plants to rehabilitate riparian areas in the water-level-fluctuation zone (WLFZ) of the reservoir has therefore became a focus. Methods: We planted two-year-old S. matsudana cuttings in the WLFZ of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). After three years of periodic submergence of the TGR, we investigated the plant growth and non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs), N, and P concentrations of roots, branches, and leaves of Salix matsudana subjected to low-intensity (120 days per year) and high-intensity submergence (180 days per year) in the WLFZ of the TGR. Results: The growth of S. matsudana was inhibited, and the NSCs storage and N and P investment efficiency were reduced after three years of high-intensity submergence. However, we did not find similar negative responses from the S. matsudana exposed to low-intensity submergence. Conclusions: Our findings can provide practical guidelines for the rehabilitation of the WLFZ along the TGR or the shorelines of other reservoirs in the study area. We suggest planting S. matsudana in habitats where the maximum submergence duration is no more than 120 days. Moreover, it is not recommended to introduce S. matsudana to a location that suffers from high-intensity submergence, such as 180 days' submergence in our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Brensocatib is an oral, selective, reversible inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-1 (DPP-1), responsible for activating neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) including neutrophil elastase (NE), proteinase 3 (PR3), and cathepsin G (CatG). In chronic inflammatory lung diseases such as non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (NCFBE), neutrophils accumulate in the airways resulting in excess active NSPs that cause damaging inflammation and lung destruction. Methods: The 24-week WILLOW trial (NCT03218917) was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial in patients with NCFBE conducted at 116 sites across 14 countries. In this trial, treatment with brensocatib was associated with improvements in clinical outcomes including time to first exacerbation, reduction in exacerbation frequency and a reduction in NE activity in sputum. An exploratory analysis of NE activity in white blood cell (WBC) extracts and NE, PR3 and CatG activity in sputum was conducted to further characterize brensocatib's effect and identify potential correlated effects. Results: NE, PR3 and CatG activities were reduced in sputum and NE activity was reduced in WBC extracts in a dose-dependent manner after four weeks of brensocatib treatment, with a return to baseline four weeks after the end of treatment. Brensocatib produced the greatest reduction in the sputum activity of CatG, followed by NE and then PR3. Positive correlations among the sputum NSPs were observed both at baseline and in response to treatment, with the strongest correlation among the sputum NSPs for NE and CatG. Conclusions: These results suggest a broad anti-inflammatory effect of brensocatib underlying its clinical efficacy observed in NCFBE patients. Trial registration: The study was approved by the corresponding ethical review boards of all participating centers. The trial was approved by the Food and Drug Administration and registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03218917) on July 17, 2017 and approved by the European Medicines Agency and registered at the European Union Clinical trials Register (EudraCT No. 2017-002533-32). An independent, external data and safety monitoring committee (comprising physicians with pulmonary expertise, a statistician experienced in the evaluation of clinical safety, and experts in periodontal disease and dermatology) reviewed all adverse events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differences in botanical diet compositions among a large number of moose faecal samples collected during winter correlated with the nutritional differences identified in the same samples (Mantel‐r = 0.89, p = 0.001), but the nutritional differences were significantly smaller (p < 0.001).Nutritional geometry revealed that moose mixed Scots pine Pinus sylvestris and Vaccinium spp. as nutritionally complementary foods to reach a nutritional target resembling Salix spp. twigs, and selected for Salix spp. browse (Jacob's D > 0).Available protein (AP) and total non‐structural carbohydrates (TNC) were significantly correlated in observed diets but not in hypothetical diets based on food availability.The level of Acetoacetate in moose serum (i.e. 'starvation') was weakly negatively associated with digestibility of diets (p = 0.08) and unrelated to increasing AP:TNC and AP:NDF ratios in diets (p > 0.1).Our study is the first to demonstrate complementary feeding in free‐ranging moose to attain a nutritional target that has previously been suggested in a feeding trial with captive moose. Our results add support to the hypothesis of nutritional balancing as a driver in the nutritional strategy of moose with implications for both the management of moose and food resources. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a subarctic forest at Kvaløya, northern Norway, willow grouse Lagopus lagopus fed at snow level by clipping bits of twigs from mountain birch Betula pubescens during winter. Birch has two types of twigs ending in a terminal bud: long twigs with a smooth bark, and short twigs with rings of thicker bark. The grouse selected ringed twigs above smooth twigs despite a surplus of smooth twigs in the forest. Ringed twigs had more bark cm−1 of twig length and a higher relative bark/wood ratio than smooth twigs. Smooth twigs had growth nodes that increased in diameter inwards from the tip. Because of the non‐linear relation between the area and the circumference of a circle, the bark/wood ratio decreased for each node. Although being able to clip much thicker twigs, 90% of smooth twigs clipped by grouse were ≤ 2 mm in diameter. It is concluded that willow grouse fed optimally on birch in winter by selecting twigs to minimize fibrous wood intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Due to global warming and the increase in nitrogen oxide emissions, plants experience drought and nitrogen (N) deposition. However, little is known about the acclimation to drought and N deposition of Salix species, which are dioecious woody plants. Here, an investigation into foliar N deposition combined with drought was conducted by assessing integrated phenotypes, phytohormones, transcriptomics, and metabolomics of male and female Salix rehderiana. The results indicated that there was greater transcriptional regulation in males than in females. Foliar N deposition induced an increase in foliar abscisic acid (ABA) levels in males, resulting in the inhibition of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, carbon (C) and N accumulation, and growth, whereas more N was assimilated in females. Growth as well as C and N accumulation in drought‐stressed S. rehderiana females increased after N deposition. Interestingly, drought decreased flavonoid biosynthesis whereas N deposition increased it in females. Both drought and N deposition increased flavonoid methylation in males and glycosylation in females. However, in drought‐exposed S. rehderiana, N deposition increased the biosynthesis and glycosylation of flavonoids in females but decreased glycosylation in males. Therefore, foliar N deposition affects the growth and drought tolerance of S. rehderiana by altering the foliar ABA levels and the biosynthesis and modification of flavonoids. This work provides a basis for understanding how S. rehderiana may acclimate to N deposition and drought in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer's etiology is linked to oxidative stress. As a result, it's vital to find effective natural antioxidant remedies. Salix mucronata and Triticum spelta plant extracts were prepared using five different solvents and examined for their cytotoxicity against liver HepG2 cancer cell line. It was found that Salix mucronata ethanolic extract is high in antioxidant mediated anti-cancer activity. The functional constituents (phenolic and flavonoids) as well as preparation of different ethanolic concentrations used to study their properties that include DPPH, oxygen, hydroxyl, nitrogen radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing power and metal chelating activities. The MTT assay was used to determine antioxidant-mediated anti-cancer activity against human liver (HepG2) and colorectal (Caco-2) cancer cells to calculate the half-maximal growth inhibitory concentration (IC50). Moreover, flow cytometry analysis was used to quantify the apoptotic effect on the treated cancer cells. Additionally, qRTPCR of p53, BCL2, Cyclin D, MMP9 and VEGF were measured. Furthermore, HPLC was used to assess the most effective ingredients of the plant extract. Salix mucronata 50% ethanol extract had the highest polyphenolic content, anti-oxidant, and anti-proliferative activity. Salix mucronata increased the number of total apoptotic cells, and caused an upregulation of p53 gene expression by more than five folds and a downregulation of gene expression level of BCL2, Cyclin D, MMP9 and VEGF by more than five folds. Consequently, that could modulate oxidative stress and improve the effectiveness of cancer therapy. Results, also, showed that Triticum spelta ethanolic extract was less effective than Salix mucronata. Therefore, Salix mucronata ethanolic extract represents promising surrogate natural therapy for apoptosis-mediated cancer and recommended for further investigation using animal model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salix riparian communities are particularly diverse and of extraordinary ecological importance. This study will analyze the diversity of Salix riparian communities (S. alba, S. fragilis, S. purpurea and S. triandra), their distribution, ecological importance, and conservation. There were 444 records for S. alba, 417 for S. fragilis, 457 for S. purpurea, and 375 for S. triandra, both from the literature and herbaria. Thus, it can be seen that the distribution of the four Salix species studied is very widespread throughout the territory where this study was carried out. According to EIVE (Ecological Indicator Values of Europe) but also to the national list values for niche positions and niche widths, they were noted to be very close for all ecological indicators: M (soil moisture), L (light), and T (temperature), but not for the ecological indicator of soil nitrogen (N) availability or R (soil reaction). Obviously, those riparian Salix communities are important for the functions they indicate, primarily for climate change mitigation, but also for regulating water flow, improving water quality, and providing habitats for wildlife. Conservation and management of these important ecosystems are necessary to maintain their biodiversity, and ecological services and strategies that can be used to protect and manage these communities are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic element for plant growth. In plants, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and methylglyoxal (MG) have emerged as vital signaling molecules that regulate plant growth processes under Cd stress. However, the effects of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, a donor of H2S) and MG on Cd uptake, physiological responses, and gene expression patterns of Salix to Cd toxicity have been poorly understood. Here, Salix matsudana Koidz. seedlings were planted in plastic pot with applications of MG (108 mg kg− 1) and NaHS (50 mg kg− 1) under Cd (150 mg kg− 1) stress. Results: Cd treatment significantly increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, but decreased the growth parameters in S. matsudana. However, NaHS and MG supplementation significantly decreased Cd concentration, ROS levels, and MDA content, and finally enhanced the growth parameters. Cd stress accelerated the activities of antioxidative enzymes and the relative expression levels of stress-related genes, which were further improved by NaHS and MG supplementation. However, the activities of monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) were sharply decreased under Cd stress. Conversely, NaHS and MG applications restored the MDHAR and DHAR activities compared with Cd-treated seedlings. Furthermore, Cd stress decreased the ratios of GSH/GSSG and AsA/DHA but considerably increased the H2S and MG levels and glyoxalase I-II system in S. matsudana, while the applications of MG and NaHS restored the redox status of AsA and GSH and further improved glyoxalase II activity. In addition, compared with AsA, GSH showed a more sensitive response to exogenous applications of MG and NaHS and plays more important role in the detoxification of Cd. Conclusions: The present study illustrated the crucial roles of H2S and MG in reducing ROS-mediated oxidative damage to S. matsudana and revealed the vital role of GSH metabolism in regulating Cd-induced stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Salix myrtilloides is a relict species endangered with extinction in many Central European countries. To save the populations on the southern border of its range, in vitro propagation was used for plants production because it allows one to obtain a lot of new plants in a relatively short time without damaging the existing ones. We collected shoot pieces and multiplied them in a growing media, which contained nutrients and growth regulators. When we produced enough daughter plants, we planted them into soil and hardened them to natural conditions. Based on the conducted genetic analysis and flow cytometry, we stated that obtained plants are genetically identical to the mother ones. The conducted research confirmed that tissue culture may be used to propagate the endangered S. myrtilloides species and that the obtained plants may be used to establish new populations or to strengthen the existing ones. Salix myrtilloides L. is a relict species, threatened with extinction in many European countries. To prevent the loss of the species, tissue culture was established to produce plant material for reintroduction in natural habitats. Micropropagation was chosen as a method to obtain new plants. S. myrtilloides shoots were disinfected with NaOCl, AgNO3, or with a two-step disinfection with NaOCl, and then placed on MS medium supplemented with BA at 1 mg·dm−3 and IBA at 0.1 mg·dm−3. Regenerated shoots were cultivated in presence of BA, KIN, and 2iP to select the treatment with the highest multiplication rate. The obtained plants were acclimatized to ex vitro conditions. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and flow cytometric analyses were conducted on in vitro regenerated plants to check their genetic stability. The best disinfection results were obtained when explants were treated with 1.5% NaOCl for 20 min. The highest multiplication rate and good quality plants were noted in the control media, without growth regualtors and in presence of kinetin at 0.5 mg·dm−3. Flow cytometry and ISSR analyses confirmed genetic stability in plantlets, which indicated the possibility to use the in vitro obtained plants for reintroduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under specific circumstances, the liquefaction product of biomass polyol can be converted into hard polyurethane foam. In this study, the rigid foam material (RPUF) was created by reacting the liquefaction product of Salix psammophila with isocyanate. The mechanical properties, chemical structure, cell structure, and thermal stability of RPUF were characterized by mechanical properties tests, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The impact strength, compressive strength, and flexural strength of RPUF after hygrothermal treatment showed a downward trend. FTIR showed that the change of temperature and humidity did not affect the chemical structure of RPUF. SEM showed that the destruction of cell structure of RPUF was increased with the extension of time. TGA showed that the initial decomposition temperature of RPUF was reduced by periodic hydrothermal treatment, and the residual carbon rate decreased with the extension of treatment time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf litter inputs can influence the structure and function of both terrestrial and adjacent aquatic ecosystems. Dioecy and herbivory are two factors that together have received little attention, yet have the potential to affect the quantity, quality, and timing of riparian litterfall, litter chemistry, and litter decomposition