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Coumarin as a secondary metabolite widely found in plant species. Coumarin with a strong inhibitory effect on germination will be a good alternative for weed control. The mechanism of inhibition effects of coumarin has not yet been well understood. In this research, coumarin effects on amylase activity, electrolyte leakage and growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) were studied using factorial statistical design. Results showed that coumarin with a concentration-dependent pattern (0.2 to 0.5 mM) reduced all growth indices. Coumarin had the greatest effect on root length and leaf length of seedlings. The results showed that the species sensitivity and resistance to coumarin are significantly different. Coumarin had no significant concentration-dependent decrease in amylase activity. Coumarin (0.2 mM and 20 mM) increased the electrical conductivity of the solution around the seeds and roots of wheat seedlings. The mechanism of coumarin inhibition may be through its inhibitory effect on the expression of amylase genes. Increased electrical conductivity in the periphery of the living tissue can result in electrolyte leakage and damage to seed and root cell membranes which is called one of the mechanisms of coumarin inhibition of germination. Some allelopathic properties of coumarin may be attributed to its effect on amylase activity, cell membrane integrity, and stimulation of metabolite leakage in competing plants. Allelopathic studies of coumarin can be used in the field to weed and pest control and have a practical result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary (RKWS) is a protected forest in Bangladesh that houses a variety of rare flora and fauna and supports the sustenance of 13 ethnic communities. This forest's indigenous and other inhabitants traditionally have a strong cultural connection to the plants, particularly medicinal plants. Due to modern allopathic medicine's rapid growth and commercial tree species prioritization, many medicinal plants are now on the verge of endangerment. Under such circumstances, it is crucial to explore how the local community perceives the importance of herbal treatments in contrast to allopathy, the underlying reasons for their perceptions, and the specific ailments for which they use the plants. The main objectives are: 1) to evaluate the perceptions of the local community towards allopathy and herbal medicine using Nussbaum's central capabilities approach, 2) to identify medicinal plant diversity, therapeutic usages, and quantitative indices, 3) to determine the factors that influence the use of medicinal plants. Repeated interviews and field surveys were conducted at the RKWS, interviewing 145 people, including the indigenous community (72.42 %) and traditional healers (8.27 %) from the surrounding seven villages. The study identified 51 medicinal plant species belonging to 39 families for their potent medicinal properties in treating various ailments. The predominant parts of the plants used in the treatments were leaves and roots. The uses were classified into 12 categories according to Nussbaum's central capabilities. The findings identified Aloe vera, Phyllanthus emblica, and Azadirachta indica as highly culturally important species. In contrast, Terminalia arjuna, Swertia chirata, and Azadirachta indica were found to have the highest relative importance. The underlying determinants influencing the preferences of individual users towards herbal medicine were income from agroforestry, beliefs, knowledge, and ethnicity, as revealed by the analysis of the ordinal logit model. The respondents viewed their strong inclination toward herbal medicine with many positive attitudes. Herbal medicine users held a negative perception of allopathy except for affiliation and practical reasons being viewed as the positive outcomes. Conversely, allopathic medicine users expressed mixed perceptions towards the treatment, with both positive and negative aspects being identified. Promoting the sustainable use of medicinal plants and their conservation efforts is imperative for the benefit of present and future generations in this region.

Coumarin as a secondary metabolite widely found in plant species. Coumarin with a strong inhibitory effect on germination will be a good alternative for weed control. The mechanism of inhibition effects of coumarin has not yet been well understood. In this research, coumarin effects on amylase activity, electrolyte leakage and growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) were studied using factorial statistical design. Results showed that coumarin with a concentration-dependent pattern (0.2 to 0.5 mM) reduced all growth indices. Coumarin had the greatest effect on root length and leaf length of seedlings. The results showed that the species sensitivity and resistance to coumarin are significantly different. Coumarin had no significant concentration-dependent decrease in amylase activity. Coumarin (0.2 mM and 20 mM) increased the electrical conductivity of the solution around the seeds and roots of wheat seedlings. The mechanism of coumarin inhibition may be through its inhibitory effect on the expression of amylase genes. Increased electrical conductivity in the periphery of the living tissue can result in electrolyte leakage and damage to seed and root cell membranes which is called one of the mechanisms of coumarin inhibition of germination. Some allelopathic properties of coumarin may be attributed to its effect on amylase activity, cell membrane integrity, and stimulation of metabolite leakage in competing plants. Allelopathic studies of coumarin can be used in the field to weed and pest control and have a practical result.

Anaplastic Astrocytoma (AA) is a relatively rare cancer, and is associated with a median life expectancy of 3 years after conventional therapy. Complete cure of the highly infiltrative AA is uncommon, and reports of positive outcome in cases of partial resection of AA are rare. Further, integrative approaches to the management of AA remain underexplored. This paper contributes to the limited literature in this domain by presenting a case that was successfully treated through integrative conventional and Ayurvedic interventions. A patient diagnosed with AA in the left parieto-occipital lobe underwent partial lesion resection followed by post-operative radiation and chemotherapy. The patient was given a conservative post-surgical life expectancy of two years, and was referred to an Ayurveda hospital for further treatment. The Ayurvedic intervention was focussed on redressal of radiation and chemotherapy side-effects, improvement of quality of life, and improving the patient’s strength and immunity. Following this novel integrative model of care, the patient was able to resume all personal and professional routines, and a contrast MRI revealed absence of residual lesion allowing the patient to outlive his initial prognosis by several years till date. We posit that the findings of this report merit further examination in the interest of potential improvements to existing models of care.

Objective: The objective of this study is to establish how despite the introduction of the Western medical system during the colonial era, the primary Indian medical system- Ayurveda- remained intact,especially in rural India. Moreover, it has also been analyzed as how the efforts to advance Ayurveda's position in relation to Western bio-medicine helped pave the way for spreading anti-colonial ideology during the colonial period. Data Source: Data for this study has been collected mainly from a variety of primary and secondary sources. The literature produced during the colonial era has received particular attention. Review Methods: In light of several research questions, especially those pertaining to the persistence of the Ayurvedic system and its challenges to Western biomedicine, a narrative and analytical review of all the sources has been conducted. Conclusion: The study clearly concludes that the Ayurvedic system was well-established even throughout the colonial period, and attempts to make it stronger at the time posed a unique challenge and resistance to colonialism.

