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Amanita stubbosa J.E.I. Codjia, N.S. Yorou & Zhu L. Yang Figs. 3, 4. Mycobank No:—MB 847406 Etymology: —The epithet refers to the stubby shape of the stipe base. Type:— BENIN. COLLINES PROVINCE, 08°36’21”N, 02°35’57”E, elev. 319 m, Forest Reserve of Toui-Kilibo, road between Kilibo and Toui, close to Ekpa village, 05 July 2021, Nourou S. Yorou, Holotype:—SYN5016 (UNIPAR), GenBank Acc. No.: (nrLSU= OQ608812, RPB2 = OQ605967, TEF1 -α = OQ605968). Description:— Basidiomata small to medium-sized. Pileus 40‒70 mm in diam., at first hemispherical and then becoming convex and broadly convex at maturity, white (1A1), covered by whitish (1A1) small broadly adherent squamules or erected, pyramidal, subconical patchy volval remnants that are greyish (1C2) to whitish (1A1); margin non-striate when young then slightly striate at maturity, non-appendiculate, white (1A1), unchanging. Lamellae free, crowded, white (1A1) to pale yellowish white (2A2), lamellulae truncate. Stipe 40‒80 mm long × 5‒15 mm diam., almost cylindrical, stuffed, bulbous, white (1A1), covered by white (1A1) squamules; basal bulb marginate, stubby and tapering downward, dirty white (2B3) to white (1A1), upper edge with shortly limbate, white (1A1) volval remnants. Annulus apical, slightly sinuate, persistent, broad, membranous, skirt-like, with thickened edge, white (1A1) to pale yellowish white (2A2). Context white (1A1). Odor and taste not recorded. Spore print not recorded. Lamellar trama bilateral. Mediostratum 35‒55 µm wide, composed of abundant ellipsoid to clavate inflated cells (35‒150 × 15‒35 µm) and abundant filamentous hyphae, 3‒5 µm wide; vascular hyphae scarce. Lateral stratum composed of ellipsoid to clavate inflated cells (45‒95 × 15‒35 µm), diverging at an angle of ca. 30° to 45° to the mediostratum; filamentous hyphae abundant, 3‒5 µm wide. Subhymenium 30‒50 µm thick, with 2‒3 layers of ovoid to subglobose or irregular cells, 12‒20 × 9‒15 µm. Basidia [40/1/1] (35‒) 36‒50 (‒53) × (9‒) 10‒12 (‒13) µm, clavate, 4-spored, basal septa lacking clamps. Basidiospores [70/1/1] (9‒) 10‒11 (‒11.5) × (7‒) 8‒9 µm, Q = (1.1) 1.2‒1.3 (1.4), Qm = 1.2 ± 0.05, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, smooth, colorless, weakly amyloid. Lamellar edge appearing as a sterile strip, composed of ellipsoid to elongate, inflated cells (30‒60 × 15‒20 µm), filamentous hyphae 3‒5 µm wide, irregularly arranged or running parallel to lamellar edge. Pileipellis 70‒160 µm thick, 2-layered; suprapellis, non- or slightly gelatinized, composed of thin-walled, colorless, clavate terminal cells 130‒300 × 20‒25 µm, mixed with filamentous hyphae 4–8 µm wide; subpellis composed of undifferentiated, filamentous hyphae 3–5 µm wide; vascular hyphae scarce. Volval remnants on pileus composed of longitudinally arranged elements, periclinal orientation: filamentous hyphae abundant, 3–6 µm wide, colorless, thin to slightly thick-walled, branching; inflated cells abundant, subglobose to ellipsoid, 30–60 × 25–35 µm, colorless, thin to slightly thick-walled, terminal; vascular hyphae rare. Outer part of volval limb on the stipe base composed of longitudinally arranged elements: filamentous hyphae abundant, 5–7 µm wide, colorless, thin to slightly thick-walled, branching; inflated cells abundant, subglobose to ellipsoid, 25–60 × 20–40 µm, colorless, thin to slightly thick-walled, terminal; vascular hyphae rare. Stipe trama composed of longitudinally arranged, long clavate terminal cells 170–230 × 15–30 µm; filamentous hyphae scattered to abundant, 4–8 µm wide; vascular hyphae scarce. Clamps absent in all parts of the basidioma. Habitat:—Solitary or in a small group of four to five individuals, on the ground in woodland and gallery forests, associated with Berlinia grandiflora or Isoberlinia doka (Fabaceae) and Uapaca guineensis (Phyllanthaceae). Distribution:—Currently known from Benin, and Togo. Toxicity:—Absence of toxins (α-amanitin, β-amanitin, phalloidin, and phallacidin) shown for JEIC0595 by Codjia et al. (2022) and for SYN5016 (type specimen) by results presented here. Additional specimen examined:— TOGO: KARA REGION: Bafilo, 09°20’ 59”N, 01°16’00”E, gallery forest of Bafilo, 08 July 2019, Jean Evans I. Codjia, JEIC0595 (UNIPAR)., Published as part of Cao, Xiaolei, Yao, Zhaoqun, Zhao, Sifeng, Zhang, Lu, Chen, Mei Xiu & Tian, Fang, 2023, Amanita stubbosa, a new non amatoxin nor phallotoxin-containing species within Amanita sect. Phalloideae (Amanitaceae, Agaricales), from West Africa, pp. 267-278 in Phytotaxa 592 (3) on pages 273-275, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.592.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7850523, {"references":["Codjia, J. E. I., Wang, P. M., Ryberg, M., Yorou, N. S. & Yang, Z. L. (2022) Amanita sect. Phalloideae: two interesting non-lethal species from West Africa. Mycological Progress 21: 39. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11557 - 022 - 01778 - 0"]}