processes. Here, we explore litter chemistry differences for the dioecious Sitka willow (Salix sitchensis Sanson ex. Bong), which is establishing on primary successional habitats at Mount St. Helens (WA, USA) and is heavily infested with a stem‐boring weevil (Cryptorhynchus lapathi). Weevil‐attacked branches produced summer senesced litter that had significantly higher %N, lower C:N ratios, and lower condensed tannins than litter from branches that were unattacked by the weevil and senesced naturally in the autumn. Weevils more often attack female willows; however, these common litter chemicals did not significantly differ between males and females within the weevil‐attacked and ‐unattacked groups. High‐resolution mass spectrometry was used to isolate compounds in litter from 10 Sitka willow individuals with approximately 1500–1600 individual compounds isolated from each sample. There were differences between weevil‐attacked litter and green leaf samples, but at this level, there was no clustering of male and female samples. However, further exploration of the isolated compounds determined a suite of compounds present only in either males or females. These findings suggest some variation in more complex litter chemistry between the sexes, and that significant differences in weevil‐attacked litter chemistry, coupled with the shift in seasonality of litter inputs to streams, could significantly affect in‐stream ecological processes, such as decomposition and detritivore activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grapevine, a crop of global economic importance, is annually affected by diseases that can compromise the quality and quantity of the harvest, producing large economic losses. Downy mildew caused by Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl. & de Toni is one of the most important diseases in the vineyard. To fight this pathogen, winegrowers often rely on conventional chemical fungicides or copper-based formulations, whose use is determined to be reduced by the European Commission due to their environmental consequences. Hence, alternative plant protection products (PPP) in grapevine must be considered and studied. In this context, we selected several alternative commercial products, based on basic substances (BS) or low-risk active substances (LRAS), to evaluate their suitability to deal with P. viticola. We measured the preventive activity of the products, both in vitro and in planta, as well as their toxicity against the sporangia and zoospores of the pathogen. Results showed that four commercial products were effective against the pathogen directly and preventively, being composed of approved basic substances, more concretely, chitosan, Equisetum arvense, lecithins, and Salix cortex. Among those, the products composed of lecithins and Salix cortex were the most toxic and active preventively. Therefore, these basic substances should be promoted in the vineyard as an alternative to conventional treatments in order to transition to a more sustainable viticulture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rarely collected North American endemic genus Proctorus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Ellescini) has hitherto contained two described species, P. armatus LeConte, 1876 and P. decipiens (LeConte, 1876). Here, Proctorus is revised and two new species, namely P. emarginatus sp. nov. and P. truncatus sp. nov., are described. Lectotypes for P. armatus and P. decipiens are designated from known syntypes. All four species in the genus are associated with Salicaceae, but, in addition to differences in external and genital morphology, there is also evidence of differing host plant usage between the species. A photographic key to the four species is provided to facilitate identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Riparian buffers are a practical strategy to reduce N runoff. Shrub willows (Salix spp.) are a well-suited natural means to manage water quality due to dense aboveground biomass growth, diffuse root systems at a shallow depth, and low water- and nutrient-use efficiencies that will maximize uptake. Perennial forage crops in the margins of agricultural lands could provide biomass for fodder. The response of fifty genotypes to a single N level of fertilizer under standard conditions at a very high nutrient loading level (500 ppm N, delivered weekly) was compared with water-only controls. Irrigation with excess N caused greater aboveground growth measured as biomass, stem length, and diameter, as well as morphological properties that varied significantly by genotype, indicating a potential for selection in a breeding program. SPAD was a reliable indicator of the effect of fertilizer on foliar crude protein and showed different effects of fertilizer on N uptake and nutritional value among genotypes. We identified genotypes that display high N uptake and good relative feed value. This intentional design for environmental benefits could have a dual purpose should this potentially nutrient-dense biomass by used as fodder for small ruminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Willow (Salix viminalis L.) is a species well adapted to the environment conditions of central Europe. It is mainly cultivated for energy purposes as solid fuel. In this study, an evaluation of its suitability for other purposes was made using a 4-year old short rotation coppice (SRC) willow regrowth to produce chipped biomass which was composted. Four composting methods were used: without additives (WC), with the addition of nitrogen