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In this paper we investigate whether long run time series of income per capita are better described by a trend-stationary model with few structural changes or by unit root processes in which permanent stochastic shocks are responsible for the observed growth discontinuities. For a group of advanced and developing countries in the Maddison database, we employ a unit root test that allows for an unspecified number of breaks under the alternative hypothesis (up to some ex ante determined maximum). Monte Carlo simulations studying the finite sample properties of the test are reported and discussed. When compared with previous findings in the literature, our results show less evidence against the unit root hypothesis. We find even fewer rejections when relaxing the assumption of Gaussian shocks. Our results are broadly consistent with the implications of evolutionary macro models which posit frequent growth shifts and fat-tailed distribution of aggregate shocks.

Assessing our confidence in the choices we make is important to making adaptive decisions, and it is thus no surprise that we excel in this ability. However, standard models of decision-making, such as the drift-diffusion model (DDM), treat confidence assessment as a post hoc or parallel process that does not directly influence the choice, which depends only on accumulated evidence. Here, we pursue the alternative hypothesis that what is monitored during a decision is an evolving sense of confidence (that the to-be-selected option is the best) rather than raw evidence. Monitoring confidence has the appealing consequence that the decision threshold corresponds to a desired level of confidence for the choice, and that confidence improvements can be traded off against the resources required to secure them. We show that most previous findings on perceptual and value-based decisions traditionally interpreted from an evidence-accumulation perspective can be explained more parsimoniously from our novel confidence-driven perspective. Furthermore, we show that our novel confidence-driven DDM (cDDM) naturally generalizes to decisions involving any number of alternative options - which is notoriously not the case with traditional DDM or related models. Finally, we discuss future empirical evidence that could be useful in adjudicating between these alternatives., Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, ISSN:1531-5320, ISSN:1069-9384

Biological patterns across latitudinal gradients elucidate a number of striking natural clines from which numerous processes can be further explored. The trade‐off between reproduction and somatic maintenance and growth represents a suite of life‐history traits with variable energy allocation and potential latitudinal patterns. Specifically, male sexually dimorphic traits in female choice systems represent one such reproductive investment constrained by resource acquisition and subsequent allocation. Latitudinal variation in sexual dimorphism has been suggested although the relationship between dimorphic traits and latitude are conflicting. Here, we test alternative hypotheses regarding this pattern using two broadly distributed vertebrates exhibiting sexually dimorphic traits. We hypothesized that the exaggeration of dimorphic traits correlates with latitude, with males having exaggerated sexually dimorphic traits at either higher or lower latitudes. Results indicate that male sexually dimorphic traits are exaggerated at lower latitudes while relative gonopodium size in Poecilia latipinna was larger at higher latitudes. This pattern may be a result of lower latitude populations experiencing greater population densities and longer access to resources that could manifest in females more intensively selecting for higher quality males in lower latitudes. Experimental work should address this pattern and investigate mechanistic processes., We test the hypothesis that the exaggeration of sexually dimorphic traits correlates with latitude, with males having exaggerated sexually dimorphic traits at either higher or lower latitudes. Results indicate that male sexually dimorphic traits are exaggerated at lower latitudes. Experimental work should address this pattern and investigate mechanistic processes.

Background Misinterpretations of the p-value in null-hypothesis statistical testing are common. We aimed to determine the implications of observed p-values in critical care randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods We included three cohorts of published RCTs: Adult-RCTs reporting a mortality outcome, Pediatric-RCTs reporting a mortality outcome, and recent Consecutive-RCTs reporting p-value ≤.10 in six higher-impact journals. We recorded descriptive information from RCTs. Reverse Bayesian implications of obtained p-values were calculated, reported as percentages with inter-quartile ranges. Results Obtained p-value was ≤.005 in 11/216 (5.1%) Adult-RCTs, 2/120 (1.7%) Pediatric-RCTs, and 37/90 (41.1%) Consecutive-RCTs. An obtained p-value .05–.0051 had high False Positive Rates; in Adult-RCTs, minimum (assuming prior probability of the alternative hypothesis was 50%) and realistic (assuming prior probability of the alternative hypothesis was 10%) False Positive Rates were 16.7% [11.2, 21.8] and 64.3% [53.2, 71.4]. An obtained p-value ≤.005 had lower False Positive Rates; in Adult-RCTs the realistic False Positive Rate was 7.7% [7.7, 16.0]. The realistic probability of the alternative hypothesis for obtained p-value .05–.0051 (ie, Positive Predictive Value) was 28.0% [24.1, 34.8], 30.6% [27.7, 48.5], 29.3% [24.3, 41.0], and 32.7% [24.1, 43.5] for Adult-RCTs, Pediatric-RCTs, Consecutive-RCTs primary and secondary outcome, respectively. The maximum Positive Predictive Value for p-value category .05–.0051 was median 77.8%, 79.8%, 78.8%, and 81.4% respectively. To have maximum or realistic Positive Predictive Value >90% or >80%, RCTs needed to have obtained p-value ≤.005. The credibility of p-value .05–.0051 findings were easy to challenge, and the credibility to rule-out an effect with p-value >.05 to .10 was low. The probability that a replication study would obtain p-value ≤.05 did not approach 90% unless the obtained p-value was ≤.005. Conclusions Unless the obtained p-value was ≤.005, the False Positive Rate was high, and the Positive Predictive Value and probability of replication of “statistically significant” findings were low.

Definitive clinical trials are resource intensive, often requiring a large number of participants over several years. One approach to improving the efficiency of clinical trials is to incorporate historical information into the primary trial analysis. This approach has tremendous potential in the areas of pediatric or rare disease trials, where achieving reasonable power is difficult. In this manuscript, we introduce a novel Bayesian group-sequential trial design based on Multisource Exchangeability Models, which allows for dynamic borrowing of historical information at the interim analyses. Our approach achieves synergy between group sequential and adaptive borrowing methodology to attain improved power and reduced sample size. We explore the frequentist operating characteristics of our design through simulation and compare our method to a traditional group-sequential design. Our method achieves earlier stopping of the primary study while increasing power under the alternative hypothesis but has a potential for type I error inflation under some null scenarios. We discuss the issues of decision boundary determination, power and sample size calculations, and the issue of information accrual. We present our method for a continuous and binary outcome, as well as in a linear regression setting.