Amanita sharmae A. Kumar, Mehmood, Verma K & A. Ghosh sp. nov. Figs. 2, 3 MycoBank: MB 844382 GenBank: ON679656 (nrITS, holotype), OP382962 (nrITS); ON679647 (nrLSU, holotype), OP391537 (nrLSU). Diagnosis:—Distinct from all known species of Amanita sect. Vaginatae by its dark grey to olive grey pileus at center, olive brown towards margin, inamyloid broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid basidiospores measuring (10‒14 × 7‒10 μm), presence of clamp connections, its occurrence under coniferous forest dominated by Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana and 2- gene phylogenetic inference. Etymology:—‘ sharmae ’ refers to Prof. Yash Pal Sharma to honour his valuable contributions to the macrofungal flora of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh. Typification:— INDIA. Jammu and Kashmir: Kishtwar district, Chatroo, 33°18′46″N 75°46′10″E, Elev. 2068 m, 26 th August 2021, A. Kumar, AKA-13 (CAL 1882, holotype!). Description: —Basidiomata small to medium-sized. Pileus 30–70 mm diam., initially convex, becoming convex to plano-convex, sometimes umbonate or slightly depressed at center, greyish brown (7E3) to dark brown (6F5) at center, dark grey (1F1) to olive grey (1F1–2), olive brown (4E3–4) towards margin, slightly viscid when moist, smooth, covered with greyish brown (7E3) to olive grey (1F1–2) minute fibrils, mostly lacking universal veil remnants; margin short-striate up to 10–15 mm, non-appendiculate, initially incurved, uplifted at maturity; trama white (1A1), 2–4 mm thick, thinning evenly toward margin, pale cream, not bruising or staining. Lamellae free, crowded, white (1A1); lamellar edges white (1A1); lamellulae truncate, in 4–5 tiers. Stipe 70–110 mm × 7–8 mm (excluding bulb), slightly tapering upward, chalky white (1A1) covered with minute white fibrils, context white (1A1), hollow in center; basal bulb absent; volva saccate, 30–40 mm high × 15–20 mm wide, membranous, outer surface white (1A1) to greyish white (1BI), interior white (1A1). Annulus absent. Odor and taste not observed. Lamellar trama bilateral. Mediostratum 40–60 μm wide, composed of abundant, broadly ellipsoid to elongated, inflated cells (40–90 × 18–50 μm); filamentous undifferentiated hyphae abundant, 6–10 μm wide, thin-walled colorless, hyaline. clamp connections present. Lateral stratum composed of ellipsoid to cylindrical inflated cells (25‒45 × 10‒15 μm) with abundant interwoven filamentous hyphae which are 3‒6 μm in diam., clamp connections present. Subhymenium 30–55 μm thick, with 2‒4 layers, composed of subglobose to ovoid to ellipsoid cells 10–45 × 8–25 μm. Basidia 50‒73 × 10‒15 μm, 2‒4 spored, clavate, 4-spored, thin-walled; sterigmata 2–4 μm long, basal septa often clamped. Basidiospores [60/3/3] (9.0‒)10.0‒14.0(‒16) × (6.5‒)7.0‒10.0(‒11.0) μm, Q = (1.10‒)1.2‒1.57(‒1.66), Qm = 1.37, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, inamyloid, colorless, thin-walled, smooth; apiculus 0.7 μm. Lamellar edge sterile, composed of ellipsoid cells (15–40 × 10‒30 μm), filamentous hyphae abundant, 3‒5 μm in diam., irregularly arranged, hyaline. Pileipellis 50–160 μm thick, two-layered; upper layer (30–65 μm) thick, gelatinized, composed of radially to parallelly arranged, thin-walled, colorless, filamentous undifferentiated hyphae 2–6 μm wide; lower layer (20–95 μm) thick composed of radially arranged, filamentous hyphae 5–14 μm wide, clamp connections present. Outer surface of volval remnants on stipe base composed of longitudinally arranged to interwoven elements; filamentous undifferentiated hyphae very abundant to dominant 2–8 μm wide, colorless, thin-walled 6–8 μm wide, branching, inflated cells scarce to scattered, subglobose to ellipsoid cells (60–90 × 45–60 μm), colorless, thin-walled, vascular hyphae scarce, clamp connections present. Interior of volval remnants on stipe base composed of longitudinally arranged to interwoven elements: filamentous hyphae very abundant to dominant, 2–8 μm wide, colorless, thin-walled, 6–8 μm wide, branching; inflated cells scarce to scattered, subglobose to ellipsoid cells (60–90 × 45–60 μm), colorless, thin-walled, vascular hyphae scarce, clamp connections present. Stipe trama composed of longitudinally arranged filamentous hyphae, 3‒7 μm wide, hyaline, clavate terminal cells 90‒290 × 15‒25 μm, clamp connections present. Habitat & distribution:—Solitary to sub-gregarious in temperate coniferous forest dominated by Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana. Known distribution:—Only collected from northwestern Himalaya of Jammu Province, India. Additional specimens examined:— INDIA. Jammu and Kashmir: Kathua District, Sarthal, 32°49’32.71”N, 75°43’44.12”E, Elev. 3059 m, 25 th September 2019, A. Kumar & K. Verma, AKS-22; Udhampur, Latti, Elev. 1973 m., 5 th September 2021, A. Kumar & K. Verma, AKS-37.

