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Abstract Building information modeling (BIM) can greatly improve the management and planning of historic building conservation projects. However, implementing BIM in the heritage has many challenges, including issues with modeling irregular features, surveying data occlusions, and a lack of predefined libraries of parametric objects. Indeed, surface features can be manually distinguished and segmented depending on the level of human involvement during data scanning and BIM processing. This requires a significant amount of time and resources, as well as the risk of making too subjective decisions. To address these bottlenecks and improve BIM digitization of building geometry, a novel deep learning based scan-to-HBIM workflow is used during the recording of the historic building in historic Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, a UNESCO World Heritage site. The proposed workflow enables access to laser scanner and unmanned aerial vehicle imagery data to create a complete integrated survey using high-resolution imagery acquired independently at the best position and time for proper radiometric information to depict the surface features. By employing deep learning with orthophotos, the method significantly improves the interpretation of spatial weathering forms and façade degradation. Additionally, an HBIM library for Saudi Hijazi architectural elements is created, and the vector data derived from deep learning-based segmentation are accurately mapped onto the HBIM geometry with relevant statistical parameters. The findings give stakeholders an effective tool for identifying the types, nature, and spatial extent of façade degradation to investigate and monitor the structure.

Preserving historical architectural structures is crucial for safeguarding cultural heritage. This study explores the application of Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) to enhance the documentation process of the Ghiqa Historical Market in Saudi Arabia, a monument known for its intricate architecture and cultural significance. Traditional documentation methods often fail to capture detailed features accurately and rely on labour-intensive manual processes. HBIM uses advanced digital technologies to improve precision, efficiency, and preservation efforts. In this study, point cloud data from 3D laser scanning is used to create a detailed digital model of the market, covering structural systems, material attributes, architectural features, and historical context. The research also integrates historical archives and photographs to enrich the model with additional contextual information. This comprehensive approach provides a holistic understanding of the Ghiqa Historical Market, aiding accurate preservation and restoration decisions. HBIM offers several advantages in architectural documentation. The digital model enhances visualization, allowing stakeholders to explore the site from multiple perspectives. It also serves as a tool for analysing structural integrity, identifying potential risks, and planning restoration interventions. Moreover, digital documentation ensures effective knowledge transfer across generations, preserving valuable architectural heritage for future reference and research. Additionally, it promotes interdisciplinary collaboration among architects, historians, conservators, and other stakeholders involved in preservation. Including the Ghiqa Historical Market in the UNESCO World Heritage List would highlight its global significance, attracting international attention and resources for its preservation. This designation would underscore the market’s cultural and historical importance, fostering a sense of pride and responsibility in its maintenance. The implementation of Heritage BIM demonstrates its potential to revolutionize heritage conservation by combining diverse data sources into a single, detailed, and accessible digital resource.

Building information modeling (BIM) has recently become more popular in historical buildings as a method to rebuild their geometry and collect relevant information. Heritage BIM (HBIM), which combines high-level data about surface conditions, is a valuable tool for conservation decision-making. However, implementing BIM in heritage has its challenges because BIM libraries are designed for new constructions and are incapable of accommodating the morphological irregularities found in historical structures. This article discusses an architecture survey workflow that uses TLS, imagery, and deep learning algorithms to optimize HBIM for the conservation of the Nabatean built heritage. In addition to creating new resourceful Nabatean libraries with high details, the proposed approach enhanced HBIM by including two data outputs. The first dataset contained the TLS 3D dense mesh model, which was enhanced with high-quality textures extracted from independent imagery captured at the optimal time and location for accurate depictions of surface features. These images were also used to create true orthophotos using accurate and reliable 2.5D DSM derived from TLS, which eliminated all image distortion. The true orthophoto was then used in HBIM texturing to create a realistic decay map and combined with a deep learning algorithm to automatically detect and draw the outline of surface features and cracks in the BIM model, along with their statistical parameters. The use of deep learning on a structured 2D true orthophoto produced segmentation results in the metric units required for damage quantifications and helped overcome the limitations of using deep learning for 2D non-metric imagery, which typically uses pixels to measure crack widths and areas. The results show that the scanner and imagery integration allows for the efficient collection of data for informative HBIM models and provide stakeholders with an efficient tool for investigating and analyzing buildings to ensure proper conservation.