Background Patients with type 2 diabetes usually start treatment with oral hypoglycaemic medications once they have been diagnosed. They eventually require insulin injections. We looked into the experiences of such patients with allopathic treatment alternatives over the course of their journey.Methods The study was conducted using a qualitative inquiry (phenomenological approach triangulated with modified grounded theory) from July 2019 to January 2020. A total of 24 participants (11 men and 13 women) were recruited purposively and interviewed face-to-face until theoretical saturation was reached. QDA Miner Lite v2.0.9 was used to categorise the data.Results The majority of patients had no previous notions regarding their illness. They did not have an emotional reaction to being diagnosed. They were uncomfortable on oral hypoglycaemic agents because of uncontrolled blood glucose and gastrointestinal disturbances, which were thought to be the main causes for medication changes. Initial insulin treatment experiences included fear of injection pain, difficulty self-injecting, and a sense of last resort. Insulin’s effectiveness, ease of injection with a little needle, and lack of gastrointestinal discomfort were all key reasons in changing the patients’ minds about it. Patients have rigorously adhered to insulin since it was found to improve health and bring life.Conclusion The “life-world” journey of patients with type 2 diabetes with allopathic treatment options was started to be informed of the “unknown” (diabetes), which leads to the “ugly life” (with oral agents), and bridge to and living with the “terrible” (insulin), which was later found to be effective and perceived as “life.”KEY MESSAGESPatients with type 2 diabetes believed that life with oral hypoglycaemic medications was “boring.”The major reasons for switching to insulin were “uncontrolled blood sugar levels” and “gastrointestinal disturbances” brought on by oral medications.Insulin first terrified type 2 diabetes patients, but they eventually referred to it as “life.”

Background & Aim: Medicinal plants have served as the primary constituents of traditional healthcare methods. Such plants have served mankind since primordial times. But such traditional knowledge is lacking conservation and promotion in present times. Documentation of such traditional knowledge can serve as safeguards for the conservation of such knowledge. The study primarily aims at the documentation of locally abundant medicinal plants available in the Kapilvastu district of Southern Nepal. Experimental: Data on medicinal plants regarding their local name, parts used along with their usage were collected through a questionnaire survey with a total of n=54 individuals of the locality. Excel software was used to analyze the pooled data and results were demonstrated in tables, charts, and graphs. Google Scholar and Researchgate were assessed for secondary data collection. Results: A total of 50 plant species from 46 genera representing 30 families used for curing 55 types of diseases were identified in the study area. Family Fabaceae was reported with the maximum number of species used (n=6). Trees (n=26) was the major used life form and leaf was the most frequently used (n=28) in terms of parts used. Recommended applications/industries: This study serves as a future basis for research promotion, resource production, policy formulation, and protection of these highly valuable plants. The paper will also be useful for those looking for traditional remedial measures using locally available plants in Kapilvastu district, and also will serve as informational bank for homeopathy-based curative measures.

Background: Medihope medicine supplies proper, sufficient blood and oxygen to every cell and organ of the body. The present study was conducted to assess the effect of Medihope medicine in chemotherapy of cancer patients. Materials & Methods: 100 cancer patients of both genders were given cycle of chemotherapy as per schedule. All were also provided with powder Medihope. Pre and post symptoms of vomiting, skin rashes, appetite, digestive complains, immunity status, confidence status was assessed. Results: Out of 100 patients, males were 48 and females were 52. Itching was present in 2 patients. Post appetite was adequate in 11, inadequate in 67 and improved in 22. Post digestive complains were constipation was seen in 4, loose motion in 3. 24 had reduced weight loss and 68 had increased weight. Post immunity status was normal in 6, improved in 78 and poor in 16. Post confidence status was good in 2, normal in 2, improved in 87 and poor in 7. Nausea patients reduced to 26 after use of medicine. 1-2 episodes of vomiting per day reduced from 55 to 5, extensive vomiting from 42 to 8 and completely stopped in 84. Itching patients decreased from 5 to 2. Appetite improved in 67 post- operatively. Constipation decreased from 7 to 4 and loose motion was seen in 3. Weight loss reduced from 92 to 24. Immunity improved in 78 patients. Confidence level improved in 87 patients. Conclusion: On taking "MEDIHOPE" Medicine along with Allopathy patient recovers speedily without any side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with type 2 diabetes usually start treatment with oral hypoglycaemic medications once they have been diagnosed. They eventually require insulin injections. We looked into the experiences of such patients with allopathic treatment alternatives over the course of their journey. The study was conducted using a qualitative inquiry (phenomenological approach triangulated with modified grounded theory) from July 2019 to January 2020. A total of 24 participants (11 men and 13 women) were recruited purposively and interviewed face-to-face until theoretical saturation was reached. QDA Miner Lite v2.0.9 was used to categorise the data. The majority of patients had no previous notions regarding their illness. They did not have an emotional reaction to being diagnosed. They were uncomfortable on oral hypoglycaemic agents because of uncontrolled blood glucose and gastrointestinal disturbances, which were thought to be the main causes for medication changes. Initial insulin treatment experiences included fear of injection pain, difficulty self-injecting, and a sense of last resort. Insulin's effectiveness, ease of injection with a little needle, and lack of gastrointestinal discomfort were all key reasons in changing the patients' minds about it. Patients have rigorously adhered to insulin since it was found to improve health and bring life. The "life-world" journey of patients with type 2 diabetes with allopathic treatment options was started to be informed of the "unknown" (diabetes), which leads to the "ugly life" (with oral agents), and bridge to and living with the "terrible" (insulin), which was later found to be effective and perceived as "life." Patients with type 2 diabetes believed that life with oral hypoglycaemic medications was "boring." The major reasons for switching to insulin were "uncontrolled blood sugar levels" and "gastrointestinal disturbances" brought on by oral medications. Insulin first terrified type 2 diabetes patients, but they eventually referred to it as "life." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective drug delivery is the cornerstone of modern healthcare, ensuring therapeutic compounds reach their intended targets efficiently. This paper explores the potential of personalized and holistic healthcare, driven by the synergy between traditional and allopathic medicine systems, with a specific focus on the vast reservoir of medicinal compounds found in plants rooted in the historical legacy of traditional medicine. Motivated by the desire to unlock the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants and bridge the gap between traditional and allopathic medicine, this survey delves into in-silico computational approaches for studying Drug–Target Interactions (DTI) within the contexts of allopathy and siddha medicine. The contributions of this survey are multifaceted: it offers a comprehensive overview of in-silico methods for DTI analysis in both systems, identifies common challenges in DTI studies, provides insights into future directions to advance DTI analysis, and includes a comparative analysis of DTI in allopathy and siddha medicine. The findings of this survey highlight the pivotal role of in-silico computational approaches in advancing drug research and development in both allopathy and siddha medicine, emphasizing the importance of integrating these methods to drive the future of personalized healthcare. • Extensively reviews in-silico methods for DTI analysis in both allopathy and siddha. • Elucidates methodologies, datasets, challenges, future trends to advance DTI research. • Comparative analysis of DTI studies in allopathy and siddha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary (RKWS) is a protected forest in Bangladesh that houses a variety of rare flora and fauna and supports the