Zhuliangomyces terrus T. Huang & L.P. Tang, sp. nov. (Figs. 3, 5 & 6c–d). MycoBank:— MB 839039. Diagnosis:— Zhuliangomyces terrus is similar to Z. ochraceoluteus but differing in its chocolate or dark brown pileus when young, non-striate margin, mostly broadly ellipsoid basidiospores (4–5 × 3–4.5 μm, Q m = 1.24), and fruiting in soil. Holotype:— CHINA. HAINAN PROVINCE: Ledong Li Autonomous County, Jianfengling National Forest Park, solitary or scattered on soil in a tropical broad-leaved forest, 18°44’16”N, 108°50’11”E, elev. 810 m, 10 th August 2020, M. Mu 647 (MHKMU M. Mu 647 !). Etymology:—“ terrus ” refers to the fact that the species fruits on soil. Gene sequences ex-holotype:— MW732472 (ITS) and MW732413 (LSU). Description:— Basidiomata small-sized. Pileus 40 mm diam., hemispherical at first, soon becoming convex, then plano-convex or plane, often with a relatively low, broad umbo, chocolate or deep coffee or dark brown (5F7–5F8), particularly obvious when young, pale toward margin, pale brown to brown (5B5–5B6); surface smooth, strongly viscid; margin non-striate; context thin, white (1A1), unchanging. Lamellae free, up to 2 mm in width, white to cream (1A1), close to crowded, L = 150–160, l = 1–2. Stipe 60–65 × 4–5 mm, central, cylindrical, slightly attenuate upwards, light brown to brown (5B5–5B6), glabrous, viscid; context white, unchanging, soft to partially hollow in the center; stipe base subcylindrical. Annulus apical, brown (5B5–5B6), strongly viscid. Odor indistinct. Taste not recorded. Basidiospores [80/4/2] (3) 4.0–5.0 × 3.0–4.5 (5) μm, Q = 1.15–1.28, Q m = 1.24 ± 0.03 (under SEM), predominantly broadly ellipsoid, inamyloid, colorless, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth under the light microscope, but verruculose under SEM. Basidia 22–30 × 5–8 μm, clavate, 4-spored; sterigmata 3–5 μm long. Cystidia absent. Lamella trama bilateral. Mediostratum 20–50 μm wide, composed of abundant, ellipsoid to clavate inflated cells 30–100 × 10–19 μm; filamentous hyphae 2–9 μm diam., abundant; vascular hyphae rare. Lateral stratum composed of abundant, ellipsoid to clavate inflated cells 35–80 × 11–20 μm; filamentous hyphae 5–13 μm diam. Subhymenium 25–50 μm thick, with 2–3 layers of subglobose, ovoid to ellipsoid or irregular cells 10–20 × 5–15 μm. Pileipellis 100–140 μm thick, an ixotrichoderm composed of vertically arranged terminal cells, 35–70 × 2–5 μm, cylindrical to narrowly clavate. Stipe trama composed of longitudinally arranged terminal cells 72–170 × 16–54 μm, slightly thick-walled, ellipsoid to very narrowly clavate; filamentous hyphae 4–13 μm diam., slightly thick-walled; vascular hyphae rare. Clamp connections abundant, present in all parts of basidiomata. Habitat:— Solitary or scattered on ground in a tropical broad-leaved forest; fruiting in August. Distribution:— Hainan Province, China. Additional specimen examined:— CHINA. HAINAN PROVINCE, Ledong Li Autonomous County, Jianfengling National Forest Park, solitary or scattered on soil in a tropical broad-leaved forest, 18°44′33″N, 108°50′32″E, elev. 1000 m, 10 th August 2020, T. Huang 345 (MHKMU T. Huang 345).

Zhuliangomyces bambusus T. Huang & L.P. Tang, sp. nov. (Figs. 2, 4 & 6a–b). MycoBank:— MB 839033. Diagnosis:— Zhuliangomyces bambusus is similar to Z. ochraceoluteus, differs from the latter in its light brown pileus, with grayish tone at age, predominantly subglobose basidiospores (3.5–4.5 × 3–4.5 μm, Q m = 1.06), and habitat in bamboo duff. Holotype:— CHINA. HAINAN PROVINCE, Wuzhishan City, fruiting in a small group in the rich litter of Pseudosasa cantorii leaves, 18°51′56”N, 109°40′54”E, elev. 640 m, 12 th August 2020, L. P. Tang 3205 (MHKMU L. P. Tang 3205 !). Etymology:—“ bambusus ” indicates that the species fruits in duff of Pseudosasa cantorii, a kind of bamboo growing in tropical parts of China. Gene sequences ex-holotype:— MW732473 (ITS) and MW732414 (LSU). Description:— Basidiomata small-sized. Pileus 35–40 mm diam., hemispherical at first, soon becoming convex, then plano-convex or plane, uplifted when mature, margin striate; surface smooth, strongly viscid, light brown to grayish-brown (5B2–5B4), more or less with grayish tone at age, often slightly darker at center; context quite thin, white (1A1), unchanging; whole pileus easily falling off or separated from stipe collecting. Lamellae free, somewhat distant, up to 3 mm in width, white to cream (2A1), L = 80–90, l = 1–2. Stipe 30–45 × 2–4 mm, central, cylindrical, slightly attenuate upwards, glabrous, viscid, light brown or pale brown (5B2–5B4); stipe base slightly enlarged; basal mycelium white, often with several rhizomorphs; context white (1A1), unchanging, soft to partially hollow in center. Annulus apical, light brown (5B2–5B4), strongly viscid, usually attached to pileus margin. Odor indistinct. Taste not recorded. Basidiospores [80/4/2] (3) 3.5–4.5 (5) × 3.0–4.5 μm, Q = 1.03–1.07, Q m = 1.06 ± 0.01 (under SEM), mostly subglobose, occasionally