The aim of the study is find out the impact of applying different total quality management (TQM) practices on the performance of employees in the Lebanese industrial sector. The implementation of total quality management in Lebanese companies is very narrow where few companies work to apply Total Quality Management elements and concepts in its operations. Sanita is a Lebanese company that has applied the principles of total quality management relatively in all of its operations, so it has a large share of its products in the Lebanese market. In this quantitative survey designed study, 160 self-administered questionnaires were distributed for employees working at different career level (Top level management / Middle level management / Supervisor / Operator /technician / other workers) in Sanita main branch (Halat -Lebanon) and Sanita factory (Zouk Mosbeh -Lebanon). The survey concluded various questions related to the dependent variable employee performance and the independent variable related to practices of total quality management (leadership, teamwork, training and education, empowerment, communication). Using the quantitative correlation Pearson test, a strong influence emerged for the implementation of TQM principles on the performance of employees at Sanita and its factories; thus accepting the main alternative hypothesis.

We conducted a preregistered multilaboratory project ( k = 36; N = 3,531) to assess the size and robustness of ego-depletion effects using a novel replication method, termed the paradigmatic replication approach. Each laboratory implemented one of two procedures that was intended to manipulate self-control and tested performance on a subsequent measure of self-control. Confirmatory tests found a nonsignificant result ( d = 0.06). Confirmatory Bayesian meta-analyses using an informed-prior hypothesis (δ = 0.30, SD = 0.15) found that the data were 4 times more likely under the null than the alternative hypothesis. Hence, preregistered analyses did not find evidence for a depletion effect. Exploratory analyses on the full sample (i.e., ignoring exclusion criteria) found a statistically significant effect ( d = 0.08); Bayesian analyses showed that the data were about equally likely under the null and informed-prior hypotheses. Exploratory moderator tests suggested that the depletion effect was larger for participants who reported more fatigue but was not moderated by trait self-control, willpower beliefs, or action orientation.

En esta investigación titulada: “Inteligencia emocional y dirección estratégica caso: municipalidad provincial de Huancavelica, periodo 2015”, se pretende dar respuesta a la pregunta, ¿De qué manera la inteligencia emocional influye en la dirección estratégica de la Municipalidad Provincial de Huancavelica, 2015?; Asimismo, el objetivo general de la tesis es determinar de qué manera la inteligencia emocional influye en la dirección estratégica de la Municipalidad Provincial de Huancavelica, 2015. La investigación realizada es descriptivo-explicativa; Por lo cual se utilizaron el método inductivo, analítico y descriptivo. Para contrastar la hipótesis se utilizó la estadística inferencial con su distribución Chi Cuadrado, puesto que los datos obtenidos son cualitativos y no paramétricos. Si en la colecta y procesamiento de los datos se halla un < , se aceptará la hipótesis nula (Ho). Pero si en la colecta y procesamiento de los datos se halla un > , se aceptará la hipótesis alternativa (Ha), al 5% de significancia estadística. El principal hallazgo de la tesis consiste en que el Chi-cuadrado calculado es de 18,97 frente a un Chi-cuadrado 12,59 ( > ), por lo que se rechaza la hipótesis nula a favor de la hipótesis alternativa, al 5% de significancia estadística. Por lo tanto; se concluye que “La inteligencia emocional influye significativamente en la dirección estratégica de la Municipalidad Provincial de Huancavelica, 2015”.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the significance of the effect of service quality dimensions including reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, tangibles to the level of poor people's health insurance patient satisfaction in Public Health Center of Pahandut Palangkaraya City. Based on the analysis of overall service gap dimensions, the fit between the services provided by health centers in the hope of Palangkaraya Pahandut community insurence patients there is a gap / level of satisfaction (- 10:54), these scores were categorized in groups, although not yet fully meet the expectations of patients community insurence, but service provided is good enough. Based on the results of the regression analysis above we can conclude that all the variables of service quality dimensions (Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, Empathy, Tangible) jointly have a significant positive effect on patient satisfaction and Public Health Center of Pahandut Palangka raya City. These results indicate that the alternative hypothesis (Ha) can be accepted and the hypothesis zero (Ho) is rejected. While the major effect is variable Assurance (1052), Reliability (1004), Tangible (1039), Responsiveness (1714), Empathy (1029) on patient satisfaction community insurence. The next is the R ² value of (0456) showed that 45.6% of patient satisfaction variables can be explained by service quality are Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, Empathy, and the remaining 54.4% Tangible while others described the other variables that are not included in this study model . Then, based on gap analysis (a match between expectations of the performance) of each dimension, are as follows, Responsiveness variable (-0.78) score was categorized as moderate. then followed the next variable Tangible variable (-0.88), variable Reliability (-0.57), assurance variable (-0.11), Empathy and the latter variable (-0.11). Although not yet fully provided the service as expected but the district Public Health Center of Pahandut Palangka raya City good enough but should be improved.

Confidence assessment (CA) involves students stating alongside each of their answers a confidence rating (e.g. 0 low to 10 high) to express how certain they are that their answer is correct. Each student’s score is calculated as the sum of the confidence ratings on the items that they answered correctly, minus the sum of the confidence ratings on the items that they answered incorrectly; this scoring system is designed to incentivize students to give truthful confidence ratings. Previous research found that secondary-school mathematics students readily understood the negative-marking feature of a CA instrument used during one lesson, and that they were generally positive about the CA approach. This paper reports on a quasi-experimental trial of CA in four secondary-school mathematics lessons (N = 475 students) across time periods ranging from 3 weeks up to one academic year, compared to business-as-usual controls. A meta-analysis of the effect sizes across the four schools gave an aggregated Cohen’s d of –0.02 [95% CI –0.22, 0.19] and an overall Bayes Factor B01 of 8.48. This indicated substantial evidence for the null hypothesis that there was no difference between the attainment gains of the intervention group and the control group, relative to the alternative hypothesis that the gains were different. I conclude that incorporating confidence assessment into low-stakes classroom mathematics formative assessments does not appear to be detrimental to students’ attainment, and I suggest reasons why a clear positive outcome was not obtained.

