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Date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera) is rich source of nutrition and is consumed as the healthiest alternative food content from fruit source in Saudi Arabia. Due to its popularity date palm is grown extensively in Ha’il region and many oth-er parts of the country. The study was aimed to evaluate phenolic and flavo-noid contents of selected varieties of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits collected from, Ha’il Saudi Arabia. Total phenolic content of each extract was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method and its absorbance was measured at 760 nm. Total flavonoid was extracted in a Soxhlet extractor with ethanol and then absorbance was measured against a blank at 510 nm. Total phenolic content of the investigated varieties ranged from 154 to 39 mg GAE/100g DM. The highest phenolic content was found in Ajwah, Umm-Hamam, Romaithyyah and Berhi respectively, while the lowest content was observed in Shaishi variety. On the other hand, total flavonoid content of the investigated varieties ranged from 28.85 to 95.31mg GAE/100g DM. The highest flavonoid content was found in Umm-Hamam, while the lowest con-tent was observed in Menefi variety. Such variation in phenolic and flavonoid values could be attributed to several parameters, including date variety, stage of fruit picking, storage, postharvest processing, geographical origin of tree and soil condition. However, regardless this variation in phenolic and flavonoid contents, the current study confirms richness of Ha’il date fruits;Ajwah, Umm-Hamam, Romaithyyah and Berhi of these phytoconstitu-ents which are well-documented to possess important medicinal values.

Nicotiana glauca belonging to the family Solanaceae is an exotic perinnial bushy species that recently has invaded the mountainous areas of Al-Baha region at the south-west of Saudi Arabia, causing degredation to soil and vegetation composition of those mountains. Accordingly, this plant must be either removed or exploited as a source of useful products such as medicines as it has been proven to contain many effective compounds with therapeutic properties. Thus, the current study aimd to screening N. glauca preliminary phytoconsitiuents and its anticmicrobial activity. Results showed that varying amounts of alkaloids, steroid, tannins, flavonoid, were present in the extracts of N. glauca leaves, stems and flowers. Saponins were present only in the flowers extract. However, all previuos bioactive compounds were absent in the roots except alkaloids, therefore, roots posses lesser amount of the phytoconstituents compared to the other parts of the plants. Leaves extracts inhibited the growth of E. coli (16.3 ± 0.71 mm) and also inhibited the growth of S. aureus (11.0 ± 0.23 mm), while, the flower extracts also inhibited the growth of E. coli (6.7 ± 0.65 mm), and also inhibited the growth of S. aureus (15.8 ± 0.52 mm). This result coincide with the previous results of the screening of N, glauca phytochemicals where the highest amounts found in leaves and flowers extracts. The inhibition zone of the antibiotic gentamycin (reference control) were 32 mm in S. aureus and 38 mm in E. coli. The inhibition zone of gentamycin (reference control) were 32 mm in S. aureus and 38 mm in E. coli. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ethyl acetate was ranged (1.5–2 mg/ml). The lower MIC is an indication of high effectiveness of extract. Therefore, such bioactive property would support the idea that removing N. glauca from the mountainous areas of Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia, is not the only solution, but the plant can be exploited as a beneficial source of medicinal and economic purposes such as; antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal, however, further comprehensive exploration is recommended to confirm such propreties.

The wild tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) is an alien species that invaded vast areas of the Southwestern region of Saudi Arabia. While, the Red Palm Weevil (RPW) (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) is considered to be the most damaging invasive insect species of palm trees all over the kingdom of Saudi Arabia, causing major economic losses to farmers and the economy of the country. Using conventional insecticides to control harmful insects such as RPW has undesirable effects on the environment and human health. Alternatively, using biocontrol agents such as poisonous extracts from N. glauca might be a better approach in pest management and can be considered as an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and safe alternative. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the larvicidal effect of N. glauca aqueous extracts against the red palm weevil larvae. The plant specimens were collected from Al-Baha region in the Southwest of Saudi Arabia. Each single test consisted of 20 larvae, and N. glauca preparations were; 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 ml, besides the control test. Results obtained for the effect of botanical extracts; leaf, flower, stem and root against R. ferrugineus larvae for an exposure period of 24 hr. at the concentrations of 2.8, 4.2, 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0 ppm. The concentrations for N. glauca extracts reflected an LC50 of 2.7 ppm for leave, 2.6 ppm for flower, 2.8 ppm for stem and 7.00 ppm for root. While, the same concentrations extracts reflected an LC95of 11 ppm for leaf, 9.6 ppm for flower, 8.9 ppm for stem and 13.00 ppm for root. These results showed that N. glauca extracts have a remarkable potentiality as insecticidal substances that can be used as an ecofriendly integrated approach for the management of R. ferrugineus.