to narrow the C:N ratio (WN), with the addition of mycelium (WPG) and with the addition of mycelium and nitrogen (WPGN). A mixture of WC and WPGN composts was also prepared at 75:25% and 50:50% by volume. Composts, different proportion (25, 50 and 75%) of peat (SM) were evaluated for suitability as a substrate for tomato and cucumber transplant production. Tomato transplants produced in the medium were prepared from mixtures of willow composts (WPGN + WC(1) and WPGN + WC(2) and these mixtures with peat (WPGN + WC(1):SM and WPGN + WC(2):SM) were characterised as having the best parameters: plant height, lateral leaf span and number of leaves. Similarly, for cucumber transplants, better growth conditions than in peat substrate were obtained in the variant WPGN + WC(1) and WPGN + WC(1):SM. The addition of nitrogen to the composted biomass positively influenced the composting process. N concentration in the substrate was too high and toxic for the growth of tomato and cucumber transplants. At the end of the tomato and cucumber experiment, the nitrate content was 1510 and 2260 mg dm−3, respectively, in the WN substrate. Similarly, the high N–NO3− content in the composted willow substrate with the addition of nitrogen and mycelium did not promote the growth of tomato and cucumber. Based on this research at least 25% of the mass of the peat can be replaced by different willow composts without having an adverse impact on seedling growth and with some of the willow compost mixtures this could be as high as 50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of four lignocellulosic waste fillers on the thermal and mechanical properties of biocomposites was investigated. Powdered licorice root, palm leaf, holm oak and willow fillers were melt compounded with polypropylene at two different weight contents, i.e., 10 and 30, and then injection molded. A commercially available maleated coupling agent was used to improve the filler/matrix interfacial adhesion at 5 wt.%. Composites were subjected to chemical (FTIR-ATR), thermal (TGA, DSC, DMA) and mechanical (tensile, bending and Charpy impact) analyses coupled with a morphological investigation by scanning electron microscopy. Although similarities among the different formulations were noted, holm oak fillers provided the best combination of thermal and mechanical performance. In particular, at 30 wt.% content with coupling agent, this composite formulation displayed remarkable increases in tensile strength and modulus, flexural strength and modulus, of 28% and 110%, 58% and 111%, compared to neat PP, respectively. The results imply that all these lignocellulosic waste fillers can be used successfully as raw materials for biocomposites, with properties comparable to those featured by other natural fillers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salix pseudolasiogyne (Salicaceae), the "weeping willow," has been used in traditional Korean medicine to treat pain and fever due to its high concentrations of salicylic acid and salicin. The present study investigated bioactive compounds from S. pseudolasiogyne twigs to discover bioactive natural products. Phytochemical investigation of the ethanol (EtOH) extract of S. pseudolasiogyne twigs followed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC/MS)-based analysis led to the isolation of two salicin derivatives, salicortinol and salicortin, the structures of which were determined by interpretation of their NMR spectra and data from the LC/MS analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of salicortinol isolated from S. pseudolasiogyne. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-adipogenic effects in 3T3-L1 cells. Both salicortinol and salicortin were found to significantly inhibit adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. In particular, salicortin exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on lipid accumulation. Furthermore, salicortin inhibited the expression of lipogenic and adipogenic transcription factors, including FASN, FABP4, C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, and PPARγ, without inducing cytotoxicity. These results suggest that salicortin could be a potential therapeutic compound for the prevention or treatment of metabolic disorders such as obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perennial shrub willow are increasingly being promoted in short-rotation coppice systems as biomass feedstocks, for phytoremediation applications, and for the diverse ecosystem services that can accrue. This renewed interest has led to widespread willow cultivation, particularly of non-native varieties. However, Canadian willow species have not been widely adopted and their inherent diversity has not yet been thoroughly investigated. In this study, 324 genotypes of Salix famelica and Salix eriocephala collected from 33 sites of origin were analyzed using 26,016 single nucleotide polymorphisms to reveal patterns of population structure and genetic diversity. Analyses by Bayesian methods and principal component analysis detected five main clusters that appeared to be largely shaped by geoclimatic variables including mean annual precipitation and the number of frost-free days. The overall observed (HO) and expected (HE) heterozygosity were 0.126 and 0.179, respectively. An analysis of molecular variance revealed that the highest genetic variation occurred within genotypes (69%), while 8% of the variation existed among clusters and 23% between genotypes within clusters. These findings provide new insights into the extent of genetic variation that exists within native shrub willow species which could be leveraged in pan-Canadian willow breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salix pseudolasiogyne (Salicaceae) is a willow tree and has been used as a medicinal herb in Korea to treat pain and fever. As a part of an ongoing study to identify bioactive natural products, potential anti-adipogenic compounds were investigated using the ethanol (EtOH) extract of S. pseudolasiogyne twigs. Phytochemical investigation of the EtOH extracts using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC/MS) led to the separation of two compounds, oregonin (1) and 2′-O-acetylsalicortin (2). The structures of the isolates were identified using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and LC/MS analysis. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report identifying oregonin (1) in twigs of S. pseudolasiogyne. Here, we found that the isolated compounds, oregonin (1) and 2′-O-acetylsalicortin (2), showed anti-adipogenic effects during 3T3-L1 cell differentiation. Notably, 2′-O-acetylsalicortin (2), at a concentration of 50 µM, significantly suppressed lipid accumulation. Moreover, the mRNA and protein levels of lipogenic and adipogenic transcription factors were reduced in 2′-O-acetylsalicortin (2)-treated 3T3-L1 cells. Taken together, these results indicate that 2′-O-acetylsalicortin (2), isolated from S. pseudolasiogyne twigs, has the potential to be applied as a therapeutic agent to effectively control adipocyte differentiation, a critical stage in the progression of obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioenergy will be one of the most important renewable energy sources in the conversion from fossil fuels to bio‐based products. Short rotation coppice Salix could be a key player in this conversion since Salix has rapid growth, positive energy balance, easy to manage cultivation system with vegetative propagation of plant material and multiple harvests from the same plantation. The aim of the present paper is to provide an overview of the main challenges and key issues in willow genetic improvement toward sustainable biofuel value chains. Primarily based on results from the research project "Optimized Utilization of Salix" (OPTUS), the influence of Salix wood quality on the potential for biofuel use is discussed, followed by issues related to the conversion of Salix biomass into liquid and gaseous transportation fuels. Thereafter, the studies address genotypic influence on soil carbon sequestration in Salix plantations, as well as on soil carbon dynamics and climate change impacts. Finally, the opportunities for plant breeding are discussed using willow as a resource for sustainable biofuel production. Substantial phenotypic and genotypic variation was reported for different wood quality traits important in biological (i.e., enzymatic and anaerobic) and thermochemical conversion processes, which is a prerequisite for plant breeding. Furthermore, different Salix genotypes can affect soil carbon sequestration variably, and life cycle assessment illustrates that these differences can result in different climate mitigation potential depending on genotype. Thus, the potential of Salix plantations for sustainable biomass production and its conversion into biofuels is shown. Large genetic variation in various wood and biomass traits, important for different conversion processes and carbon sequestration, provides opportunities to enhance the sustainability of the production system via plant breeding. This includes new breeding targets in addition to traditional targets for high yield to improve biomass quality and carbon sequestration potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poplars and willows are fast-growing trees that can be effectively grown as a renewable energy source. This study was devoted to the preliminary screening of poplar and willow clones for biofuel application in a fast-growing tree nursery established in the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The nursery includes 19 Populus and 10 Salix clones, with many hybrids of Ukrainian origin. The clones were assessed in the first two years in the nursery using growth parameters, biomass fuel criteria, and susceptibility to pathogens. Using total rank for evaluation, the highest rank was found in the poplar clone "Kanadska × balsamichna" followed by the clones "Ivantiivska", "Volosystoplidna", "Perspektyvna", and "Nocturn". Among the willows, the highest rank was recorded for the clone "Zhytomyrska-1", followed by clone "Zhytomyrska-2". High ranks were also found in the poplars "Strilopodibna", "Mobilna", "Novoberlinska-7" and "Keliberdynska", and the willows "Lisova pisnya" and "Vinnytska". Thus, the above-mentioned clones may be recommended as promising trees, though they should be further evaluated under field conditions for growth performance within the short-rotation cycles. The clones with the lowest total rank were poplars "Bolle", "Gradizka" and "Kytaiska × piramidalna" and willows "Lukash", "Olimpiisky vohon" and "Pryberezhna" are not recommended for bioenergy short-rotation plantations. Evaluation of plants in the nursery allowed us to carry out rapid and cost-effective preliminary screening. Such multiclonal screening of bioenergy trees for planting in short rotations was described for the first time in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long time series are important because they extend back to an era when animal populations were less influenced by habitat loss