The objective of the research is to know whether the aplication of Picture word inductive model improve students’ vocabulary at SMP Negeri 2 Jikumerasa. In this research, the researcher used quantitative research method with pre-Experimental design of the one group pretest and posttest. The sample of the research was 26 students learning at the seventh grade of SMP Negeri 2 Jikumerasa which consist of 7 male students and 19 female students. The data were collected by using 30 items of multiple choices test. The data obtained were analyzed by applying dependent t-test the formula. The result of the analysis show that the average score in posttest X2 = 1818 is greater than score of pretest X1 = 1449, calculation of t-test = 9.39 exceeds the t-table = 1.711 at significant level of = 0.05. Thus the alternative hypothesis (Hα) stating that the use of Picture word inductive model improve students English vocabulary is accepted and the null hypothesis (H0) stating that the Picture Word Inductive Model can not improve students‟ English vocabulary is rejected.

This research was conducted to measure whether there is a correlation between learning motivation and reading comprehension achievement. The population of this research is the first-grade students of SMAN 8 Bekasi that consists of 99 students and was divided into three classes. The total samples are 40 students taken from the entire population by simple random sampling. The method was used in this research is a survey. It means quantitative analysis by using a questionnaire to a lot of objects. In his study, the writer gave questionnaires that consist of forty questions to know their learning motivation. And then, the writer gave multiple-choice tests to know reading comprehension achievement. The result of the calculation of correlation coefficient Phi with 5% level of significant from the degree of freedom (df) = N is 3, 841 and the interpretation of the score 2 count and 2 table indicated that 2 count (32, 727) > 2 table (3,841). Based on the result above, the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected, and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted. There is a correlation between learning motivation and reading comprehension achievement among the X grade students of SMAN 8 Bekasi.

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are fundamental to the economy of all countries, representing the majority, with a considerable contribution to GDP, as well as generating jobs; for this reason, it must seek to remain in the market. The objective is to analyze the impact of training on the organizational performance of SMEs in northwestern Mexico, applying the statistical technique of structural equations model (SEM-PLS); the research was conducted to 195, considering the commercial, industrial and services, is a quantitative study, descriptive, correlational, causal, using the statistical technique of structural equations with the SMART PLS 3.3.2 software, and not experimental cross-sectional. The alternative hypothesis is accepted, since training has an effect on the organizational performance of SMEs in northwestern Mexico. It is highly significant because there is very strong evidence of the causality of the mediating variable training on the organizational performance of SMEs with 99.9% reliability. Training has the greatest effect on organizational performance because each unit that increases training will have an effect of +0.453, being the variable with the greatest cause-effect impact on organizational performance in SMEs in northwestern Mexico.

Students' interest in mathematics is different. Students who are less interested in mathematics subject matter because mathematics subject matter is difficult to understand, difficult to solve problems in problems, difficulty memorizing formulas, and difficulty counting quickly. Interests and difficulties of students in mathematics can be overcome, one of them is by learning innovations that involve the role of students more through collaboration in study groups, one of which is by applying problem based learning models and discovery learning models. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in mathematics learning outcomes in data presentation materials through Problem Based Learning and Discovery Learning models. This research was conducted in Ciluar 2 Public Elementary School, Bogor City, Class V A and V B with 62 students as research subjects. The research was conducted from April to May in the even semester. The calculation of the N-Gain of the Problem Based Learning model is 82 with high criteria and the N-Gain of the Discovery Learning model is 61 with medium criteria. So that the N-Gain in the experimental class with the Problem Based Learning model is greater than the control class with the Discovery Learning model. Then in the homogeneity test, the data is homogeneous because it is smaller than Xtable, the value of Fcount Ftable is 1.34 1.84. Furthermore, in hypothesis testing, it was found that tcount of 5.1 is greater than ttable of 2.003 indicating that H0 (zero hypothesis) is rejected and Ha (alternative hypothesis) is accepted. Based on the results of the research above, it can be stated that the Problem Based Learning and Discovery Learning models have differences in the mathematics learning outcomes of data presentation material, in other words that the Problem Based Learning model is more effective than the Discovery Learning model in mathematics lessons on data presentation material.

Ecological and evolutionary research questions are increasingly requiring the integration of research fields along with larger data sets to address fundamental local‐ and global‐scale problems. Unfortunately, these agendas are often in conflict with limited funding and a need to balance animal welfare concerns. Planned missing data design (PMDD), where data are randomly and deliberately missed during data collection, combined with missing data procedures, can be useful tools when working under greater research constraints. Here, we review how PMDD can be incorporated into existing experimental designs by discussing alternative design approaches and demonstrate with simulated data sets how missing data procedures work with incomplete data. PMDDs can provide researchers with a unique toolkit that can be applied during the experimental design stage. Planning and thinking about missing data early can (1) reduce research costs by allowing for the collection of less expensive measurement variables; (2) provide opportunities to distinguish predictions from alternative hypotheses by allowing more measurement variables to be collected; and (3) minimize distress caused by experimentation by reducing the reliance on invasive procedures or allowing data to be collected on fewer subjects (or less often on a given subject). PMDDs and missing data methods can even provide statistical benefits under certain situations by improving statistical power relative to a complete case design. The impacts of unplanned missing data, which can cause biases in parameter estimates and their uncertainty, can also be ameliorated using missing data procedures. PMDDs are still in their infancy. We discuss some of the difficulties in their implementation and provide tentative solutions. While PMDDs may not always be the best option, missing data procedures are becoming more sophisticated and more easily implemented and it is likely that PMDDs will be effective tools for a wide range of experimental designs, data types and problems in ecology and evolution.