sustenance of 13 ethnic communities. This forest's indigenous and other inhabitants traditionally have a strong cultural connection to the plants, particularly medicinal plants. Due to modern allopathic medicine's rapid growth and commercial tree species prioritization, many medicinal plants are now on the verge of endangerment. Under such circumstances, it is crucial to explore how the local community perceives the importance of herbal treatments in contrast to allopathy, the underlying reasons for their perceptions, and the specific ailments for which they use the plants. The main objectives are: 1) to evaluate the perceptions of the local community towards allopathy and herbal medicine using Nussbaum's central capabilities approach, 2) to identify medicinal plant diversity, therapeutic usages, and quantitative indices, 3) to determine the factors that influence the use of medicinal plants. Repeated interviews and field surveys were conducted at the RKWS, interviewing 145 people, including the indigenous community (72.42 %) and traditional healers (8.27 %) from the surrounding seven villages. The study identified 51 medicinal plant species belonging to 39 families for their potent medicinal properties in treating various ailments. The predominant parts of the plants used in the treatments were leaves and roots. The uses were classified into 12 categories according to Nussbaum's central capabilities. The findings identified Aloe vera , Phyllanthus emblica, and Azadirachta indica as highly culturally important species. In contrast, Terminalia arjuna, Swertia chirata, and Azadirachta indica were found to have the highest relative importance. The underlying determinants influencing the preferences of individual users towards herbal medicine were income from agroforestry, beliefs, knowledge, and ethnicity, as revealed by the analysis of the ordinal logit model. The respondents viewed their strong inclination toward herbal medicine with many positive attitudes. Herbal medicine users held a negative perception of allopathy except for affiliation and practical reasons being viewed as the positive outcomes. Conversely, allopathic medicine users expressed mixed perceptions towards the treatment, with both positive and negative aspects being identified. Promoting the sustainable use of medicinal plants and their conservation efforts is imperative for the benefit of present and future generations in this region., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Romel Ahmed reports financial support was provided by the Social science Research Council (10.13039/100001345SSRC), Planning division of Planning Ministry, Government Republic of Bangladesh (Grant no. 20.00.0000.309.02.146.22–533)., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Background and Objectives: Allelopathy is the interaction between plants that stimulates or inhibits the growth and germination of other species. Non-native species of (Prosopis juliflora (SW.) DC) is one of the species known as invasive species with allelopathic effects that can inhibit the growth and growth of species by producing allopathic compounds such as phenols, alkaloids into the environment. Two important species of Hormoozgan province are Acacia oerfota and Acacia tortilis, which P.juliflora was observed with them in the natural forests. Therefore, the correct selection of tree species in forest plantations should be made with caution to inhibit negative effects on native species. The aim of this study was to investigate the allelopathic effects of different organs of p. juliflora on germination, radicle and plumule length of Ac. tortilis and A. oerfota. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, the organs (root, bark and leaf) of P. juliflora were collected, and different extract concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8%) were prepared were added to A. tortilis and A. oerfota (4 replications, n=60) in the growth chamber, and after recording germination, the plumule and radicle length were measured after 30 days. The factorial experiment was performed through a completely randomized design and was analyzed by two-way variance analyses. Results: Results showed that the lowest germination percentage in A. tortilis was observed at 8% concentration with the amount of 16.11%. The plumule length of A. tortilis and A. oerfota in aquatic extraction of leaves (1.73 and 3.9 cm) was significantly lower than other organs. In addition, the plumule length of A. tortilis (3.58 cm) and A. oerfota (5 cm) had the highest amounts in control. The interaction effects of organ × concentration showed significant differences in plumule and radicle length in A. tortilis and A. oerfota. The interactions of organ × concentration on radicle and plumule length in A. tortilis and A. oerfota species differed significantly. The radicle and plumule length of A. tortilis and A. oerfota in leaf organs with values of 1.25, 1.73 cm and 1.98 and 3.9 cm were significantly less than bark and roots, respectively. Conclusion: The results showed inhibitory effects of aqueous extract of Prosopis juliflora root, bark and leave on the germination percentage, root length and stem length of two important species of Acacia tortilis and Acacia oerfota in laboratory conditions. Among the three studied organs, the leaf organ had the most inhibitory effects, which due to the high volume of litter under the canopy of this species in the environment and the entry of toxic compounds into the surface soil due to decomposition, prevents the growth of Acacia tortilis and Acacia oerfota that P. juliflora is seen with these species and overcome on them. In addition, the root had the lowest inhibitory in according to the results; P.juliflora has allopathic effects on native species. Therefore, it is recommended to choose non-native species for afforestation more carefully. Using native species for reforestation and afforestation in the fragile south ecosystem of Iran is a suitable option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Self-medication is defined as the utilization of drugs to treat self-diagnosed disorders or symptoms or the irregular or continuous use of a prescribed drug for chronic or repeated diseases or symptoms. The present study was conducted to assess pattern of selfmedication among children. Materials & Methods:80 children age ranged 12- 17 years of both genders were enrolled. Medicines usedto treat illness, reasons for self-medication, duration of self-medication etc. was obtained from their parents. Results: Out of 80 children, boys were 50 and girls were 30. The preferred therapy was allopathy seen among 45%, homoeopathy in 12%, home remedies in 8%, herbal in 20% and combination therapy in 15%. Commonly used drugs were antipyretics in 32%, analgesics in 15%, antimicrobials in 10%, antiallergy in 5%, cough & cold preparations in 18% and topical preparations in 20%. Frequency of self- medication was once a year in 56%, 1-2 times in 30% and >2 times in 14%. Conclusion: Themost commonly preferred therapy was allopathy and herbal and antipyretic was most used drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a constant debate on the efficacy of medical treatments using ayurveda versus allopathy. Staunch supporters of one method of treatment are quick to dismiss the other. Ayurvedic medicines are cheaper and have natural ingredients. Allopathic medicines are easily available in city areas. There are interactions between ayurvedic and allopathic drugs if taken together. Ingredients in herbs and dietary supplements may modify the intestinal pH or motility, inhibit or induce gut transporters or metabolizing enzymes and glucuronidation pathways. The fusion of ayurvedic and allopathic medicines has both advantages and disadvantages. There must be strict regulatory agencies to monitor the quality, purity, efficacy and potency of both ayurvedic and allopathic medicines.

The present study was carried out to investigate the yield, quality, and metabolomic responses of four different vegetable crops to treatments with pure juglone standard and walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaf extract at soil concentrations found in walnut orchards. A total of 60 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified, some for the first time in these crop vegetables. Beta vulgaris L. and Lactuca sativa L. were less susceptible to juglone. For crop quality, B. vulgaris showed the least effects of the different treatments. Both Brassica rapa L. var. japonica and Valerianella locusta Laterr. showed lower yields, even at the lower juglone concentration, and reduced quality, so their cultivation in juglone-containing soils should be avoided. This study also investigated leaf quality at different ages and the quality and yield of these crop vegetables grown under the influence of allelochemicals, to determine the influence of allelochemicals on metabolomics and, thus, on the uptake of phenolic compounds considered to be beneficial to human health.

