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The claim that workers are subject to structural domination in the labor market is a central contention of the recent radical turn in republican political theory, but it remains undertheorized. Two core components—the claim that workers have “no reasonable alternative” to selling their labor to capitalists and the relevance of exposure to potential interference in such cases—remain unclear. Without a more precise specification of the conditions of structural domination, it is difficult to assess how well republican prescriptions minimize it. I develop a revised defense of the central claim through an analysis of these components. I clarify what it is to have reasonable alternatives in the labor market but show that holding such options is insufficient to avoid structural domination. I argue that the dependence at the heart of structural domination can be constituted multifariously and develop an additional criterion directed at capturing such dependence in production.

There have been many agreements from both parties such as resolutions from the United Nations and maritime demarcations mediated by the United States. Israel and Lebanon have a complex relationship, where it is not uncommon for the two countries to be in conflict. The conflict between Lebanon and Israel began when the PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) moved to the country of Lebanon, this prompted Israel to target an attack on Beirut and also launch an operation to eradicate the PLO. Based on the research conducted, it can be said that the conflict between Lebanon and Israel is an old story caused by regional and religious issues. The conflict between the two countries was never fully resolved and formal peace was established. However, between the existing conflicts, the two countries did not take action against each other even though they were still in a cold state. This act of mutual attack sparked an increasingly heated conflict, especially since it has reached each other's national boundaries. Actually, there have been no results that are significant enough to explain the separation between the two countries, but the efforts that have been made are sufficient to explain how the solution to the war is.

This article argues that economic crises are incompatible with the realisation of non-domination in capitalist societies. The ineradicable risk that an economic crisis will occur undermines the robust security of the conditions of non-domination for all citizens, not only those who are harmed by a crisis. I begin by demonstrating that the unemployment caused by economic crises violates the egalitarian dimensions of freedom as non-domination. The lack of employment constitutes an exclusion from the social bases of self-respect, and from a practice of mutual social contribution crucial to the intersubjective affirmation of one’s status. While this argument shows that republicans must be concerned about economic crises, I suggest a more powerful argument can be grounded in the republican requirement that freedom must be robust. The systemic risk of economic crisis constitutes a threat to the conditions of free citizenship that cannot be nullified using policy mechanisms. As a result, republicans appear to be faced with the choice of revising their commitments or rejecting the possibility that republican freedom can be robustly secured in capitalist societies.

El objetivo de la presente investigación es explicar la incidencia del festival de la leyenda vallenata 2019, versión 52 en los comerciantes y vendedores ambulantes de la ciudad de Valledupar que se encuentran ubicados en la zona del desarrollo del certamen. Para lograrlo, se realiza una encuesta dirigida a los comerciantes que comercializan sus productos en las zonas donde trascurre el evento cultural. Los resultados indicaron que en promedio el número de horas destinadas para el desarrollo de la actividad comercial oscila entre 10 y 12 horas y que hace más de cinco años realizan su actividad comercial. The objective of the present investigation is to explain the incidence of the festival of the Vallenata legend 2019, version 52 in the merchants and street vendors of the city of Valledupar that are located in the area of ​​the development of the contest. To achieve this, a survey is conducted aimed at merchants who sell their products in the areas where the cultural event takes place. The results indicated that on average the number of hours destined for the development of the commercial activity ranges between 10 and 12 hours and that more than five years ago they carry out their commercial activity. Economista http://www.ustabuca.edu.co/ustabmanga/presentacion Pregrado

ObjectiveEstimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among New York City Health and Hospitals (NYC H+H) healthcare workers during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, and describe demographic and occupational factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among healthcare workers.DesignDescriptive, observational, cross-sectional study using a convenience sample of data from SARS-CoV-2 serological tests accompanied by a demographic and occupational survey administered to healthcare workers.SettingA large, urban public healthcare system in NYC.ParticipantsParticipants were employed by NYC H+H and either completed serological testing at NYC H+H between 30 April 2020 and 30 June 2020, or completed SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing outside of NYC H+H and were able to self-report results from the same time period.Primary outcome measureSARS-CoV-2 serostatus, stratified by key demographic and occupational characteristics reported through the demographic and occupational survey.ResultsSeven hundred and twenty-seven survey respondents were included in analysis. Participants had a mean age of 46 years (SD=12.19) and 543 (75%) were women. Two hundred and fourteen (29%) participants tested positive or reported testing positive for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (IgG+). Characteristics associated with positive SARS-CoV-2 serostatus were Black race (25% IgG +vs 15% IgG−, p=0.001), having someone in the household with COVID-19 symptoms (49% IgG +vs 21% IgG−, pConclusionsResults underscore the significance that community factors and inequities might have on SARS-CoV-2 exposure for healthcare workers.