The aim of this study was to find out whether or not study was to find out whether using the learning cell method in teaching narrative text was effective or not to improve the students’ reading comprehension achievement of the tenth-grade students of Karya Ibu Senior High School of Palembang. Thi study applied pre-experiment method. The population of this study was all of the tenth grade students of Karya Ibu Senior High School of Palembang, in the Academic Year 2020/2021 with total number 120 students and 30 students were taken as sampl. In collecting the data, a written test of narrative texts was used, and the data were analyzed by using KR-21 The result of this study showed the students’ mean score in the post-test and pre-test of the test, the matched ttest calculation showed that the value of t-obtained was 21.12. The value of t-table was 1.699. It could be concluded that the value of t-obtained (21.12) was higher than the value of t-table. Then the null hypothesis (Ho) was rejected and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted. It means that teaching narrative texts through Learning Cell method to promote the students’ reading comprehension achivement of the tenth grade students of Karya Ibu of Palembang was effective. Keywords: Teaching, Narrative Text, Learning Cell method.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la relación entre los factores socioeconómicos y la recaudación del impuesto predial de las municipalidades de una provincia en Perú y determinar el análisis de componente principal por factores socioeconómicos y recaudación del impuesto predial. La investigación fue de tipo aplicada y diseño no experimental, de alcance exploratorio correlacional. La técnica utilizada fue la encuesta y el instrumento fue el cuestionario a una muestra de 152 contribuyentes de la provincia; el muestreo fue no probabilístico por conveniencia. El resultado nos indica que existe una correlación positiva considerable de 0,751 y un nivel de significancia de 0,000. Frente a este p-valor menor que 0,05 se rechaza la hipótesis nula y se acepta la hipótesis alterna, del análisis factorial multivariado de componentes principales, variable factores socioeconómicos, componente 1, consideran que contribuyen con el desarrollo de su distrito (0.853), componente 2, consideran que se promueve iniciativas para recaudar impuestos (0.796), variable recaudación del impuesto predial, componente 1, consideran que han sido notificados por incumplimiento (0.865), componente 2, consideran que conocen las formas de pago de impuestos (0.747). Se concluye que existe una relación significativa entre los factores socioeconómicos y la recaudación del Impuesto predial en las municipalidades, es decir si el nivel socioeconómico es alto, la recaudación del Impuesto predial también mejora, además del análisis de componentes principales se determinó dos componentes por variable.

En la actualidad, el entorno de educación está sufriendo grandes desafíos; es decir, la educación en el Perú, especialmente Educación Básica Regular (EBR), presenta una serie de dificultades en la redacción de los documentos administrativo y académicos. El objetivo de estudio es establecer la relación entre el nivel de comunicación escrita, las deficiencias lingüísticas, y el logro de competencias en estudiantes ingresantes en una Universidad Pública del Cusco. El enfoque de estudio es cuantitativo y aplicativo, con un diseño transversal correlacional causal; está conformada por un total de 1406 estudiantes ingresantes a la Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, eligiendo para el estudio de 142 estudiantes a través del muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, compilando la información mediante la escala de Likert, habiendo examinado su validez y confiabilidad. Obteniendo las conclusiones fundamentales que, si existe una asociación significativa entre el nivel de comunicación escrita, las deficiencias lingüísticas, y el logro de competencias en estudiantes ingresantes en una Universidad Pública del Cusco. Así como, se observa con el contraste de la prueba de hipótesis cuyo “P-value” = 0,000 es menor que el valor de significancia 0,05. Evidencia mediante la prueba estadístico de Rho Spearman se deniega la hipótesis nula, y admitimos la hipótesis alternativa.

La investigación presentada determina como objetivo la correlación entre identidad nacional y el aula inteligente, Trujillo 2020. La investigación es de tipo no experimental, descriptiva y con diseño correlacional causal. Se aplicaron dos cuestionarios, uno de identidad nacional y otro sobre aula inteligente a una muestra de 45 estudiantes del programa de estudios de secretariado ejecutivo de la institución educativa. En los resultados se obtuvo un coeficiente de correlación rho = ,166 con un valor p = 0,011 que es menor al nivel previsto de α = 0,05, con el cual se rechaza la hipótesis nula y se acepta la hipótesis alterna. Por lo tanto, se confirma que existe relación directa y significativa entre la implementación del Aula Inteligente y el fortalecimiento de la Identidad Nacional en los estudiantes del IESTP “Trujillo” – 2020. Posteriormente, como propuesta se expuso la implementación del taller de virtual con el diseño de sesiones de aprendizaje que promuevan el reconocimiento de nuestro pasado histórico y su legado cultural.

Relationship of Parenting Patterns With Entrepreneured Characters Graduations In Indonesia. There has been an increase in the number of educated unemployed who come from college graduates (diploma & bachelor degree), making the government encourage graduates to become entrepreneurs with various facilities and policies. However, not everyone has the will and ability to be entrepreneurial. The creation of entrepreneurship is not only influenced by environmental support, personal characteristics today are considered a significant variable influencing the creation of entrepreneurship. It is known that positive parenting that provides proper autonomy to children is related to the independent, courageous, and creative character that characterizes entrepreneurship. This study aims to determine whether the (authoritative) parenting style is positively related to the entrepreneurial character of Indonesian university graduates. This study is a non-experimental correlational quantitative survey method using entrepreneurial character measurement using the Entrepreneurial Scale (SK-WIRA) and Parenting Patterns using the Parenting Authoritative Questionnaire (PAQ) . It was found that there was no significant negative relationship between authoritarian parenting and the entrepreneurial character of college graduates (p> 0.05). The null hypothesis is accepted and the alternative hypothesis is rejected.