Introduction: Self-medication is defined as consuming drugs without advice of a physician and is wide prevalent among youth. Smart phone application Whatsapp was introduced in 2009 and is a popular mode of communication among professional course students. This project aims to study the impact of ‘whatsapp’ smart phone application intervention on self-medication practices among professional course students. Aims &Objectives: To capture the knowledge, attitude and self-medication practices among medical and non-medical professional course students in Tagore Educational Institutions, Chennai and to assess the effect of ‘whatsapp’ smartphone application intervention on self-medication practices among the experimental group. Materials & Methods: A pre test and post test, was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and self medication practices among medical and non-medical students of Tagore Educational Institutes, Chennai. The intervention phase included the design and delivery of educational content on perspectives of self-medication through whatsapp to study participants. Results: The prevalence of self-medication practice is 83%, 81% and 55% in medical, dental and engineering group respectively. At the endline survey after the intervention to medical group, the prevalence in all the above groups as 80%,50% and 74% respectively. Conclusion: Self-medication is found to be common among medical students.The results demonstrate that there is no significant change in knowledge, attitude and practices of self-medication after intervention using a mobile application.The use and impact of mobileapps for health information communication can be explored in detail with various other health related topics

Background Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is oftenused to alleviate the discomfort, disability and pain involved in many chronic diseases. Besides this, females, middle-aged and higher educated people are also known to use CAM the most. This study explores whether the sociodemographic characteristics associated with CAM use differ by type of disease. Methods The following data were taken from the Belgian Health Interview Survey 2013 for the individuals aged 15+ years (n = 8942): sociodemographic characteristics, past 12-month diseases (using a list) and contact with a homeopath, chiropractor, acupuncturist and/or osteopath (CAM-therapists) in the past year. The association between CAM use and disease, controlled for gender, age, education and conventional medicine use, was assessed through logistic regressions. When interactions with the sociodemographic characteristics were found, stratified regressions were conducted. Results People with musculoskeletal diseases [odds ratio (OR) = 2.6], allergy (OR = 1.4) and severe headache (OR = 1.5) had higher odds of using CAM in the past year with statistical significance. For musculoskeletal diseases, the odds of using CAM was higher, with statistical significance, for every sociodemographic subclass. For allergy, CAM use was higher among men, people aged 45+ years and lower educated people, while for severe headache CAM use was higher among women, people aged 45+ years and higher educated people, all with statistical significance. Conclusions Sociodemographic characteristics associated with CAM use differ by diseases. The role of CAM in disease management cannot be ignored. Making physicians aware for which disease CAM is used and by whom, may facilitate disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Globally there is great awareness about complementary health systems and its integration. Ayurveda is nowadays being increasingly preferred by patients; however, reasons for patients need to attend ayurveda Outpatient Department (OPD) and the approach of allopathic physicians towards ayurveda is minimally highlighted. Aim: To assess needs of patients attending ayurvedic OPD in an allopathic setup and to assess the clinical needs of physicians practicing allopathy for conditions which are not adequately treated by allopathy. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study among 300 patients attending ayurveda OPD and 50 allopathic physicians of a tertiary care hospital was undertaken after Institutional Ethics Committee permission. Separate questionnaires for patients and physicians related to needs of ayurveda were validated for content and administered to patients and physicians after receiving their due consent. Data entered in MS Excel 2010, responses were coded and analysed. Descriptive statistics was expressed in terms of actual numbers, mean±standard deviation, frequency and percentage. A p-value

The herbicidal properties of some plants species can be exploited successfully as a tool to reduce the herbicide application. Wild plant species, including medicinal herbs, usually contain much higher levels of chemicals compounds than the cultivated crops; therefore it can be used to control the weed species. The current study was conducted inorder to evaluate the herbicidal properties of Capparis spinosa on Malva parviflora in both laboratory and greenhouse conditions. A factorial experiment was used with three replications. Evaluated factors including used parts of plant (foliage, root) as well as plant material amount (four concentrations of aqueous extract; 0, 0.6, 0.9, 1.25 g dry weight per 100 milliliter water; in laboratory condition and four amount of plant powder; 0، 4، 8، 12 g dry weight per 1000 g soil; in greenhouse condition). The results indicated that, in laboratory condition, with increasing concentration of Capparis spinosa aqueous extract from 0 to 12%, mean time to germination of M. paryiflora increased progressively from 1 to 1.4 and 2.2 days, respectively. At 1.25% aqueous extract concentration, the germination percentage, root and soot length as well as root and shoot dry weight diminished 87, 90, 91, 83 and 73%, respectively, when compared to the control. Also in greenhouse condition, the effects of Capparis spinosa powder added to the soil on measured parameter were significant. In the soil treated with 12g powder, seedling length of Malva parviflora in the second week of growth reduced about 47% when compared to the control. Overall, the results revealed the possibility use of herbicidal properties of Capparis spinosa for biological weed control and therefore reduce application of chemical herbicides.