This paper investigates the utilisation of heritage building information modelling (BIM) in order to improve the architectural heritage documentation process at Ad Deir, a significant historical building within the UNESCO World Heritage site of Petra, Jordan. Ad Deir, also known as ‘The Monastery’, requires accurate and complete documentation for its preservation and effective management. Traditional documentation methods, such as manual surveys and 2D drawings, frequently fail to obtain the intricate details and complexity of heritage structures. This study proposes the use of heritage BIM, which involves creating a digital representation of Ad Deir by combining various data types such as geometric, material, and historical information. Laser scanning technology is used to capture the site in three dimensions, providing a precise representation of its current state. The point clouds are exported to the BIM workflow once they have been processed. The longitudinal and cross-sections of the point clouds revealed the dimensions of regular and irregular elements, which were then traced and modelled accurately. This digital model serves as a platform for future data integration, which may include historical documentation, architectural plans, and construction details. Creating accurate heritage BIM, which involves various levels of knowledge, improves quality control during conservation work and aids in informed decision-making.

Abstract The study highlights the significance of combining imaging and laser scanning techniques to enrich point clouds used for reliable documentation and Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM). The fusion-based approach was used to document Al Ula Heritage site in Saudi Arabia, a UNESCO World Heritage Site with well-preserved tombs from the first century BC. The HBIM parametric modeling process requires a detailed survey to collect all geometric data. Although terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) are an efficient tool for 3D recording of heritage scenes in a short period of time, the data resolution is insufficient for identifying and evaluating the spatial distribution of surface weathering forms. Furthermore, combining scans collected at different times may pose difficulties in recording the texture. These issues have an impact on the subsequent 3D modeling phase as well as the efficiency of interpreting and tracing surface features in the Scan-to-BIM process. The proposed workflow using imagery data to enhance both the geometry and coloring of laser point clouds. In addition to texture mapping, the high-resolution imagery is used to densify the laser data using dense image matching, allowing for a clear reading of the surface features, and serving as a useful tool to identify the type, extent, and severity of façade damage. TLS and imagery data were collected separately, with images taken at the best time and location for realistically recording of surface details. Finally, the captured images are orthorectified by TLS geometric information and used for HBIM texturing to provide realistic decay mapping. The results showed that the combination of TLS and photogrammetry allowed for the efficient collection of 3D data, which improved tracing and digitizing HBIM with complete mapping information. The research findings will be greatly useful in the management and planning of historic building conservation and restoration projects.

The work described in the paper emphasizes the importance of integrating imagery and laser scanner techniques (TLS) to optimize the geometry and visual quality of Heritage BIM. The fusion-based workflow was approached during the recording of Zee Ain Historical Village in Saudi Arabia. The village is a unique example of traditional human settlements, and represents a complex natural and cultural heritage site. The proposed workflow divides data integration into two levels. At the basic level, UAV photogrammetry with enhanced mobility and visibility is used to map the ragged terrain and supplement TLS point data in upper and unaccusable building zones where shadow data originated. The merging of point clouds ensures that the building’s overall geometry is correctly rebuilt and that data interpretation is improved during HBIM digitization. In addition to the correct geometry, texture mapping is particularly important in the area of cultural heritage. Constructing a realistic texture remains a challenge in HBIM; because the standard texture and materials provided in BIM libraries do not allow for reliable representation of heritage structures, mapping and sharing information are not always truthful. Thereby, at the second level, the workflow proposed true orthophoto texturing method for HBIM models by combining close-range imagery and laser data. True orthophotos have uniform scale that depicts all objects in their respective planimetric positions, providing reliable and realistic mapping. The process begins with the development of a Digital Surface Model (DSM) by sampling TLS 3D points in a regular grid, with each cell uniquely associated with a model point. Then each DSM cell is projected in the corresponding perspective imagery in order to map the relevant spectral information. The methods allow for flexible data fusion and image capture using either a TLS-installed camera or a separate camera at the optimal time and viewpoint for radiometric data. The developed workflows demonstrated adequate results in terms of complete and realistic textured HBIM, allowing for a better understanding of the complex heritage structures.

Today, moving from a two-dimensional environment to a more advanced interactive three-dimensional (3D) environment in the industries of architecture, engineering, and construction has become one of the most significant topics of interest. This is due to several primary advantages that the 3D environment can offer. Building information modeling (BIM) can be used as a highly advanced system to present a desired reality in a 3D interactive environment accompanied with 3D reality captured data, such as the point cloud data. As such, these 3D environments can be employed for more advanced uses, such as virtual reality and augmented reality technologies (VR and AR). Recently, BIM has been employed in the context of heritage (known as HBIM, or Heritage Building Information Modeling) for different purposes, such as to provide as-built information with the ability to interact with the end user and uploading information (e.g., historical photographs, documents about materials, or any past restoration projects) into the BIM model. This research will focus on providing an interactive rich virtual 3D model for heritage management. This virtual environment can be employed in cultural tourism and used for the abovementioned purposes. The research project has been adopted in the case of the Zainal Historical House (Bayt Zainal) located in the Historic District of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. This house is described as one of the significant historical buildings in the historic district. The key aim for selecting this case study is to bridge the gap in architectural knowledge regarding these heritage buildings and their hybrid structural systems (i.e., integration of steel or concrete with the traditional “Mangbi” stone technique).