globose, inamyloid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth under the light microscope, but verruculose under SEM; apiculus relatively short. Basidia 21–26 × 5–7 μm, clavate, 4-spored; sterigmata 3–5 μm long. Cystidia absent. Lamella trama bilateral. Mediostratum 20–45 μm wide, composed of abundant, ellipsoid to clavate inflated cells 37–85 × 7–11 μm; filamentous hyphae 3–11 μm diam., abundant; vascular hyphae rare. Lateral stratum composed of abundant, ellipsoid to clavate inflated cells 20–75 × 6–12 μm; filamentous hyphae 3–10 μm diam. Subhymenium 20–60 μm thick, with 2–4 layers of subglobose, ovoid to ellipsoid or irregular cells 7–30 × 6–18 μm. Pileipellis 80–110 μm thick, an ixotrichoderm composed of vertically arranged, septate, filamentous hyphae with terminal cells cylindrical to narrowly clavate 35–70 × 2–5 μm. Stipe trama composed of longitudinally arranged, ellipsoid to long clavate terminal cells 52–205 × 12–35 μm, thick-walled; filamentous hyphae 4–10 μm diam., slightly thick-walled, abundant; vascular hyphae rare. Clamp connections abundant, present in all parts of basidiomata. Habitat:— Gregarious in small groups in duff of decaying bamboo leaves or branches; fruiting in August. Distribution:— Hainan Province, China. Additional specimen examined:— CHINA. HAINAN PROVINCE, Wuzhishan City, in small groups growing in bamboo duff of Pseudosasa cantorii, 18°51′56″N, 109°40′55″E, elev. 650 m, 12 th August 2020, H. Y. Huang 757 (MHKMU H. Y. Huang 757)., Published as part of Huang, Ting, Zhang, Wen-Hao, Huang, Hong-Yan, Gu, Yan-Ming & Tang, Li-Ping, 2022, Two new species of Zhuliangomyces (Amanitaceae) from Hainan Island, China, pp. 57-67 in Phytotaxa 575 (1) on pages 60-62, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.575.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7403206

A recent molecular phylogeny of Amanita recognises three subgenera and 11 sections. Members of subgenus Amanitina are characterised by amyloid spores and a mycorrhizal habit. Section Arenariae falls within this subgenus. Members of this section are known only from southern Australia; they are either sequestrate (secotioid) or agaricoid and lack clamp connections. We describe the following three additional secotioid species: Amanita arenarioides Bougher, E.M.Davison & Giustiniano, A. compacta Bougher, E.M.Davison & Giustiniano and A. pseudoarenaria E.M.Davison, Giustiniano & Bougher, which are separated on macroscopic appearance, spore shape and genetic sequences. We also describe two agaricoid species, namely, A. pupatuju E.M.Davison, Giustiniano, McGurk & E.L.J.Watkin, and A sabulosa E.M.Davison & Giustiniano, which are separated on bulb shape and genetic sequences. We provide expanded descriptions of A. arenaria (O.K.Mill. & E.Horak) Justo and A. griselloides D.A.Reid; we also synonymise A. dumosorum D.A.Reid with A. peltigera D.A.Reid. A revised diagnosis and description of section Arenariae is provided, together with a key to currently recognised member of this section.

Amanita manicata (Berk. & Broome) Pegler, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 12: 216 (1986). Figure 1d Habitat: Solitary to scattered in black sand at berm of beach, on soil in grass or forest, in composted woodchips, April to October. Distribution: Known from Dominican Republic, New Zealand, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and the USA (Hawaiian Islands) (Petch 1910; Pegler 1986; Hemmes & Desjardin 2008). Specimens examined: THAILAND. Chiang Rai Province: Mae Salong District, N 20°12’21”, E 99°41’12”, alt. 570 m, 1Aug 2019, Yuan S. Liu, STO-2019-347 (SDBR-STO-2019-347, GenBank accession no.: nrLSU = OM 980706, ITS = ON000813, RPB2 = ON007283, and TEF1 -α = ON007301); Chiang Mai Province: Sansai District, N 19°05’17”, E 98°58’43”, alt. 410 m, 6 Aug 2019, Yuan S. Liu, STO-2019-390 (SDBR-STO-2019-390, GenBank accession no.: nrLSU = ON692698, ITS = ON692927); Chiang Mai Province: Mueang District, N 18°52’05”, E 98°56’42”, alt. 354 m, 25 Jun 2020, Yuan S. Liu, STO-2020-34 (SDBR-STO-2020-34, GenBank accession no.: nrLSU = OM 980707, ITS = ON000814, RPB2 = ON007284, and TEF1 -α = ON007302); Yuan S. Liu, STO-2020-36 (SDBR-STO-2020-36, GenBank accession no.: nrLSU = OM 980708, ITS = ON000815, RPB2 = ON007285, and TEF1 -α = ON007285). Remarks: Amanita manicata is characterized by its yellowish brown to pale tawny brown pileus covering with floccoso-verrucose to felty squamules; margin appendiculates with large floccose fragments which hang down up to 2 cm; the cylindrical stipe covering with tawny brown floccoso-squamose which becomes more intense and thicker as upwards; the cream to whitish or pinkish tint lamellae; the subglobose and amyloid basidiospores (7.0–8.5 × 5.5–8.0 μm), as well as the present clamps. In our phylogenetic analysis, A. manicata closed to A. flavofloccosa Nagas. & Hongo, A. foetidissima Reid & Eicker and A. nauseosa (Wakef.) Reid and they formed a sister group (Figure 2). Meanwhile, these four species share the similar appearance and