Abstract Self-medication during pregnancy represents a serious threat for mother and child health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and the factors associated with self-medication among Mexican women living in the central region of Mexico. This is a descriptive interview-study of 1798 pregnant women or women who were pregnant no more than 3 years ago, when the interview was carried out. Data analysis was carried out with chi-square analysis and odds ratio. The prevalence of self-medication (allopathic drugs, medicinal plants, and other products, including vitamins, food supplements, among others) was 21.9%. The factors associated (p < 0.05) with self-medication were: higher education (college and postgraduate), smoking, and consumption of alcohol. Smoking was the strongest factor (OR: 2.536; 1.46–4.42) associated to self-medication during pregnancy, followed by consumption of alcohol (OR: 2.06; 1.38–3.08), and higher education (OR: 1.607; 1.18–2.19). Medicinal plant consumption was associated with nausea, constipation, migraine, and cold (p < 0.05), whereas he self-medication of allopathy was associated with gastritis and migraine (p < 0.05). Self-medication was influenced mainly by a relative or friend, who recommended the use of herbal medicine/allopathic medication. Two of the most common medicinal plants (arnica and ruda) here informed are reported to induce abortion or toxicity during pregnancy. The findings showed that self-medication (medicinal plants and allopathic medication) is a common practice among pregnant women from central Mexico. Adequate counselling of pregnant women by healthcare professionals about the potential risks of self-medication with herbal medicine and allopathic drugs during pregnancy is strongly warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Globally there is great awareness about complementary health systems and its integration. Ayurveda is nowadays being increasingly preferred by patients; however, reasons for patients need to attend ayurveda Outpatient Department (OPD) and the approach of allopathic physicians towards ayurveda is minimally highlighted. Aim: To assess needs of patients attending ayurvedic OPD in an allopathic setup and to assess the clinical needs of physicians practicing allopathy for conditions which are not adequately treated by allopathy. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study among 300 patients attending ayurveda OPD and 50 allopathic physicians of a tertiary care hospital was undertaken after Institutional Ethics Committee permission. Separate questionnaires for patients and physicians related to needs of ayurveda were validated for content and administered to patients and physicians after receiving their due consent. Data entered in MS Excel 2010, responses were coded and analysed. Descriptive statistics was expressed in terms of actual numbers, mean±standard deviation, frequency and percentage. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Student's unpaired t-test was used to compare the scores of Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and parametric data. Categorical variables were compared using chi-square test. Results: The level of satisfaction to ayurveda therapy by VAS score was 7.67±1.58. Females patients were more satisfied with ayurveda than males. About 77 patients had taken Ayurveda medicine for maintaining good health and 71 feel it does not have any adverse effects. About 90.75% patients taking Allopathy had discontinued treatment before they visited ayurveda OPD. The percentages of patients attending ayurveda OPD and the percentage of physician's that feel the need to develop ayurveda treatment were similar and matching for diseases which included arthritis, diabetes mellitus, backache, irritable bowel syndrome, malignancy, hypertension, alopecia, obesity, piles, viral hepatitis, degenerative spinal disease and migraine were common. Conclusion: The most common clinical condition for which both patients and physicians preferred ayurveda was for osteoarthritis. There is need for developing scientifically validated therapies for conditions wherein allopathy treatment is inadequate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homeopathy is considered as the most widely practiced and safe alternative form of medical treatment such as allopathic medicine. It was introduced by a German doctor who believed that minimum dose of a drug can alleviate the symptoms similar to other conventional forms of treatment. The objective of the present study was to determine the factors that influence individual's attitude towards homeopathic treatment. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in different homeopathic clinics of Bhawalpur from January 1 to February 1, 2017. A total of 72 patients (both genders) were included in the study by using convenient sampling technique. A pretested questionnaire containing personal information and subject related questions was used to collect the data. The questions were interviewed from the patients in the local language and were transferred to the questionnaire in English. The study concluded that 87% of the respondents preferred homeopathic treatment while around 13% favored the use of allopathic medicines. The reasons for high utilization of homeopathic medicines can be attributed to the high efficacy, low cost, better taste, minimum side effects and forefathers trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The first wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic created havoc and confusion in choosing appropriate treatment, as well as prophylaxis, due to its rapid surge, disease novelty, and lack of evidence-based literature. It was even more concerning among the healthcare workers (HCWs), who had to take care of patients, themselves, and their own families., Objective: This online survey-based study targeted finding the various options for COVID-19 precautionary or prophylactic measures opted for by HCWs., Methodology: This was an observational study based on a predesigned questionnaire, which was floated online for three months after institutional ethical approval, just after the first wave of COVID-19 in 2021, targeting HCWs of different cadres (doctors, nurses, paramedics/laboratory technicians, etc.), ages, and sexes and HCWs hailing from across the country. Questions were focused on HCW's adopted measures, the order of preference and its reasons, and concerns related to safety and efficacy. Data was collected through Google Forms (Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA) into an Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft ® Corp., Redmond, WA) and analyzed by the latest Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software (IBM SPSS Statistics, Armonk, NY) using appropriate statistics., Results: The routine practice of standard precautionary measures (face mask, hand hygiene, and social distancing) and wearing a personal protective equipment (PPE) kit during the care of COVID-19-positive or COVID-19-suspected patients was adopted by the majority of HCWs, i.e., 306/312 (>98%) irrespective of cadre (p = 0.001). After the "routine measures," the most adopted measure by participant HCWs irrespective of profession, age, and gender was the consumption of allopathic drugs (n = 188; 60.26%). Anti-COVID-19 measures in the category of drugs used by healthcare providers (HCPs) were prophylactic allopathic drugs (60.26%), homeopathic drugs (11.86%), and other Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy (AYUSH)/traditional medical system drugs (11.86%). Vitamin C was the most consumed among all of the drugs for COVID-19 prophylaxis purposes. Non-drug measures espoused by the HCPs were physical exercises (46.47%), increased sleep duration (35.89%), change in dietary habits (42.62%), and spiritual measures (19.23%)., Conclusion: The fear of COVID-19 imposed on the HCPs the obligation to use all the available preventive measures in spite of the lack of evidence on actual benefits. After the routine infection preventive measures, the most adopted measure by participant HCWs irrespective of profession, age, and gender was the consumption of prophylactic allopathic drugs (>60%), and the most non-drug preventive measures were the initiation of physical exercises and change in dietary habits. Adapting some form of physical exercise was more noted with males than females (p = 0.001), and it significantly increased with HCPs of higher age of >25 and >40 years than younger HCPs (58.6% versus 29.3%; p = 0.016). Females preferred more dietary and nutritional modifications., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Srivastava et al.)

Context: Ayurveda is most commonly practiced form of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in India. There are very few studies showing the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of allopathic doctors about Ayurvedic drugs and its use. Aims: The study was initiated to assess KAP toward Ayurvedic medicine use among allopathic resident doctors. Settings and Design: Cross-sectional and prospective study. Materials and Methods: After obtaining permission from the Institutional Ethics Committee, allopathic resident doctors from clinical departments were approached personally. They were given pre-formed validated questionnaire to assess KAP toward Ayurvedic medicine use. Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive statistics. Results: Allopathic residents had little knowledge about basic concepts of Ayurveda, that is, ′panchakarma′ and ′tridosha′. Majority residents (99%) had no opportunity to learn basics of Ayurveda, but 67% residents prescribed Ayurvedic medicines to patients. However, many residents (76%) mentioned that cross practice should not be allowed due to lack of knowledge. One resident knew that cross-practice was not allowed by law. The commonly prescribed proprietary Ayurvedic medicines were Liv-52 (39%), Shatavari (13%), Cystone (12%) and common ailments for which these medicines prescribed were liver disorders (34%), arthritis (18%), cough and cold (13%), kidney stones (11%), and piles (10%). Nearly 76% residents felt incorporation of Ayurveda with modern medicine would attract more patients and at the same time most residents (92%) agreed that Ayurvedic medicines need scientific testing before use. Though 50% of the residents agreed for voluntary training in Ayurveda, 80% denied compulsory training. Nearly 63% residents recommended Ayurveda among all CAMs. Most of residents heard of Ayurveda from their colleagues. Conclusions: This study reveals that allopathic resident doctors had little knowledge about Ayurveda and Ayurvedic medicine use but engaged in prescription of Ayurvedic medicines. So some interventions should be taken to increase the knowledge and awareness of allopathic resident doctors about Ayurvedic medicine use.