and climate change. Annual fluctuations in harvest yields are good proxies for large changes in population size and may reveal underlying ecological processes. From a variety of sources, we built a 142-year long time series representing the mean daily catch (CPUE) of willow ptarmigan Lagopus lagopus in southeastern Norway. CPUE decreased over the 142 years, from approximately 35 birds shot per day in early years to around two in the last years. There were three periods in the time series: a first period with 3-5 year cycles of high peaks and low troughs (1872-1900), a short second period with similarly high peaks, variable depth of troughs and variable cyclicity (1901-1916), and a third long period with much lower peaks and faded cycles (1917-2013). Yearly variation in CPUE was best explained by an interacting effect of small rodent peak years and period, with a reduced positive effect of rodents in the last period, and a positive effect of the North Atlantic Oscillation index in spring and early summer. None of the weather variables with significant time trends explained any variation in CPUE and we could therefore not attribute the decline in CPUE directly to climate change. We postulate that a long-term dampening of the amplitude in small rodent cycles combined with an increase in red fox numbers, have increased predation on alternative prey like ptarmigan, and prevented the populations from reaching their earlier peaks. Even though the present population of willow ptarmigan is only a fraction of what it was in former days, we recommend light hunting to motivate for monitoring and to keep public attention on the bird. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agroforestry systems are characterized by a high complexity between vegetation components and niche partitioning. In a crop-grass-tree agroforestry system, rape, willow, and grasses were in situ pulse labeled separately with 13CO2 for 6 h, and 13C was traced in shoots, roots, topsoil (0–15 cm) and subsoil (15–30 cm), microbial biomass carbon (C), and dissolved organic C, as well as respiration losses (CO2) up to 28 days after labeling to investigate the effects of vegetation components on C allocation belowground. 13C recovery in roots after 28 days was 7.0% of total assimilated C for grassland, which was 3.5- and 5.2-fold higher than that for rape and willow, respectively. The larger C allocation belowground in grassland was ascribed to its higher root/shoot ratio compared to willow and rape. Grassland facilitated higher accumulation of root-derived C in soil compared to rape (9.2% of recovered 13C) and compared to willow (1.6% of 13C). Willow retained more photosynthetic C aboveground and less was allocated to roots compared to rape. Although the C allocated to the top 15-cm soil was similar between willow and rape, willow facilitated C allocation in deeper soil compared to rape (0.6% vs. 0.2%). This could be explained by the lower microbial activity and subsequent weaker decomposition of rhizodeposits in 15–30-cm depth under willow. The net belowground C inputs in grassland, willow, and rape were 0.53, 0.06, and 0.10 g C m−2 month−1 of vegetation period, including rhizodeposition of 0.24, 0.05, and 0.04 g C m−2 month−1, respectively. Overall, integrating trees and grassland within cropland facilitates higher root-derived C input into soil, thus contributing to the soil C sequestration in agroforestry systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was designed to evaluate the chemical extraction, chemical composition, and antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the total flavonoids in Willow Buds (TFW). We investigated the optimal extraction of TFW using response surface methodology (RSM). Chemical compounds were analyzed using Q-Orbitrap LC–MS/MS. The DPPH radical scavenging capacity, hydroxy radical inhibitory ability, and superoxide anion radical inhibitory ability were explored to determine the antioxidant properties of flavonoid extractions. The antibacterial effect was assessed via minimal inhibitory concentration. The results demonstrated that the optimal extraction conditions were an ethanol concentration of 50%, a time of 35 min, and a liquid/material ratio of 70:1 mL/g. Under these conditions, the yield of TFW was 7.57%. Eight flavonoids, a phenolic glycoside, and an alkaloid were enriched in the Willow Buds. The TFW exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 0.18-0.24 mg/mL and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. TFW may be explored as potential and natural compounds in food and pharmacological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Consumers' attention to sustainability and animal welfare has increased, strengthening the demand for eggs produced through alternative and extensive farming methods. At the same time, the need to reduce antibiotics has fostered the use of alternative dietary supplements. The aim of this research was to study the effects of botanical extracts from Boswellia serrata (Bs) and Salix alba (Sa) on serum and albumen proteins, serum iron and zinc, and egg cholesterol in Leghorn hens, during the critical phase of the onset of laying. The supplementation did not alter the protein profile of egg albumen and the cholesterol content of egg yolk. For the serum and albumen protein profile, no significant differences were observed between control and supplemented hens. Overall, this study confirms that the dietary supplementation with phytoextracts did not negatively affect the physiological variations in serum proteins