In the paper, we deal with the comparison of the evaluation of students' language skills in two environments, on-site and online. Testing took place through the moodle platform, where we used e-test, during the first and second waves of the pandemic. The main aim of the research was to find out what impact the environment in which the testing takes place has on the test results, i.e. in which environment students achieved better results. Printed tests were used for on-site testing. The on-site testing took place in the academic years 2018/2019 (summer term) and 2019/2020 (winter term). The online testing took place in the academic years 2019/2020 (summer term) and 2020/2021 (winter term). We compared the results of the testing, which took place in person at the university, with the results that the students achieved during the online testing. In the research of testing, we used the method of quantitative analysis and descriptive statistics, which allow us to better understand the correlation between the results obtained in on-site and online testing. Based on the data analysis, we confirmed the alternative hypothesis H1: Students who took part in on-site testing achieve better results than students who took part in online testing. Testing results show that students achieve better results in on-site testing than in online testing.

The present research work entitled: "Distributed Leadership and Conflict Management in Secondary Level Teachers: Network 04 - UGEL 01", was carried out with the objective of determining the relationship that exists between the variables: Distributed Leadership and Conflict Management in The teachers of the Secondary Level: Network 04 - UGEL 01, the study arises within the framework of school management commitments and the improvement of teaching performance. It is a correlational descriptive type of research because it establishes a direct relationship between the variables: Distributed Leadership and Conflict Management. The population was constituted by 122 teachers of Secondary Level comprising the educational institutions of Network 4, in this sense the study was census where all the research units are considered as sample to those who were administered two instruments that were validated by trial of experts and determined with high reliability: distributed leadership questionnaire - LDAG (cronbach alpha = 0.836) and the conflict management questionnaire - GCAG (cronbach alpha = 0.901). It was concluded that there is a direct and significant relationship between the distributed Leadership and the management of conflicts of the teachers of the educational institutions of the Network 04 of the UGEL 01 in the year 2017, with a Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.606 and a value p = 0,000 lower than the 0.05 level, the alternative hypothesis is accepted and the null hypothesis is rejected, confirming the relationship between the variables analyzed in this research paper.

The objective of this research was to know there was influence effect between extensive reading on the vocabulary mastery at the seventh-grade students of junior high school of MTs Hasyim Asy’ari Sukodono. The subject of this research is 7.1 and 7.2 students from the seventh grade. The method used in this research quasi-experimental. In collecting the data, the researcher used four steps that was analyzed. The first step was pre-test to the both experimental and control group. The second step was giving treatment in terms of extensive reading process to the experiment group. The next step was giving post-test to the both control and experimental group. Then, the fourth step was to know whether the opinion of the students about extensive reading for the vocabulary mastery using questionnaire. In analyzing the data, the researcher analyzed them by using statistical analysis in SPSS 16.0 by comparing the result of pre-test and post-test from the students. The result of data from this research was counted to know whether the experiment was successes or not. The result of this research shows that there is an effect between extensive reading on the vocabulary mastery. Based on the study presented that sig. 2 tailed (p) was 0.003 though alpha (α) was 0.05. It means p < α. It can be concluded that the HO (Null Hypothesis) was rejected and Ha (Alternative Hypothesis) was accepted. It proved that extensive reading is effective in improving students’ vocabulary mastery.

Lack of vocabulary became a problem on student reading comprehension. This condition brings the writers to solve student’s problem by applying of vocabulary self-collection strategy. Several researchers conducted the effect of vocabulary self-collection in teaching language learning. The results showed that this strategy is effective to help students in language learning. Therefore, writers intrigued to apply this strategy. Vocabulary self-collection strategy is an interactive-learning instructional strategy that shows the word consciousness To implement this strategy, the writers used Classroom Action Research. It took four steps proposed by Kemmis and Taggart, Planning, action, observation and reflection. This research took 36 students in Mas Al Ulum Medan. Based on the two cycles, it can be proved that the mean score is higher in the second cycle. The mean score of first cycle was 65,7 %. Furthermore, it was categorized as the criteria of not success in test reading. If we compare to the diagnose test before, it seem the significant differences among of them. Moreover, the use of vocabulary self-collection strategy is not only increase student reading comprehension but also student’s curiosity and interesting in reading of English text. It can be seen from the observation had been done by the researcher and collaborator during the application of this strategy. They looked more active than before. The student enjoyed this strategy because it can help them in reading and memorizing of the word. Therefore, the application of this vocabulary self-collection can be recommended to improve students in reading skill. Furthermore, the result also suggest to teachers, lecturers or other educators to attempt this strategy in supporting of language learning. Because of this strategy is usable to improve student ability in English skill and student’s interest in learning English.

The aim of this study is to find out whether or not the use of vlog will enhance the vocabulary of the students. This study used pre-experimental studies consisting of pre-test, treatment, and post-test. The participants in the study were 25 students of the second grade students of Universitas Muhammadiyah Bulukumba. Based on the findings of the study, there is a substantial difference between the mean pre-test score and the mean post-test score, from a very bad classification to a decent classification. In addition, the t-test value of this analysis (16,12) is greater than the t-table value (3,745) with a degree of significance of 0,05. It means that it supports the alternative hypothesis.

This study aims to determine the effect of the fun thinkers' book media on understanding the science concept of class V MIN 3 Lombok students in the middle of the 2020/2021 school year. This research is a quantitative research method with Quasi-Experimental Design type Nonequivalen Control Group Design. The population in this study were all students in class V while the sample was class VB as the experimental class and class VA as the control class. The instrument used was a test to measure conceptual understanding and observation to determine the feasibility of learning using the fun thinkers' book media. The post-test average score of the experimental class students was 73.15, the control class was 63.96. Post-test learning outcomes data were analyzed using non-parametric tests, the results obtained were Sig.2-tailed value

This study aimed to consider whether there was a significant difference in speaking skill between students who were taught using the Mingle game and those who were not.This research was conducted using a quasi-experimental design. The sample consisted of two groups: X MIPA 2 (experimental group) and X MIPA 3 (control group), which were chosen using a purposive sampling process. The data was collected using an oral test.The t-test was used to evaluate the results. The outcome of the independent sample t-test indicated that tobtained (3.96) was higher than the critical value of ttable (1.99), indicating that the null hypothesis (Ho) was rejected and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) accepted. It was determined that there was a significant difference in speaking ability between students who were taught using the Mingle game and those who were not.