Osteoporosis, a disease characterized by progressive bone loss, has been the target of several studies in the past few years. It results in a much higher risk for fractures and might cause slower bone lesion healing. The aim of this work was to study the effects of Risedronate (allopathic medicine) and Calcarea phosphorica 6CH (homeopathic medicine) on the repair of bone lesions in male rats with osteoporosis induced by castration. Eighty-four three-month-old rats were used divided into four groups of twenty-one animals each. Three groups where castrated and one group was submitted to Sham surgery. One month later, cortical lesions were made in all animals' tibiae and, after one day, the different experimental treatments began according to the following groups: CR - castrated/Risedronate (1 mg/kg/day); CCp - castrated/Calcarea phosphorica 6CH (3 drops/day); CP - castrated/placebo and SP - Sham/placebo. The animals were sacrificed at seven, fourteen and twenty-eight days after the beginning of the treatments and had their tibiae removed. Digital radiographs of the tibiae were taken and analyzed in order to evaluate the optical density of the defect area. Then, they were decalcified and processed for histological and histomorphometrical analysis. The data were submitted to ANOVA, and to the Tukey and Dunnett tests (5%). The allopathic and homeopathic treatments led to different bone formation as regards remodeling and maturation aspects. Further research is necessary to access the resistance and quality of the newly formed bone.A osteoporose, doença caracterizada pela perda de massa óssea, tem sido alvo de estudos nos últimos anos. Fraturas decorrentes da osteoporose são muito comuns e podem apresentar consolidação mais lenta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do risedronato (medicamento alopático) e da Calcarea phosphorica 6CH (medicamento homeopático) no reparo de lesões ósseas em ratos com osteoporose induzida por castração. Para tanto, foram utilizados oitenta e quatro ratos, com três meses de idade, separados em quatro grupos de vinte e um animais, sendo três grupos submetidos à castração e um grupo a falsa cirurgia ("Sham"). Um mês após a cirurgia, foram realizadas lesões corticais na tíbia de todos os animais e, a partir do dia seguinte, os tratamentos experimentais foram iniciados de acordo com os seguintes grupos: CR - castrado/risedronato (1 mg/kg/dia); CCp - castrado/Calcarea phosphorica 6CH (três gotas/dia); CP - castrado/placebo e SP - "sham"/placebo. Os animais foram sacrificados aos sete, catorze e vinte e oito dias após o início do tratamento e as tíbias foram removidas. Radiografias digitais foram realizadas e avaliadas para obter a densidade óptica na área do defeito. Em seguida, foram descalcificadas e processadas para análise histológica e histomorfométrica. Os dados foram submetidos a ANOVA e aos testes de Tukey e Dunnett (5%). Os tratamentos alopático e homeopático levaram a formação óssea de aspecto diferente considerando a remodelação e maturação. Mais pesquisas são necessárias para avaliar a resistência e qualidade do osso neoformado.

Background. The use of homeopathic medicine is poorly described and the frequency of combined allopathic and homeopathic prescriptions is unknown. Objective. To analyse data on medicines, prescribers and patients for homeopathic prescriptions that are reimbursed by French national health insurance. Methods. The French national health insurance databases (SNIIRAM) were used to analyse prescriptions of reimbursed homeopathic drugs or preparations in the overall French population, during the period July 2011-June 2012. Results. A total of 6,705,420 patients received at least one reimbursement for a homeopathic preparation during the 12-month period, i.e. 10.2% of the overall population, with a predominance in females (68%) and a peak frequency observed in children aged 0-4 years (18%). About one third of patients had only one reimbursement, and one half of patients had three or more reimbursements. A total of 120,110 healthcare professionals (HCPs) prescribed at least one homeopathic drug or preparation. They represented 43.5% of the overall population of HCPs, nearly 95% of general practitioners, dermatologists and pediatricians, and 75% of midwives. Homeopathy accounted for 5% of the total number of drug units prescribed by HCPs. Allopathic medicines were coprescribed with 55% of homeopathic prescriptions. Conclusion. Many HCPs occasionally prescribe reimbursed homeopathic preparations, representing however a small percentage of reimbursements compared to allopathic medicines. About 10% of the French population, particularly young children and women, received at least one homeopathic preparation during the year. In more than one half of cases, reimbursed homeopathic preparations are prescribed in combination with allopathic medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To access knowledge and practices related to the oral health of geriatrics among the health care providers practicing in urban and rural areas. Background: Older adults have identified a number of barriers that contribute to lack of dental service use. However, barriers that clinicians encounter in providing dental treatment to older adults are not as clear-cut. Materials and Methods: 236 health professionals (of allopathy, ayurveda, and homeopathy) from urban and rural areas were assessed by means of structured questionnaire related to oral health practices and beliefs. Results: Doctors practicing in urban areas assessed dental care needs more frequently ( P = 0.038) and performed greater practices related to oral health of geriatrics ( P = 0.043) than the doctors practicing in primary health care (PHC) centers (rural) ( P = 0.038). Conclusion: Owing to the relative lack of knowledge among rural practitioners, there is a need to integrate primary health care with oral care in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, a large number of wild animals suffering from trafficking, being kept in inadequate captivity, were run down and are also victims of infectious diseases, so that the medicine of wild animals has increased in recent years. By realizing that there are few papers that performed treatments in wild animals and associating allopathy with acupuncture, there was this report that shows the association of allopathic treatment of wounds with the use of acupuncture at a toucan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current healthcare system is focused on disease management. Our current approach to treatment begins only after the diagnosis, and then attempts to treat the symptoms and prevent the progression. Despite increased global healthcare spending, there has been an increasing incidence, and severity of diseases pointing to impaired health of the populace. This progressive deterioration in general health has created an unsustainable increase in healthcare costs that has hampered the economy. Much of the rising costs in healthcare are secondary to treating the progression of preventable diseases and focus on creating new treatments. There has been an ongoing discussion of incorporating a "defense" or prevention as part of our health system. However, there are few established guidelines beyond tactical use of vaccination in known infectious diseases and screening for chronic diseases and cancers. Ayurveda has the core competency and strategy for prevention of disease. Sushruta has propounded the laws of health, which are unknown to the current healthcare system. This article describes these laws and strategic combination of Ayurveda (defense) and modern medicine (offense) to create a complete healthcare system. This system is called Symbiohealth and is potentially more effective, less expensive, less toxic and creates a healthier society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Ayurveda is most commonly practiced form of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in India. There are very few studies showing the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of allopathic doctors about Ayurvedic drugs and its use. Aims: The study was initiated to assess KAP toward Ayurvedic medicine use among allopathic resident doctors. Settings and Design: Cross-sectional and prospective study. Materials and Methods: After obtaining permission from the Institutional Ethics Committee, allopathic resident doctors from clinical departments were approached personally. They were given pre-formed validated questionnaire to assess KAP toward Ayurvedic medicine use. Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive statistics. Results: Allopathic residents had little knowledge about basic concepts of Ayurveda, that is, 'panchakarma' and 'tridosha'. Majority residents (99%) had no opportunity to learn basics of Ayurveda, but 67% residents prescribed Ayurvedic medicines to patients. However, many residents (76%) mentioned that cross practice should not be allowed due to lack of knowledge. One resident knew that cross-practice was not allowed by law. The commonly prescribed proprietary Ayurvedic medicines were Liv-52 (39%), Shatavari (13%), Cystone (12%) and common ailments for which these medicines prescribed were liver disorders (34%), arthritis (18%), cough and cold (13%), kidney stones (11%), and piles (10%). Nearly 76% residents felt incorporation of Ayurveda with modern medicine would attract more patients and at the same time most residents (92%) agreed that Ayurvedic medicines need scientific testing before use. Though 50% of the residents agreed for voluntary training in Ayurveda, 80% denied compulsory training. Nearly 63% residents recommended Ayurveda among all CAMs. Most of residents heard of Ayurveda from their colleagues. Conclusions: This study reveals that allopathic resident doctors had little knowledge about Ayurveda and Ayurvedic medicine use but engaged in prescription of Ayurvedic medicines. So some interventions should be taken to increase the knowledge and awareness of allopathic resident doctors about Ayurvedic medicine use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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As far back as recorded history goes, indigenous peoples have practiced holistic systems of medicine. Their complex and sophisticated systems of medicine were effective health promotion, disease prevention, treatment, and palliative care. Indigenous systems of medicine reflected cosmologies that were deeply rooted in interconnectedness between: Earth and all inhabitants; mind, body, spirit; all life forms in the universe. Indigenous systems of medicine are the world's oldest surviving medical traditions. Another old system of medicine, homeopathy, is practiced in the modern day and was brought here as part of the settler wave of migration. Homeopathic concepts share a great deal with indigenous cosmologies and medical world views. For example, the notion that spirit or energy is responsible for creating health is common to both; homeopaths call this "vital force" and various words exist in the myriad languages of the original stewards of this land. Both of these systems of medicine have helped to keep communities healthy throughout history, but, like all systems of medicine, they also have their problems. Historically, Europeans had two major impacts on indigenous systems of medicine. First, genocide of indigenous peoples - using techniques such as warfare, the introduction of alcohol, residential schools, spreading diseases - causing the death of millions of people and the destruction of their systems of health care (although some survived) and second, the introduction of holistic systems of health care. Allopathic medicine, while it is well entrenched in North America, has only held this influential position for approximately one century. Dispelling myths that allopathic dominance was gained exclusively through evidence based health outcomes using scientific diagnostic and treatment protocols, this paper demonstrates that two systems of healthcare were overturned in North America, using primarily financial, military, and political tools. In analyzing these social forces, this paper is in no way a wholesale critique of allopathy. Indeed, allopathy has tremendous value in improving population health, particularly in acute and emergency care. Holistic systems of medicine were ascendant in the past and their decline was less about "the progress of science" and more about power and politics. Despite this decline, holistic health is re-emerging. Medical pluralism is experiencing a renaissance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to investigate the yield, quality, and metabolomic responses of four different vegetable crops to treatments with pure juglone standard and walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaf extract at soil concentrations found in walnut orchards. A total of 60 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified, some for the first time in these crop vegetables. Beta vulgaris L. and Lactuca sativa L. were less susceptible to juglone. For crop quality, B. vulgaris showed the least effects of the different treatments. Both Brassica rapa L. var. japonica and Valerianella locusta Laterr. showed lower yields, even at the lower juglone concentration, and reduced quality, so their cultivation in juglone-containing soils should be avoided. This study also investigated leaf quality at different ages and the quality and yield of these crop vegetables grown under the influence of allelochemicals, to determine the influence of allelochemicals on metabolomics and, thus, on the uptake of phenolic compounds considered to be beneficial to human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both Andreas Libavius and Heinrich Khunrath graduated from Basel Medical Academy in 1588, though the theses they defended reveal antithetical approaches to medicine, despite their shared interests in iatrochemistry and transmutational alchemy. Libavius argued in favour of Galenic allopathy while Khunrath promoted the contrasting homeopathic approach of Paracelsus and the utility of the occult doctrine of Signatures for medical purposes. This article considers these differences in the two graduates' theses, both as intimations of their subsequent divergent notions of the boundaries of alchemy and its relations with medicine and magic, and also as evidence of the surprisingly unstable academic status of Paracelsian philosophy in Basel, its main publishing centre, at the end of the sixteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new EU-regulations on organic farming (1804/1999) are also influencing the animal welfare. A lot of positive regulations is to find, but also regulations that seen to mind more about the general public and customer and their view on organic farming, than the health and welfare of the animals. The paper specially focus on the impact of the regulations and the recommendations that phytotherapeutic essences and homeopathic products take precedence over the so called chemically-synthesised allopatic veterinary medical products, and that the use of the same is prohibited for preventive treatments. Key questions here are the lack of scientific evidence concerning homeopathy in animals, and that Swedish veterinarians are not allowed to work with homeopathy. Differences in interpretation of the regulations between animal owners and veterinarians will also be discussed. What is a disease that needs treatment? Who is to decide about the treatment? Parasitic infections are discussed as an illustrative example. Other consequences of the regulations concerning the animal welfare are problems in certain geographical zones, for instance subarctic areas where necessary crops are impossible to grow. Animal transports and splitting