and, therefore, can be safely used as a treatment to prevent inflammatory states during the early laying phase. Extracts from Boswellia serrata (Bs) and Salix alba (Sa) are used as supplements in poultry feed. The aims of this research were to study the possible effects of dietary supplementation with Bs and Sa extracts on serum and albumen proteins, zinc and iron, and yolk cholesterol content in Leghorn hens during the critical phase of the onset of laying. A total of 120 pullets, 17 weeks of age, were assigned to two groups (control (C) and treated (T), n = 60 each). The T group received a supplement containing Bs (5%) and Sa (5%) for 12 weeks. The study lasted 19 weeks. Serum proteins were fractionated using agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) and SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE). Trace elements were determined in serum using atomic absorption spectrometry, and yolk cholesterol was determined using a colorimetric test. No significant differences were observed between control and supplemented hens for the analyzed biochemical indices. Moreover, the supplementation with phytoextracts did not negatively affect the physiological variations in serum proteins; therefore, it can be safely used as a treatment to prevent inflammatory states at onset and during the early laying phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We clarify the molt strategies of the Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii) by subspecies through the examination of 455 museum specimens. Most and typically all juvenile primary coverts are retained during the preformative molt in fall and winter, allowing yearlings to be distinguished from older birds from their first spring through their second fall. In addition to replacing the body feathers and some to (usually) all secondary coverts and tertials, the preformative molt can include no other remiges or rectrices (46% of specimens), all remiges and rectrices (33%), or some remiges in an "eccentric" sequence (21%). During the prealternate molt, replacement of upper wing coverts and tertials is much less extensive than in the preformative molt, varying from replacement of no feathers in 27% of specimens to replacing more than half of the median and greater coverts and all three tertials in other specimens. Both the preformative and the first prealternate molts are significantly more extensive in eastern E. t. traillii than in the three western subspecies (brewsteri, adastus, and extimus). The definitive prealternate molt is also significantly more extensive than the first prealternate molt in the western subspecies but not in traillii. These differences between traillii and the other subspecies may result from longer migration distances, hence more solar exposure on an annual basis, and different molt-strategy dynamics between eastern and western North American passerines, perhaps relating to preferences for moister habitats. Further investigation is needed on the timing of molts on the winter grounds and the extent of body-feather replacement during the prealternate molt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetation in front of levees, dikes and seawalls can decrease wave energy and therefore contribute to the safety against flooding. However, wave damping predictions by vegetation are still inaccurate due to measurement and modelling uncertainties. Many studies focused on finding reliable predictive tools using scaled flume tests with vegetation mimics. Scaling down vegetation can however lead to discrepancies with realistic scales, known as scale errors. In this work scaled tests were conducted on 3D-printed elastic replicas of willow trees and compared with real-scale experiments. We identified differences in measured wave dissipation between the scaled hydraulic model (1:10) and its real-scale prototype with 5 m high live willow trees under storm conditions (1:1). The maximum measured wave damping (30%) was roughly 1.5 times higher than the real-scale experiments (20%). Following the same trend of the real-scale experiments, this amount of wave height damping declined for larger water levels. Largest effects are argued to be due to increased viscous damping (smaller branch Reynolds numbers) and non-exact flexibility scaling. These significant deviations illustrate that full-scale experiments, although expensive, are still needed to validate the results of scaled experiments for woody vegetation. Alternatively, accounting for these discrepancies can make scaled experiments more reliable and expensive real-scale experiments less needed for wave damping studies on woody vegetation. • A forest with Froude and Cauchy scaled mimics of real pollard willow trees with detailed multi-scale branch structure was 3D printed. • Wave damping for the specific tested scaled pollard willow forest increased by a factor 1.5 compared to a real-scale 40-m long forest: 30% instead of 20% wave height reduction. • The major scale and model effects are inferred to be viscous effects, and imperfect elasticity scaling, respectively, both having the same order of magnitude. • Branch deflection was observed for the real-scale and scaled tests with the scaled forest appearing too stiff. • For realistic multi-scale trees, turbulence processes are different for the different elements, and dimensionless numbers have a range of values for different parts. In this paper the main dimensionless numbers, Reynolds and Cauchy, were calculated for different parts of the trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]