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) accessory protein Vpr enhances viral replication in both macrophages and in cycling T cells to a lesser extent. Virion packaged Vpr is released in target cells shortly after entry, suggesting its requirement in the early phase of infection. Previously, we described REAF (RNA-associated Early-stage Antiviral Factor, RPRD2), a constitutively expressed protein that potently restricts HIV replication at or during reverse transcription. Here, we show that a virus without intactvpris more highly restricted by REAF and, using delivery by VLPs, that Vpr alone is sufficient for REAF degradation in primary macrophages. REAF is more highly expressed in macrophages than in cycling T cells and we detect, by co-immunoprecipitation assay, an interaction between Vpr protein and endogenous REAF. Vpr acts very quickly during the early phase of replication and induces the degradation of REAF within 30 minutes of viral entry. Using Vpr F34I and Q65R viral mutants, we show that nuclear localisation and interaction with cullin4A-DBB1 (DCAF1) E3 ubiquitin ligase is required for REAF degradation by Vpr. In response to infection, cells upregulate REAF levels. This response is curtailed in the presence of Vpr. These findings support the hypothesis that Vpr induces the degradation of a factor, REAF, which impedes HIV infection in macrophages.ImportanceFor at least 30 years, it has been known that HIV-1 Vpr, a protein carried in the virion, is important for efficient infection of primary macrophages. Vpr is also a determinant of the pathogenic effects of HIV-1in vivo. A number of cellular proteins that interact with Vpr have been identified. So far, it has not been possible to associate these proteins with altered viral replication in macrophages, or to explain why Vpr is carried in the virus particle. Here we show that Vpr mitigates the antiviral effects of REAF, a protein highly expressed in primary macrophages and one which inhibits virus replication early during reverse transcription. REAF is degraded by Vpr within 30 minutes of virus entry, in a manner dependent on the nuclear localization of Vpr and its interaction with the cell’s protein degradation machinery.

What are the impacts of Sci-Hub and other rogue solutions on open access and what is the future of this approach, which may be gaining new mainstream support (noting for instance Wellcome’s recent funding of ResearchGate). What new resources should the scholarly community develop (and how) that would be useful and legal additions to our progress toward open (a new blacklist for instance, or new repositories)? This group will also integrate (to the extent possible) ideas raised by the information overload workgroup from OSI 2016., Open Scholarship Initiative Proceedings, 2017

Open Scholarship Initiative Proceedings, 2017

Information underload occurs when we don’t have access to the information we need (for a variety of reasons, including cost) —researchers based at smaller institutions and in the global periphery, policymakers, and the general public, particularly with regard to medical research. Overload occurs when we can access everything but are simply overwhelmed by the torrent of information available (not all of which is equally valuable). Are these issues two sides of the same coin? In both cases, how can we work together to figure out how to get people the information they need? Can we? How widespread are these issues? What are the economic and research consequences of information underload and overload?, Open Scholarship Initiative Proceedings, 2016

The duality of information overload and underload is a defining issue of our age. Scholarly information is abundant but not universally accessible to all scholars and learners, thereby hindering or prohibiting equitable engagement in ongoing scholarly conversations. Access is a core aspect of the issue of overload and underload—both access to research materials and access to venues where one can contribute to the scholarly corpus—but it is not the only aspect. Our group agreed that the problem of overload is preferable to that of underload; however, the dual nature of the issue makes that conclusion more nuanced, dynamic, and situational. In this report we explore the many factors and causes of information overload and underload and also develop ideas for solutions. A summary of the issues is provided.OSI2016 Workgroup QuestionInformation underload occurs when we don’t have access to the information we need (for a variety of reasons, including cost)—researchers based at smaller institutions and in the global pe­riphery, policymakers, and the general public, particularly with regard to medical research. Overload occurs when we can access everything but are simply overwhelmed by the torrent of information available (not all of which is equally valuable). Are these issues two sides of the same coin? In both cases, how can we work together to figure out how to get people the information they need? Can we? How widespread are these issues? What are the economic and research consequences of information underload and overload?

Reported is progress in the following areas: Phase 1 and 2 websites for the regional geology GIS database; terrane maps of crystalline basement rocks; inventory of shale formations in the US; and rock properties and in-situ conditions for shale estimated from sonic velocity measurements.