Statement of problem: Prosthodontics has received significant attention both in research and practice. However, limited research examines its prevalence and how effective it is. Purpose: The purpose of this clinical study is to examine the prevalence of prosthodontics and its associated complications Material and methods: A sample of 1005 individuals derived from the general Saudi Arabia was used in this study. Data was collected using a questionnaire. The data collected was analyzed using SPSS. Results: There is a generally low prevalence of prosthodontics in Saudi Arabia. The common type of prosthodontics used is the fixed prosthodontics. Majority of those who have done prosthodontics didnt suffer any associated complications. However, for those who depicted complications, the common one was caries. Other complications include root fracture and porcelain veneer fracture. Conclusion: Prosthodontics is not widely used. On the other hand, it is not 100% effective in treating oral health problems. Clinical implications: There is need to develop better ways of dealing with poor oral health and patients need to be examined well to determine the underlying risk factors before prosthodontics is carried out.

Statement of problem:Prosthodontics has received significant attention both in research and practice. However, limited research examines its prevalence and how effective it is. Purpose:The purpose of this clinical study is to examine the prevalence of prosthodontics and its associated complications Material and methods:A sample of 1005 individuals derived from the general Saudi Arabia was used in this study. Data was collected using a questionnaire. The data collected was analyzed using SPSS. Results:There is a generally low prevalence of prosthodontics in Saudi Arabia. The common type of prosthodontics used is the fixed prosthodontics. Majority of those who have done prosthodontics didnt suffer any associated complications. However, for those who depicted complications, the common one was caries. Other complications include root fracture and porcelain veneer fracture. Conclusion:Prosthodontics is not widely used. On the other hand, it is not 100% effective in treating oral health problems. Clinical implications:There is need to develop better ways of dealing with poor oral health and patients need to be examined well to determine the underlying risk factors before prosthodontics is carried out.&nbsp

The wild tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) is an alien species that invaded vast areas of the Southwestern region of Saudi Arabia. While, the Red Palm Weevil (RPW) (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) is considered to be the most damaging invasive insect species of palm trees all over the kingdom of Saudi Arabia, causing major economic losses to farmers and the economy of the country. Using conventional insecticides to control harmful insects such as RPW has undesirable effects on the environment and human health. Alternatively, using biocontrol agents such as poisonous extracts from N. glauca might be a better approach in pest management and can be considered as an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and safe alternative. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the larvicidal effect of N. glauca aqueous extracts against the red palm weevil larvae. The plant specimens were collected from Al-Baha region in the Southwest of Saudi Arabia. Each single test consisted of 20 larvae, and N. glauca preparations were; 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 ml, besides the control test. Results obtained for the effect of botanical extracts; leaf, flower, stem and root against R. ferrugineus larvae for an exposure period of 24 hr. at the concentrations of 2.8, 4.2, 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0 ppm. The concentrations for N. glauca extracts reflected an LC50 of 2.7 ppm for leave, 2.6 ppm for flower, 2.8 ppm for stem and 7.00 ppm for root. While, the same concentrations extracts reflected an LC95of 11 ppm for leaf, 9.6 ppm for flower, 8.9 ppm for stem and 13.00 ppm for root. These results showed that N. glauca extracts have a remarkable potentiality as insecticidal substances that can be used as an ecofriendly integrated approach for the management of R. ferrugineus.

The main intervention to reduce the macro-and microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) remains to achieve better long-term glycemic control. We have discussed the clinical and economic advantages of using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices for type 1 DM and type 2 DM (T1DM and T2DM) based on data from relevant studies in the literature. Our findings show that using these modalities is associated with remarkable outcomes, including reduced HbA1c levels and enhanced glycemic control among patients with T1DM and T2DM. This can enhance the quality of care and life for diabetic patients and intervene against the development of serious complications and hypoglycemia-related adverse events. The cost of routinely using these devices might seem relatively high. However, the estimated cost benefits are usually higher as they can significantly reduce hospitalization rates due to hypoglycemia and the frequency of diabetic therapy malpractices, which are frequently encountered. However, not many studies have reported these outcomes, indicating the need to conduct future relevant studies.