Digital 3D capture and reliable reproduction of architectural features is the first and most difficult step towards defining a heritage BIM. Three-dimensional digital survey technologies, such as TLS and photogrammetry, enable experts to scan buildings with a new level of detail. Challenges in the tracing of parametric objects in a TLS point cloud include the reconstruction of occluded parts, measurement of uncertainties relevant to surface reflectivity, and edge detection and location. In addition to image-based techniques being considered cost effective, highly flexible, and efficient in producing a high-quality 3D textured model, they also provide a better interpretation of surface linear characteristics. This article addresses an architecture survey workflow using photogrammetry and TLS to optimize a point cloud that is sufficient for a reliable HBIM. Fusion-based workflows were proposed during the recording of two heritage sites—the Matbouli House Museum in Historic Jeddah, a UNESCO World Heritage Site; and Asfan Castle. In the Matbouli House Museum building, which is rich with complex architectural features, multi-sensor recording was implemented at different resolutions and levels of detail. The TLS data were used to reconstruct the basic shape of the main structural elements, while the imagery’s superior radiometric data and accessibility were effectively used to enhance the TLS point clouds for improving the geometry, data interpretation, and parametric tracing of irregular objects in the facade. Furthermore, in the workflow that is considered to be the ragged terrain of the Castle of Asfan, here, the TLS point cloud was supplemented with UAV data in the upper building zones where the shadow data originated. Both datasets were registered using an ICP algorithm to scale the photogrammetric data and define their actual position in the construction system. The hybrid scans were imported and processed in the BIM environment. The building components were segmented and classified into regular and irregular surfaces, in order to perform detailed building information modeling of the architectural elements. The proposed workflows demonstrated an appropriate performance in terms of reliable and complete BIM mapping in the complex structures.

Microbial therapy has been increasingly developed in the medical and health fields and has triggered advances in the process of formulating skincare products. The skin microbiota becomes the target in the development of active ingredients to produce an optimal effect in the balance of its composition which leads to its usefulness in maintaining skin health and providing protection. Postbiotic bacteria can maintain homeostasis of the skin microbiome so that it has the potential to be used as an active ingredient in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) in skincare products and have broad benefits due to its various active substances. The aim of this study was to examine the metabolites profile contained in the bacterial fermented lysate fraction, which is also served as a marker in identifying the metabolite variations of the lysate fractions and their API dosage forms. Ferment lysate API preparations were prepared in the form of freeze dried and spray dried. The metabolite profile analysis was carried out using the untargeted LC-QTOF-MS/MS metabolomic approach and multivariate analysis. Result revealed 30 differential features of the putative metabolites, and by performing metabolites annotationfor their bioactivities through intensive literature research, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory, we elucidated these compounds are discovered in dry form of lysates.

The synthesis of Cr2O3-pillared montmorillonite (CrPM) and its usage for host material of p-nitroaniline have been conducted. The Cr2O3-pillared montmorillonite clays was prepared by a direct ion exchange method. First, the polyhydroxychromium as a pillaring spesies was intercalated into the interlayer region of the montmorillonite clays (purified clay in the monocation form), result in a montmorillonite-polyoxychromium intercalation compound. The precursors/pillaring spesies was not stable, hence it must be stabilized by calcination in order to transform the polyoxychromium via dehydration and dehydroxylation processes into Cr2O3. This oxide constituts the so-called pillar that prop the clay layers apart to a relatively large distance. The Cr2O3-pillared clays as a host material was added into ethanol solution saturated with p-nitroaniline, and mixture was stirred for 24 h at room temperature. The Na-montmorillonite, Cr2O3-pillared clay and p-nitroaniline-Cr2O3-pillared clay (pNA-CrPM) were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Gas Sorption Analysis, Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Activated Neutron Analysis (ANA) methods. The result of research showed that basal spacing (d001) of Cr2O3-pillared montmorillonite (CrPM) was 18,55 Å, meanwhile the basal spacing of the hydrated Na-montmorillonite was 14,43 Å. The specific surface area of the Cr2O3-pillared montmorillonite was 174,308 m2/g, whereas p-nitroaniline-Cr2O3-pillared clay (pNA-CrPM) was 133,331641 m2/g. This fact indicated that p-nitroaniline has been included into the pore of the Cr2O3-pillared clay. Keyword: montmorillonite, pillared-clay, ion exchange, intercalate.