color tone of basidioma, as well as the intense and unpleasant odor, which make people easily confuse for these species in the field. However, A. flavofloccosa can be distinguished from A. manicata by its yellow-brown to orange-yellow pileus and white, pinkish to yellowish lamellae (Cui et al. 2018). Amanita foetidissima, originally reported from South Africa (Reid & Eicker 1991), has a pale creamy buff to buff pileus, oval to subglobose (7.0–9.0 × 6.2–8.0 μm), to broadly ellipsoid (9.0–10.0 × 6.0–6.2 μm) basidiospores, as well as the larger basidia (50.0–52.0 × 9.0–9.5 μm). Although A. nauseosa is very similar to A. manicata, it has a buff, or reddish-tinged to pale ochraceous buff surface and the greater basidiospores (7.0–9.0 × 6.5–8.0 μm) (Bas 1969)., Published as part of Liu, Yuan S., Kumla, Jaturong, Suwannarach, Nakarin, Sysouphanthong, Phongeun & Lumyong, Saisamorn, 2022, Three species of Amanita section Lepidella (Amanitaceae, Agaricales) from northern Thailand, pp. 16-28 in Phytotaxa 570 (1) on pages 24-25, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7529863, {"references":["Petch, T. (1910) Revisions of Ceylon fungi. Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens Peradeniya 4: 373 - 444. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 24919 # page / 405 / mode / 1 up (accessd 11 October 2022)","Pegler, D. N. (1986) Agaric flora of Sri Lanka. Kew Bulletin Additional Series XII, 519 pp.","Hemmes, D. E. & Desjardin, D. E. (2008) Annotated list of Boletes and Amanita in the Hawaiian Islands. North American Fungi 3: 167 - 176. https: // doi. org / 10.2509 / naf 2008.003.00710","Cui, Y. Y., Cai, Q., Tang, L. P., Liu, J. W. & Yang, Z. L. (2018) The family Amanitaceae: molecular phylogeny, higher-rank taxonomy and the species in China. Fungal Diversity 91: 5 - 230. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 018 - 0405 - 9","Reid, D. A. & Eicker, A. (1991) South African fungi: the genus Amanita, Mycological Research 95: 80 - 95. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0953 - 7562 (09) 81364 - 6","Bas, C. (1969) Morphology and subdivision of Amanita and a monograph of its section Lepidella. Persoonia 5: 285 - 579."]}

Amanita albicarnosa Yuan S. Liu & S. Lumyong sp. nov. Figure 1a, 1b and 3 MycoBank number: 844132 Etymology: albicarnosa, from albus = whitish, and carnosus = flesh-colored, refers to the white pileus and fleshcolored lamellae of this species. Holotype: THAILAND. Chiang Rai Province: Mueang District, Nang Lae, N 20°01’32’’, E 99°52’19’’, alt. 397 m, 2 May 2020, Yuan S. Liu, STO-2020-003 (CMUB-39971, GenBank accession no.: nrLSU = ON695876, ITS = ON695869, RPB2 = ON704631, TEF1 -α = ON704634 and TUB = ON704637). Diagnosis: Amanita albicarnosa is recognized by having small to medium-sized basidiomata; a white to yellowish white pileus covering floccose to patchy or felted, white to pale yellow volval remnants; a subcylindrical stipe coving fibrillose white scales, and a fugacious subapical annulus, as well as the present clamp. Description: Basidiomata small to medium-sized. Pileus 2.4–5.3 cm diam., convex to applanate, white (1A1) to yellowish white (4A2); volval remnants on pileus floccose to patchy or felted, white (1A1) to pale yellow (4A3), densely arranged on the disk; margin non-striate; context white, unchanging. Lamellae free, crowded, white (1A1) to orange white (5A2); lamellulae attenuate. Stipe 4.1–9.1×0.6–1.0 cm (length includes bulb), subcylindrical and slightly tapering upward, with apex slightly expanded, white (1A1) to pale yellow (4A3), coving fibrillose white (1A1) scales; context fistulose, white (1A1); basal bulb not obvious, sometimes fusiform or ventricose, 0.8–1.2cm diam., covering fibrillose, white (1A1) to pale yellow (4A3) volval remnants. Annulus superior, fragile, white (1A1). Odor not recorded. Lamellar trama bilateral. Mediostratum 10–25 μm wide, composed of abundant clavate to fusiform inflated cells (30–75 × 6–11 μm); filamentous hyphae fairly abundant to abundant, 1–4 μm wide; vascular hyphae scarce. Lateral stratum 10–30 μm wide, composed of abundant clavate to sub-cylindrical inflated cells (35–65 × 5–13 μm), diverging at an angle of ca. 30° to 45° to mediostratum; filamentous hyphae fairly abundant, 3–5 μm wide. Subhymenium 10–25 μm thick, with 2–3 layers of subglobose, pyriform, or irregular cells, 8–17 × 7–13 μm. Basidia (Figure 3b) 40–50 × 8.5–13 μm, clavate, 4-spored; sterigmata 2–3.5 μm long; basal septa clamped. Basidiospores (Figure 3a) [100/3/2] (6) 7–9 (9.5) × 5–7 μm, avl X avw = 8.0 × 6.0 μm, Q = 1.15–1.55(1.70) μm, Qm = 1.34 ± 0.12, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, amyloid, orange white, thin-walled, smooth; apiculus small. Pileipellis 90–145 μm thick, composed of radial, thin-walled, greyish yellow to dark yellow, filamentous hyphae 4–10 μm wide; vascular hyphae scarce. Volval remnants on pileus (Figure 3c) composed of irregularly arranged elements: filamentous hyphae scattered to abundant, 3–8 μm wide, light brown