Writing is regarded as a challenging subject in school. At the same time, it was a critical skill for students to master because it is so important in this age of globalization. This study aimed to find out whether or not the Flower Writing Strategy was effective to be used in teaching writing descriptive text. The quasi-experimental method was used in this study. The sample of the study was 68 students taken by using the purposive sampling technique. The data was gained by using a written test. The data were analyzed by using a t-test. Based on the result of the independent sample t-test, it was found that t-obtained (3.439) was higher than ttable (1.9955) and pvalue (0.001) was less than άvalue (0.05). It meant that the null hypothesis (Ho) was rejected and alternative hypothesis (Ha) were accepted. Hence, Flower Writing Strategy was effective to be used in teaching descriptive text.

— The purpose of this study was to explain the effect of clustering technique toward students’ writing skill of narrative text. This study used a quasi-experimental design with post-test only control group design. The population of this study was all students of tenth graders at SMA Tulus Bhakti Bekasi, with the amount of the students were 132 students. The samples of this research were taken by cluster random sampling consisting of 60 students. The students were divided into two classes, 30 experimental class (X IPS 1) and 30 other students in the control class (X IPS 2). The instrument used to collect data was learning achievement test in form of subjective test. The statistic method used to analyze the data was One-Way ANOVA using SPSS through the testing of Null Hypothesis. The result of ANOVA showed that value of sig (significance) is lower than 0.05 (0.0004.01). Accordingly, the Null Hypothesis (Ho), stating that there is no effect of clustering technique on grade ten students’ writing skill of narrative text at SMA Tulus Bhakti, was rejected and the Alternative Hypothesis (Ha), stating that there is significant effect of clustering technique on grade ten students’ writing skill of narrative text at SMA Tulus Bhakti, was accepted. Based on the analysis of the data, the research has empirically proved that there is an effect of clustering technique has an effect on grade ten students’ writing skill of narrative text at SMA Tulus Bhakti Bekasi. Keywords— clustering techniques; quasi-experimental method; writing skill

The aim of this research is to describe the implementation of Wholesome Scattering Game in improving students’ writing skills on descriptive text and to find out whether there is a significant difference between students who were taught by using Wholesome Scattering Game and the students who were not. This research used quantitative approach focusing on experimental research which was conducted at SMAN 2 Sungaiselan in academic year 2019/2020. The researcher used purposive sampling technique and two classes were taken as samples, with 69 students (35 students for the control group and 34 students for the experimental). The result of the test was analyzed by using statistical analysis of Paired sample t-test and Independent sample t-test. The finding showed that the students who were taught by using Wholesome Scattering Game got higher score than those who were taught by using non-Wholesome Scattering Game. It means that the alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted, while the null hypothesis (Ho) was rejected. It could be concluded that there was a significant difference between students who were taught by using Wholesome Scattering Game and the students who were taught without using Wholesome Scattering Game.

The objectives of this study were: (1) to describe the implementation of STAR (Select, Teach, Activate and Revisit) strategy of the eighth grade students of MTs N 1 Bangka, and (2) to find out whether there was any significant difference in vocabulary mastery between the students who were taught by using STAR strategy and the students who were taught without STAR strategy. This study was focused on vocabulary mastery. The total number of sample was 64 students. In this study, the researcher used experimental research method with a quasi-experimental design. The result showed that the students’ vocabulary mastery significantly increased. It could be seen from the pre-test and post-test mean score. Furthermore, the result of independent sample t-test of students’ post-test between experimental group and control group showed that the t-obtained was higher than t-table (2.547 > 2.00) and the p-output was lower than computation with level significant 0.05 (0.014 < 0.05). It means that the alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted and the null hypothesis (Ho) was rejected. It could be concluded that STAR strategy was effective to increase students’ vocabulary mastery.

Over the changing times, human activity has grown, now the propaganda that is valued between men and women results in more women having an outside flurry to get continued. Enables them to buy something fast, including when it comes to serving food. One that was raised by the food industry plays is by presenting frozen food (Frozen Food). The purpose of this research is to study how the marketing strategies carried out by the "Family Mantab" in increasing business and increasing BRAND AWARENESS in the community in East Jakarta. The research method used in this research is descriptive method by collecting data through interviews, observations and distribution of online questionnaires for frozen mantab kebab buyers in East Jakarta. This is evidenced in the t test the marketing strategy has a significant level of 0,000 and a calculated t value of 5,650> t table of 0.05. This means rejected so that it can be announced that the marketing strategy is significant to BRAND AWARENESS, this is evidenced that t table> t arithmetic (5,650> 0.05) and t arithmetic values> t table (8.239> 0.05). Pearson relation coefficient of product moment marketing strategy of .446** it means that the correlation or positive realtionship between variable marketing strategy and brand awareness is 0,466 or in the coefficient interval between 0,40-0,599 means the level of relationship between the variable marketing strategy and brand awareness is being. Thus it can be concluded that the alternative hypothesis (Hα) which reads "Is a Marketing Strategy on BRAND AWARENESS".