mother-offspring are briefly discussed as future problems to be handled in the regulations, and the paper ends by presenting the need of regulated herd health control programs in organic husbandry, which can detect and focus on welfare and production problems. The organic movement is not static, and must not be so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background ZW25, a novel IgG1 bispecific antibody, targets HER2 domains ECD2 and ECD4, resulting in multiple differentiated and unique mechanisms of action, including improved receptor internalization and downregulation relative to trastuzumab. Safety, anti-tumor activity, and biomarker data from an ongoing phase 1 trial of ZW25 monotherapy in solid tumors other than breast cancer, are presented here. Methods Eligible patients with HER2 IHC 3+, IHC 2+/FISH+, or IHC 2+/FISH- tumors confirmed by central review of fresh or archival biopsies, who had progressed on all standard therapies, were enrolled. Patients were treated with single agent ZW25 at 10 mg/kg QW or 20 mg/kg Q2W Assessments included tumor evaluations (RECIST 1.1 Q8W), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), and standard safety evaluations. Results A total of 43 patients were treated, including 17 patients with gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEA), 6 with biliary cancers, 10 with colorectal cancer, and 10 other cancers. The median number of prior therapies was 3 (range 1-6) for all patients. For GEA and non-GEA patients, 88% and 35% respectively received at least one prior HER2 therapy. The most common treatment-related adverse events (all Grade 1 or 2) were diarrhea (49%) and infusion related reaction (34%). The objective response rate (all partial response (PR)) for response evaluable patients was 41% (14/34), stable disease (SD) in 38% (13/34), and progressive disease in 21% (7/34). The majority of patients (74%; 25/34) experienced a decrease in the sum of diameters for their target lesions. Compared to FISH, the positive predictive value of HER2 amplification in pre-dose C1D1 ctDNA was 90% (95% CI 79-96%), negative predictive value 45% (25-67%), and diagnostic accuracy 79% (63-90%). Disease control (PR or SD) > 5 months was associated with lower level of copy number adjusted mutational variant allele frequency in pre-treatment ctDNA (Mann Whitney p = 0.0085). Conclusions ZW25 has been well tolerated with promising single agent activity in heavily pre-treated patients. These data support further clinical development of this bispecific antibody in HER2-expressing solid tumors. Clinical trial identification Identifier: NCT02892123. Legal entity responsible for the study Zymeworks Inc. Funding Zymeworks Inc. Disclosure D-Y. Oh: Advisory / Consultancy: AstraZeneca; Advisory / Consultancy: Novartis; Advisory / Consultancy: Genentech/Roche; Advisory / Consultancy: Merck Serono; Advisory / Consultancy: Bayer; Advisory / Consultancy: Taiho; Advisory / Consultancy: ASLAN; Advisory / Consultancy: Halozyme; Advisory / Consultancy: Zymeworks; Research grant / Funding (self): AstraZeneca; Research grant / Funding (self): Novartis; Research grant / Funding (self): Array; Research grant / Funding (self): Eli Lilly; Research grant / Funding (self): Green Cross. E. Hamilton: Speaker Bureau / Expert testimony: Genentech/Roche; Advisory / Consultancy: Flatiron Health; Advisory / Consultancy: Pfizer; Advisory / Consultancy: Casadian Therapeutics; Research grant / Funding (self): Zymewors; Research grant / Funding (self): Pfizer; Research grant / Funding (self): Casadian Therapeutics; Research grant / Funding (self): Hutchinson. M. Beeram: Speaker Bureau / Expert testimony: Genentech. K-W. Lee: Honoraria (self): BMS; Honoraria (self): Eli Lilly; Research grant / Funding (self): ALX Oncology; Research grant / Funding (self): Array BioPharma; Research grant / Funding (self): ASLAN Pharma; Research grant / Funding (self): AstraZeneca/MedImmune; Research grant / Funding (self): Five Prime; Research grant / Funding (self): Green Cross Corp; Research grant / Funding (self): LSK BioPharma; Research grant / Funding (institution): Macrogenics; Research grant / Funding (self): Merck MGaA; Research grant / Funding (self): MSD; Research grant / Funding (self): Ono Pharma; Research grant / Funding (self): Pfizer; Research grant / Funding (self): Pharmacyclics; Travel / Accommodation / Expenses: BMS. Y-K. Kang: Advisory / Consultancy: ONO; Advisory / Consultancy: BMS; Advisory / Consultancy: Daehwa; Advisory / Consultancy: LSK BioPharma; Advisory / Consultancy: AstraZeneca; Advisory / Consultancy: Macrogenics; Advisory / Consultancy: Zymeworks; Advisory / Consultancy: Blue print; Advisory / Consultancy: Merck Serono; Advisory / Consultancy: Novartis; Advisory / Consultancy: Astellas; Research grant / Funding (self): Roche; Research grant / Funding (self): Novartis. J. Chaves: Honoraria (self): PLLC. C. Vaklavas: Advisory / Consultancy: Genentech; Advisory / Consultancy: Daiichi-Sankyo; Research grant / Funding (self): Genentech; Research grant / Funding (self): Roche; Research grant / Funding (self): Pfizer; Research grant / Funding (self): Incyte; Research grant / Funding (self): Novartis; Research grant / Funding (self): Pharmacyclics; Research grant / Funding (self): Tracon; Research grant / Funding (self): Innocrin; Research grant / Funding (self): Zymeworks; Research grant / Funding (self): H3 Biomedicine. E. Elimova: Advisory / Consultancy: BMS; Honoraria (self): Zymeworks; Spouse / Financial dependant, Spouse: Merck employee in vaccine global division: Merck. C. Ferrario: Honoraria (self): Pfizer; Honoraria (self): Bayer; Honoraria (self): Novartis; Honoraria (self): AstraZeneca; Honoraria (self): Merck; Honoraria (self): Astellas; Advisory / Consultancy: Genomic health; Advisory / Consultancy: Merck; Advisory / Consultancy: AstraZeneca; Advisory / Consultancy: Bayer; Speaker Bureau / Expert testimony: Novartis; Research grant / Funding (self): Amgen; Research grant / Funding (self): Astellas; Research grant / Funding (self): AstraZeneca; Research grant / Funding (self): Bayer; Research grant / Funding (self): Casadian Therapeutics; Research grant / Funding (self): Celldex; Research grant / Funding (self): Lilly; Research grant / Funding (self): Merck; Research grant / Funding (self): Novartis. A. Fortenberry: Shareholder / Stockholder / Stock options, Full / Part-time employment: Zymeworks. G. Rowse: Shareholder / Stockholder / Stock options, Full / Part-time employment: Zymeworks. T. Gray: Shareholder / Stockholder / Stock options, Full / Part-time employment: Zymeworks. R. Lai: Shareholder / Stockholder / Stock options, Full / Part-time employment: Zymeworks. F. Meric Bernstam: Research grant / Funding (self): Novartis; Research grant / Funding (self): AstraZeneca; Research grant / Funding (self): Calithera; Research grant / Funding (self): Aileron; Research grant / Funding (self): Bayer; Research grant / Funding (self): Jounce; Research grant / Funding (self): CytoMx; Research grant / Funding (self): eFFECTOR; Research grant / Funding (self): Zymeworks; Research grant / Funding (self): PUMA Biotech; Research grant / Funding (self): Curis; Research grant / Funding (self): Millennium; Research grant / Funding (self): Daiichi Sankyo; Research grant / Funding (self): AbbVie; Research grant / Funding (self): Guardant Health; Research grant / Funding (self): Takeda, Seattle Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline; Research grant / Funding (self), Travel / Accommodation / Expenses: Taiho, Genentech, Debiopharm Group, Pfizer; Consulting: Pieris, Dialectica, Sumitomo Dainippon, Samsung Bioepis, Aduro, OrigiMed, Xencor, Jackson Laboratory, Zymeworks, Kolon Life Science, Parexel Internationa; Advisory / Consultancy: Inflection Biosciences, GRAIL, Darwin Health, Spectrum, Mersana, and Seattle Genetics. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]