to yellowish brown, thin-walled, branching, anastomosing; inflated cells very abundant to dominant, subglobose, pyriform, clavate to fusiform, sometimes irregular, 33–150 × 8–28 μm, thin-walled; vascular hyphae scarce. Volval remnants on stipe base is semblable with the structure of volval remnants on pileus, filamentous hyphae scattered to abundant, 1–7 μm wide, thin-walled, branching, anastomosing; inflated cells very abundant to dominant, ellipsoid, clavate to sub-cylindrical, 23–135 × 8–32 μm, thin-walled; vascular hyphae scarce. Stipe trama composed of longitudinally arranged elements: filamentous hyphae dominant, 3–14 μm wide; inflated cells fairly abundant, ellipsoid, clavate to sub-cylindrical, 70–130 × 12–28 μm; vascular hyphae scarce. Clamps present in all parts of basidiomata. Habitat: Solitary to scattered in the rice stubble field. Basidiomata occur at the beginning of the rainy season, April to May. Distribution: Currently known from northern Thailand (Chiang Rai Province). Additional collections examined: THAILAND. Chiang Rai Province: Mueang District, N 20°01’32’’, E 99°52’19’’, alt. 397 m, 2 May 2020, Yuan S. Liu, STO-2020-001 (SDBR- STO-2020-001, GenBank accession no.: nrLSU = ON695875, ITS = ON695868, RPB2 = ON704630, TEF1 -α = ON704633 and TUB = ON704636); STO-2020-004 (SDBR- STO-2020-004, GenBank accession No.: nrLSU = ON695877, ITS = ON695870, RPB2 = ON704632, TEF1 - α = ON704635 and TUB = ON704638). Remarks: Our phylogenetic analyses (Figure 2) showed that Amanita albicarnosa is closely related to A. inopinata, A. pruittii, A. quitensis and A. singer. However, A. Amanita inopinata has a larger cap entirely covered with the thick, cottony, pale gray-brown felt which disrupts into very prominent darker pyramidal warts (Reid 1987); Amanita pruittii has a very small to very large cap (2.0–15.0 cm) and much longer and wider stipe (3.0–15.0 × 6.0–4.0 cm), appears to be much stronger than A. albicarnosa (Tulloss et al. 2014); Amanita quitensis (Crous et al. 2018) was firstly reported from Ecuador and this species appears under thick, dense, hard, scale-shaped warts on its white pileus, as well as the globose or rarely subglobose basidiospores (6.0–12.0 × 6.5–9.5 μm, Q = 1.04 μm); Amanita singer, originally described from Argentina, has the white to greyish white pileus, the rather inconspicuous volva remnants on the cap and the particular salmon-colored gills (Bas 1969)., Published as part of Liu, Yuan S., Kumla, Jaturong, Suwannarach, Nakarin, Sysouphanthong, Phongeun & Lumyong, Saisamorn, 2022, Three species of Amanita section Lepidella (Amanitaceae, Agaricales) from northern Thailand, pp. 16-28 in Phytotaxa 570 (1) on pages 20-23, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7529863, {"references":["Reid, D. A. (1987) New or interesting records of British hymenomycetes VII. Notes from the Royal Botanical Garden Edinburgh 44: 503 - 540.","Tulloss, R. E., Lindgren, J. E., Arora, D., Wolfe, B. E. & Rodriguez-Caycedo, C. (2014) Amanita pruittii - a new, apparently saprotrophic species from US Pacific coastal states. Amanitaceae 1: 1 - 9.","Crous, P. W., Wingfield, M. J., Burgess, T. I., Hardy, G. E., Gene, J., Guarro, J., Baseia, I. G., Garcia, D., Gusmao, L. F. P., Souza-Motta, C. M., Thangavel, R., Adamcik, S., Barili, A., Barnes, C. W., Bezerra, J. D. P., Bordallo, J. J., Cano-Lira, J. F., de Oliveira, R. J. V., Ercole, E., Hubka, V., Iturrieta-Gonzalez, I., Kubatova, A., Martin, M. P., Moreau, P. A., Morte, A., Ordonez, M. E., Rodriguez, A., Stchigel, A. M., Vizzini, A., Adbollahzadeh, J., Abreu, V. P., Adamcikova, K., Albuquerque, G. M. R., Alexandrova, A. V., Alvarez, D. E., Armstrong-Cho, C., Banniza, S., Barbosa, R. N., Bellanger, J. M., Bezerra, J. L., Cabral, T. S., Carbon, M., Caicedo, E., Cantillo, T., Carnegie, A. J., Carmo, L. T., Castaneda-Ruiz, R. F., Clement, C. R., Cmokova, A., Conceicao, L. B., Cruz, R. H. S. F., Damm, U., da Silva, B. D. B., da Silva, G. A., da Silva, R. M. F., de Santiago, A. L. C. M., de Oliveira, L. F., de Souza, C. A. F., Deniel, F., Dima, B., Dong, G., Edwards, J., Felix, C. R., Fournier, J., Gibertoni, T. B., Hosaka, K., Iturriaga, T., Jadan, M., Jany, J. L., Jurjevic, Z., Kolarik, M., Kusan, I., Landekk, M. F., Leite Cordeiro, T. R., Lima, D. X., Loizides, M., Luo, S., Machado, A. R., Madrid, H., Magalhaes, O. M. C., Marinho, P., Matocec, N., Mesic, A., Miller, A. N., Morozova, O. V., Neves, R. P., Nonaka, K., Novakova, A., Oberlies, N. H., Oliveira-Filho, J. R. C., Oliveira, T. G. L., Pap, V., Pereira, O. L., Perrone, G., Peterson, S. W., Pham, T. H. G., Raja, H. A., Raudabaugh, D. B., iRehulka, J., RodrAgues-Andrade, E., Saba, M., SchauflerovAi, A., Shivas, R. G., Simonini, G., Siqueira, J. P. Z., Sousa, J. O., Stajsic, V., Svetasheva, T., Tan, Y. P., Tkalcec, Z., Ullah, S., Valente, P., Valenzuela-Lopez, N., Abrinbana, M., Viana Maques, D. A., Wong, P. T. W., Xavier de Lima, V. & Groenewald, J. Z. (2018) Fungal planet description sheets: 716 - 784. Persoonia 40: 240 - 393. https: // doi. org / 10.3767 / persoonia. 2018.40.10","Bas, C. (1969) Morphology and subdivision of Amanita and a monograph of its section Lepidella. Persoonia 5: 285 - 579."]}