There were three main reasons for choosing the topic for this empirical research. The first reason was that the world faced a global threat of the COVID-19 pandemic. The second one was that the new university offering the relative share of e-learning equals 100% must meet students' needs as educational services buyers. The third reason was that the sudden transition to 100% of e-learning could affect the mental and physical health of students. The goal of this empirical research was to study whether public decisions on student health care during the COVID-19 pandemic era in Ukraine meet students' needs. The authors have used powerful research methodologies such as literature review, analysis of public decisions on student health care during the COVID-19 pandemic era in Ukraine, experiment planning, questionnaire survey, primary processing and grouping of the results and verification of statistical hypotheses. The study surveyed 142 respondents in seven groups. The authors put forward the key hypothesis: public decisions on student health care during the COVID-19 pandemic era in Ukraine meet student needs in e-learning. This empirical study gives us six new scientific results. Mainly, the comparison of public decisions on student health care during the COVID-19 pandemic era and student needs in e-learning shows that the difference is statistically significant. The alternative hypothesis was accepted: student needs in e-learning are not equal to 100% if random deviations will not be taken into account. This main scientific result is highly statistically significant (0,01). Additionally, the new scientific result is that the theory of learning should be adjusted taking into account that the share of e-learning equals 100%. Implementation of these and the rest of the new scientific results will improve public decisions on student health care in Ukraine during the COVID-19 pandemic. One of the tasks for the next exploration is to study how the sudden transition to 100% of e-learning affected mental and physical student health.

This research, entitled “Correlation Between Vocabulary Mastery and Fluency in Speaking” was carried out to the fifth semester students of English Education Study Program. The population of this research is fifth semester students of English Education Study Program of Teacher Training and Education Faculty at Tanjungpura University with the sample size of 30. The result of data analysis revealed the correlational between both variable from the samples is showing the correlational coefficient (r) value of 0.19. This value showed vocabulary mastery has low correlation with fluency in speaking. The contribution of vocabulary mastery to fluency in speaking is 3.6% which is almost non-existent. The hypothesis was tested by comparing the r value with r table, with the degree of freedom (df = n-2) of 28 and 1% level of significance. The r value (0.19) is lower than r table (0.463). It means, the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is rejected and null hypothesis (Ho) is accepted. With this research done, students should improve their speaking ability and remember more vocabularies to become a more and better speaker. The writer hopes this research may be beneficial to the readers and might resulting in newer research with different aspect and better concepts.

This research aims to determine how the implementation and the effect of scientific integration in learning toward the formation of students' morals. The method used in this research was descriptive using a quantitative approach, for data collection was obtained from questionnaires, interviews, and documentation studies. Meanwhile, the data analysis used the percentage technique for descriptive data and linear regression technique for quantitative data. The results obtained in this study explain that the application of scientific integration is included in the very good category with the acquisition of a percentage of 84%. Second, students' moral formation is in the very good category with a percentage gain of 80.5%. Third, the result of a linear regression calculation shows that the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted and hypothesis Null (H0) is rejected. Science integration contributes 20.1% to the moral formation of students.

Este estudio científico es básico, correlacional, no experimental. Factores de estudio: las estrategias de aprendizaje del área de Comunicación en la comprensión lectora de los en estudiantes de primer grado de secundaria de la Institución educativa N°3069 “Generalísimo José de San Martin” – Ancón - Lima 2020. Los instrumentos cumplen con las cualidades de validez y confiabilidad. El estudio plantea la siguiente hipótesis de investigación: Existe diferencia entre el grupo de control y el grupo experimental en el post test, al aplicar las estrategias de aprendizaje del área de Comunicación en la comprensión lectora de los en estudiantes de primer grado de secundaria de la Institución educativa N°3069 “Generalísimo José de San Martin” – Ancón - Lima 2020. Los resultados obtenidos, mediante técnicas estadísticas descriptivas e inferenciales permiten rechazar la hipótesis nula y aceptar la hipótesis alterna aceptándose que las estrategias de aprendizaje del área de Comunicación mejoran en la comprensión lectora de los en estudiantes de primer grado de secundaria de la Institución educativa N°3069 “Generalísimo José de San Martin” – Ancón - Lima 2020 al obtenerse que el p de valor =0,000 < 0,05.

The purpose of this research is to assess the impact of women leaders in human resource management. Women leaders with intellectual potential were selected as focus of the research and accordingly women leadership characteristics as independent variable and HRM processes as dependent variable were chosen. This topic is relevance because of women leaders have characteristics which able to manage successfully of human resource processes. The design of this research is qualitative, its type is explanatory research, and research method is questionnaire method. The research consists of null and alternative hypotheses. The data of this research are nominal and ordinal, and therefore non-parametric test was applied by researchers for preparing of the results section in this paper. According to this the following tests were chosen for analyzing data: descriptive statistics, Cronbach’s alpha, and Spearman correlation. The main finding is that the characteristics of women leaders that is responsibility, self-confidence, strategic thinking, and empathy impact on human resources management

Friedman's test is a rank-based procedure that can be used to test for differences among t treatment distributions in a randomized complete block design. It is well-known that the test has reasonably good power under locationshift alternatives to the null hypothesis of no difference in the t treatment distributions. However the power of Friedman's test when the alternative hypothesis consists of a non-location difference in treatment distributions can be poor. We develop the properties of an alternative rank-based test that has greater power than Friedman's test in a variety of such circumstances. The test is based on the joint distribution of the possible permutations of the treatment ranks within a block (assuming no ties). We show when our proposed test will have greater power than Friedman's test, and provide results from extensive numerical work comparing the power of the two tests under various configurations for the underlying treatment distributions.

Research hypotheses have been a cornerstone of science since before Galileo. Many have argued that hypotheses (1) encourage discovery of mechanisms, and (2) reduce bias—both features that should increase transferability and reproducibility. However, we are entering a new era of big data and highly predictive models where some argue the hypothesis is outmoded. We hypothesized that hypothesis use has declined in ecology and evolution since the 1990s, given the substantial advancement of tools further facilitating descriptive, correlative research. Alternatively, hypothesis use may have become more frequent due to the strong recommendation by some journals and funding agencies that submissions have hypothesis statements. Using a detailed literature analysis (N = 268 articles), we found prevalence of hypotheses in eco–evo research is very low (6.7%–26%) and static from 1990–2015, a pattern mirrored in an extensive literature search (N = 302,558 articles). Our literature review also indicates that neither grant success nor citation rates were related to the inclusion of hypotheses, which may provide disincentive for hypothesis formulation. Here, we review common justifications for avoiding hypotheses and present new arguments based on benefits to the individual researcher. We argue that stating multiple alternative hypotheses increases research clarity and precision, and is more likely to address the mechanisms for observed patterns in nature. Although hypotheses are not always necessary, we expect their continued and increased use will help our fields move toward greater understanding, reproducibility, prediction, and effective conservation of nature., We use a quantitative literature review to show that use of a priori hypotheses is still rare in the fields of ecology and evolution. We provide suggestions about the group and individual‐level benefits of hypothesis use.

