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In this paper, a new search technique based on the virus optimisation algorithm is proposed for calculating the neighbours of binary self-dual codes. The aim of this new technique is to calculate neighbours of self-dual codes without reducing the search field in the search process (this is a known in the literature approach due to the computational time constraint) but still obtaining results in a reasonable time (significantly faster when compared to the standard linear computational search). We employ this new search algorithm to the well-known neighbour method and its extension, the $k^{th}$-range neighbours and search for binary $[72,36,12]$ self-dual codes. In particular, we present six generator matrices of the form $[I_{36} \ | \ \tau_6(v)],$ where $I_{36}$ is the $36 \times 36$ identity matrix, $v$ is an element in the group matrix ring $M_6(\mathbb{F}_2)G$ and $G$ is a finite group of order 6, which we then employ to the proposed algorithm and search for binary $[72,36,12]$ self-dual codes directly over the finite field $\mathbb{F}_2$. We construct 1471 new Type I binary $[72, 36, 12]$ self-dual codes with the rare parameters $\gamma=11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32$ in their weight enumerators., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2103.07739, arXiv:2102.12863

In this paper, we give a matrix construction method for designing DNA codes that come from group matrix rings. We show that with our construction one can obtain reversible $G^k$-codes of length $kn,$ where $k, n \in \mathbb{N},$ over the finite commutative Frobenius ring $R.$ We employ our construction method to obtain many DNA codes over $\mathbb{F}_4$ that satisfy the Hamming distance, reverse, reverse-complement and the fixed GC-content constraints. Moreover, we improve many lower bounds on the sizes of some known DNA codes and we also give new lower bounds on the sizes of some DNA codes of lengths $48, 56, 60, 64$ and $72$ for some fixed values of the Hamming distance $d.$

In this paper, a virus optimization algorithm, which is one of the metaheuristic optimization technique, is employed for the first time to the problem of finding extremal binary self-dual codes. We present a number of generator matrices of the form $[I_{36} \ | \ \tau_3(v)],$ where $I_{36}$ is the $36 \times 36$ identity matrix, $v$ is an element in the group matrix ring $M_3(\mathbb{F}_2)G$ and $G$ is a finite group of order 12, which we then employ together with the the virus optimization algorithm and the genetic algorithm to search for extremal binary self-dual codes of length 72. We obtain that the virus optimization algorithm finds more extremal binary self-dual codes than the genetic algorithm. Moreover, by employing the above mentioned constructions together with the virus optimization algorithm, we are able to obtain 39 Type I and 19 Type II codes of length 72, with parameters in their weight enumerators that were not known in the literature before., Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2102.12863

In this work, we present a number of generator matrices of the form $[I_{2n} \ | \ \tau_k(v)],$ where $I_{kn}$ is the $kn \times kn$ identity matrix, $v$ is an element in the group matrix ring $M_2(R)G$ and where $R$ is a finite commutative Frobenius ring and $G$ is a finite group of order 18. We employ these generator matrices and search for binary $[72,36,12]$ self-dual codes directly over the finite field $\mathbb{F}_2.$ As a result, we find 134 Type I and 1 Type II codes of this length, with parameters in their weight enumerators that were not known in the literature before. We tabulate all of our findings., Comment: 24 pages. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2102.00475; text overlap with arXiv:2102.00474

In this work, we define three composite matrices derived from group rings. We employ these composite matrices to create generator matrices of the form [In | {\Omega}(v)], where In is the identity matrix and {\Omega}(v) is a composite matrix and search for binary self-dual codes with parameters [36, 18, 6 or 8]. We next lift these codes over the ring R1 = F2 + uF2 to obtain codes whose binary images are self-dual codes with parameters [72,36,12]. Many of these codes turn out to have weight enumerators with parameters that were not known in the literature before. In particular, we find 30 new Type I binary self-dual codes with parameters [72, 36, 12]., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2003.05064, arXiv:2002.11614

In this work, we study codes generated by elements that come from group matrix rings. We present a matrix construction which we use to generate codes in two different ambient spaces: the matrix ring $M_k(R)$ and the ring $R,$ where $R$ is the commutative Frobenius ring. We show that codes over the ring $M_k(R)$ are one sided ideals in the group matrix ring $M_k(R)G$ and the corresponding codes over the ring $R$ are $G^k$-codes of length $kn.$ Additionally, we give a generator matrix for self-dual codes, which consist of the mentioned above matrix construction. We employ this generator matrix to search for binary self-dual codes with parameters $[72,36,12]$ and find new singly-even and doubly-even codes of this type. In particular, we construct $16$ new Type~I and $4$ new Type~II binary $[72,36,12]$ self-dual codes.

In this paper, a genetic algorithm, one of the evolutionary algorithms optimization methods, is used for the first time for the problem of finding extremal binary self-dual codes. We present a comparison of the computational times between a genetic algorithm and a linear search for different size search spaces and show that the genetic algorithm is capable of finding binary self-dual codes significantly faster than the linear search. Moreover, by employing a known matrix construction together with the genetic algorithm, we are able to obtain new binary self-dual codes of lengths 68 and 72 in a significantly short time. In particular, we obtain 11 new extremal binary self-dual codes of length 68 and 17 new binary self-dual codes of length 72., Comment: 15 pages

In this paper we introduce and study the notion of a graded (strongly) nil clean ring which is group graded. We also deal with extensions of graded (strongly) nil clean rings to graded matrix rings and to graded group rings. The question of when nil cleanness of the component, which corresponds to the neutral element of a group, implies graded nil cleanness of the whole graded ring is examined. Similar question is discussed in the case of groupoid graded rings as well.

Injective, pure-injective and fp-injective modules are well known to provide for approximations in the category Mod-R for an arbitrary ring R. We prove that this fails for many other generalizations of injectivity: the $C_1$, $C_2$, $C_3$, quasi-continuous, continuous, and quasi-injective modules. We show that, except for the class of all $C_1$-modules, each of the latter classes provides for approximations only when it coincides with the injectives (for quasi-injective modules, this forces R to be a right noetherian V-ring, in the other cases, R even has to be semisimple artinian). The class of all $C_1$-modules over a right noetherian ring R is (pre)enveloping, iff R is a certain right artinian ring of Loewy length at most 2; in this case, however, R may have an arbitrary representation type.

We provide new characterizations of pseudo-Frobenius and quasi-Frobenius rings in terms of tight modules. In the process, we also provide fresh perspectives on FGF and CF conjectures. In particular, we propose new natural extensions of these conjectures which connect them with the classical theory of PF rings. Our techniques are mainly based on set-theoretic counting arguments initiated by Osofsky. Several corollaries and examples to illustrate their applications are given., Comment: To appear in Israel Journal of Mathematics

For a commutative noetherian ring R, we investigate relations between tilting and cotilting modules in Mod-R and Mod-R_m where m runs over the maximal spectrum of R. For each finite n, we construct a 1-1 correspondence between (equivalence classes of) n-cotilting R-modules C and (equivalence classes of) compatible families F of n-cotilting R_m-modules (m \in mSpec R). It is induced by the assignment C |-> (C^m ; m \in mSpec R) where C^m is the colocalization of C at m, and its inverse F |-> \prod_{M \in F} M. We construct a similar correspondence for n-tilting modules using compatible families of localizations; however, there is no explicit formula for the inverse.