Key to the Thai species of Amanita sect. Lepidella 1. Basidioma large; pileus golden yellow covering with fibrillose to floccoso or somewhat pulverulent, vivid yellow volval remnants; clamps absent;......................................................................................................................................................... A. aureofloccosa 1. Basidioma small to very large; pileus white or pale tawny brown covering with fibrillose white scales or floccoso-verrucose to felty squamules; clamps present;.......................................................................................................................................................2 2. Basidioma small to medium-size, pileus white to yellowish white; Annulus superior; basidiospores broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid; ...................................................................................................................................................................................... A. albicarnosa 2. Basidioma large to very large, pileus yellowish brown to pale tawny brown; Annulus apical to subapical; basidiospores subglobose;..................................................................................................................................................................... A. manicata

Amanita aureofloccosa Bas, Persoonia 5: 384 (1969). Figure 1c and 4 Basionym: Lepiota aurea Beeli, Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belg. 59: 105. 1927; non Amanita aurea (Beeli) E. J. Gilbert, Iconogr. Mycol. 27: 205. 1941 (= Amanitopsis aurea Beeli, Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belg. 63: 108. 1931). Basidiomata large. Pileus 10.5–13.9 cm diam., plano-convex to applanate at maturity; volval remnants on pileus fibrillose to floccose or somewhat pulverulent, vivid yellow (3A8) to yellow (3B8), densely arranged on the disk; margin non-striate, appendiculate; context white (1A1), unchanging. Lamellae free, crowded, white (1A1); lamellulae attenuate with some subtruncate. Stipe 16.2–24.5× 1.8–2.1 cm, cylindrical and slightly tapering upwards, covered by vivid yellow (3A8) to yellow (3B8), floccose and somewhat pulverulent scales; context fistulose, white (1A1); basal part slightly inflated, fibrillose to floccose, light yellow (1A5) to vivid yellow (3A8) volval remnants. Annulus apical, fragile, sub-membranous, vivid yellow (3A8) to yellow (3B8). Odor not recorded. Lamellar trama bilateral. Mediostratum 10–15 μm wide, composed of abundant sub-cylindrical inflated cells (40–62 × 8–15 μm); filamentous hyphae abundant to dominant, 1–10 μm wide; vascular hyphae scarce. Lateral stratum 15–23 μm wide, composed of abundant clavate to sub-cylindrical inflated cells (20–53 × 8–15 μm), diverging at an angle of ca. 30° to 45° to mediostratum; filamentous hyphae abundant, 2–7 μm wide. Subhymenium 15–25 μm thick, with 1–3 layers of subglobose, or irregular cells, 6–12 × 5–11 μm. Basidia (Figure 4b) 33–53 × 11–15 μm, clavate, 4-spored; sterigmata up to 3–4 μm long; basal septa lacking clamps. Basidiospores (Figure 4a) [50/2/2] (8) 8.5–10 (10.5) × 7–9 (9.5) μm, avl X avw = 9.1 × 8.4 μm, Q = 1.0–1.19 (1.29) μm, Qm = 1.09 ± 0.07, globose to subglobose, sometimes broadly ellipsoid, amyloid, colorless, guttulate, thin-walled, smooth; apiculus small. Pileipellis composed of radial, thin-walled, yellowish white, filamentous hyphae 3–18 μm wide; vascular hyphae scarce. Volval remnants on pileus (Figure 4c) composed of yellowish white, interwoven to repent arranged elements: filamentous hyphae fairly abundant, 2–9 μm wide, thin-walled, branching, anastomosing; inflated cells very abundant to dominant, slenderly clavate to fusiform, 18–165 × 10–40 μm, thin-walled; vascular hyphae scarce. Volval remnants on stipe base is semblable with the structure of volval remnants on pileus, filamentous hyphae scattered, 4–6 μm wide, thin-walled, branching, anastomosing; inflated cells very abundant to dominant, ellipsoid, clavate to sub-cylindrical, 23–200 × 18–35 μm, thin-walled; vascular hyphae scarce. Stipe trama composed of longitudinally arranged, filamentous hyphae, 5–15 μm wide; vascular hyphae scarce. Clamps absent in all parts of basidiomata.. Habitat: Solitary to scattered on soil in subtropical semi-deciduous seasonal forest, tropical deciduous forest, and on the ground along a road, in slightly sun-exposed areas, April to September. Distribution: This species is currently known in Brazil (Wartchow et al. 2015), Colombia (Palacio et al. 2015), Ghana (Pegler 1968; Wartchow et al. 2015), the Southern Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bas 1969), and Thailand (this study). Specimens examined: THAILAND. Chiang Rai Province: Mueang District, N 20°02’29’’, E 99°49’47’’, alt. 435 m, 22 Jun 2020, Phongeun