Summary The classical integrated conditional moment test is a promising method for model checking and its basic idea has been applied to develop several variants. However, in diverging-dimension scenarios, the integrated conditional moment test may break down and has completely different limiting properties from the fixed-dimension case. Furthermore, the related wild bootstrap approximation can also be invalid. To extend this classical test to diverging dimension settings, we propose a projected adaptive-to-model version of the integrated conditional moment test. We study the asymptotic properties of the new test under both the null and alternative hypotheses to examine if it maintains significance level, and its sensitivity to the global and local alternatives that are distinct from the null at the rate $n^{-1/2}$. The corresponding wild bootstrap approximation can still work for the new test in diverging-dimension scenarios. We also derive the consistency and asymptotically linear representation of the least squares estimator when the parameter diverges at the fastest possible known rate in the literature. Numerical studies show that the new test can greatly enhance the performance of the integrated conditional moment test in high-dimensional cases. We also apply the test to a real dataset for illustration.

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo general determinar cuál es la relación entre la vulneración del derecho de bonificación y su tratamiento en el proceso contencioso administrativo por preparación de clases de los docentes de la UGEL – San Martín, 2018. La investigación es mixta, con diseño no experimental de índole descriptivo correlacional de corte transversal. La muestra estudiada es de 132 procesos contenciosos administrativos, que tienen como pretensiones el reconocimiento del 30% de sus remuneraciones por preparación de clases y evaluación, de los resultados obtenidos se aceptó la hipótesis alterna que establece que existe una relación significativa entre las variables estudiadas; por lo que se concluyó que se vulneró sistemáticamente el derecho solicitadoen el año 2018 en un 99.25%, puesto que, la Sala Civil Descentralizada de Tarapoto revocaron las sentencias de primera instancia y consecuentemente la declararon improcedentes las demandas contenciosas administrativas.

This paper introduces a simple and easy to implement procedure to test for changes in persistence. The time‐varying parameter that characterizes persistence changes under the alternative hypothesis is approximated by a parsimonious cosine function. The new test is the minimum of a t‐statistic computed from a test regression that considers a set of reasonable values for a frequency term that is used to evaluate the time‐varying properties of persistence. The asymptotic distributions of the new tests are derived and critical values are provided. An in‐depth Monte Carlo analysis shows that the new procedure has important power gains when compared to the local Generalized Least Squares (GLS) de‐trended Dickey–Fuller type tests under various data generating processes with persistence changes. Moreover, an empirical application to OECD countries’ inflation shows that for most series analysed persistence was high in the first half of the sample and subsequently decreased. These results conform with modern macroeconomic theories that point to changes in inflation dynamics in the early 1980s and also with recent empirical evidence against the I(1)−I(0) dichotomy.

One of the first things one learns in a basic psychology or statistics course is that you cannot prove the null hypothesis that there is no difference between two conditions such as a patient group and a normal control group. This remains true. However now, thanks to ongoing progress by a special group of devoted methodologists, even when the result of an inferential test is p > .05, it is now possible to rigorously and quantitatively conclude that (a) the null hypothesis is actually unlikely, and (b) that the alternative hypothesis of an actual difference between treatment and control is more probable than the null. Alternatively, it is also possible to conclude quantitatively that the null hypothesis is much more likely than the alternative. Without Bayesian statistics, we couldn’t say anything if a simple inferential analysis like a t-test yielded p > .05. The present, mostly non-quantitative article describes free resources and illustrative procedures for doing Bayesian analysis, with t-test and ANOVA examples.

Employee retention could be a crucial issue within the pharmaceutical industry of Pakistan. As of now workplace and workers both are influenced at the same time with this genuine issue. Therefore there is a need of research to retain the assets of the company. The main cause of the following research is to demonstrate the factors which influence the employee retention. The variables we are using are job satisfaction, salary & rewards, career development & superior support. Sample size of the study was 250 out of 250 questionnaires was filled by 214 employees in which 89.0% were male and 11.0% were females of different pharmaceutical firms of Pakistan. In this we use quantitative research the study is based on mono method research. The collected primary data has been analysed through SPSS & Smart PLS and correlational analysis. If the result of the study is been concluded so it has been shown that all the variables have significant relationship and alternative hypothesis are accepted. As a result the uniqueness of the research study is also significant which shows that working on their talented people (employees) and to keep them satisfying is important for the productivity of organization. The study has different indication as it has given new ways to the pharmaceutical sector to retain their employees and reduce the cost of hiring by retention.

SummaryTo elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying genetic variants identified from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for a variety of phenotypic traits encompassing binary, continuous, count, and survival outcomes, we propose a novel and flexible method to test for mediation that can simultaneously accommodate multiple genetic variants and different types of outcome variables. Specifically, we employ the intersection-union test approach combined with likelihood ratio test to detect mediation effect of multiple genetic variants via some mediator (for example, the expression of a neighboring gene) on outcome. We fit high-dimensional generalized linear mixed models under the mediation framework, separately under the null and alternative hypothesis. We leverage Laplace approximation to compute the marginal likelihood of outcome and use coordinate descent algorithm to estimate corresponding parameters. Our extensive simulations demonstrate the validity of our proposed method and substantial, up to 97%, power gains over alternative methods. Applications to real data for the study of Chlamydia trachomatis infection further showcase advantages of our method. We believe our proposed method will be of value and general interest in this post-GWAS era to disentangle the potential causal mechanism from DNA to phenotype for new drug discovery and personalized medicine.