Sysouphanthong, PS-2020-38 (SDBR-STO-2020-PS38, GenBank accession no.: nrLSU = OM 980704, ITS = ON000811, RPB2 = ON007281, and TEF1 -α = ON007299); Phongeun Sysouphanthong, PS-2020- 39 (SDBR-STO-2020-PS39, GenBank accession No.: nrLSU = OM 980705, ITS = ON000812, RPB2 = ON007282, and TEF1 -α = ON007300); Chiang Mai Province: Mueang District, N 18°47’48’’, E 98°57’11’’, alt. 334 m, 11 Jun 2021, J. Kumla & N. Suwannarach, NK1470 (SDBR-CMUNK1470, GenBank accession no.: ITS = ON695871). Remarks: Morphologically, Amanita aureofloccosa is unique among congeners by having a pulverulent, bright orange-yellow volva remnant on its pileus, a slender stipe covered by orange-yellow floccose scales, a globose to subglobose, amyloid basidiospore and the lacking clamps in all parts of basidiomata. According to the original literature (Bas 1969), the basidiospores size of A. aureofloccosa was described as 7–8.5 × 6.5–8.5 μm, but Wartcow et al. (2015) re-examined the lectotype (BR2229) and additional material from Ghana (K173243), and amended the basidiospores size to (6.5–) 6.8–10.5 (–10.8) × (6.5–) 6.8–10.2 (–10.5) μm, of which the results are similar to Thai material. Significantly, compared to the materials from other countries, our collections from Thailand have larger basidiomata and basidia., Published as part of Liu, Yuan S., Kumla, Jaturong, Suwannarach, Nakarin, Sysouphanthong, Phongeun & Lumyong, Saisamorn, 2022, Three species of Amanita section Lepidella (Amanitaceae, Agaricales) from northern Thailand, pp. 16-28 in Phytotaxa 570 (1) on pages 23-24, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7529863, {"references":["Wartchow, F., Cortez, V. G. & Cavalcanti, M. A. Q. (2015) Studies on Amanita (Amanitaceae) in Brazil: the discovery of A. aureofloccosa in the Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Botany 38: 639 - 643. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 40415 - 015 - 0161 - y","Palacio, M., Gutierrez, Y., Franco-Molano, A. E. & Callejas-Posada, R. (2015) New records of macrofungi (Basidiomycota) for Colombia from a tropical dry forest. Actualidades Biologicas 37: 79 - 99. https: // revistas. udea. edu. co / index. php / actbio / article / view / 331466 / 20787556","Pegler, D. N. (1968) Studies on African Agaricales: I. Kew Bulletin 21: 499 - 533. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 4107943","Bas, C. (1969) Morphology and subdivision of Amanita and a monograph of its section Lepidella. Persoonia 5: 285 - 579."]}

Amanita pseudovalens (Neville & Poumarat) R.Arraiano-Castilho, A.C.Silva, C.Vila-Viçosa, M.R.Castro, L.Morgado & P.Oliveira var. pseudovalens comb. nov., stat. nov. Basionym: Amanita curtipes f. pseudovalens Neville & Poumarat, Fungi Europaei 9: 656 (Neville & Poumarat 2004). SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — France. Landes, 15.V.1993, Mesplède, G74; 19.V.1965, J. Beller échantillon 2937, MPU1. Morocco. Larache, 04. V.1964, G. Malençon échantillon 5225, MPU 2 (DNA only). MYCOBANK. — MB 845581. NOTES This taxon corresponds to the French specimens (see Discussion for other possible locations). The basionym diagnosis (Neville & Poumarat 2004) remains unaltered for this variety (Table 6)., Published as part of Arraiano-Castilho, Ricardo, Silva, Ana Cristina, Vila-Viçosa, Carlos, Castro, Mário Rui, Morgado, Luís Neves & Oliveira, Paulo, 2022, The Amidella clade in Europe (Basidiomycota: Amanitaceae): clarification of the contentious Amanita valens (E. - J. Gilbert) Bertault and the importance of taxon-specific PCR primers for identification, pp. 139-157 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (6) on page 144, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2022v43a6, http://zenodo.org/record/7829510, {"references":["NEVILLE P. & POUMARAT S. 2004. - Amaniteae: Amanita, Limacella & Torrendia. Candusso, Alassio, 1120 p. (Fungi Europaei 9)."]}

Amanita pseudovalens var. tartessiana R.Arraiano-Castilho, A.C.Silva, C.Vila-Viçosa, M.R.Castro, L.Morgado & P.Oliveira, var. nov. HOLOTYPE. — Portugal. Alentejo, Beja district, Odemira, Luzianes A, 12.IV.2015, A. C. Silva, Ode12 (holo-, PO [PO-F2143]). ISOTYPE. — Portugal. Alentejo, Beja district, Odemira, Luzianes A, 21. III.2015, A. C. Silva, Ode02 (iso-, PO [PO-F2133]). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Portugal. Alentejo, Beja district, Odemira, Luzianes A, 21.III.2015, A. C. Silva, Ode01; Ode03; 28.III.2015, A. C. Silva, Ode04; 04.IV.2015, A. C. Silva, Ode08; Luzianes B, 04.IV.2015, A. C. Silva, Ode05; Ode06; Ode07; 12.IV.2015, A. C. Silva, Ode10; Ode11; Portalegre district, Portalegre, 27.IV.2015, N. Alegria, Ode16; Évora district, Portel, 07.IV.2010, R. Arraiano-Castilho, P01 (for basidiospores only). ETYMOLOGY. — The epithet refers to the ancient Tartessian civilization (ТαΡΤησσός) located in the south-west of the Iberian Peninsula (Celestino Pérez & López-Ruiz 2016). PHENOLOGY. — Late winter and spring. HABITAT. — Mediterranean, in association with Cistus spp., typically on compact, acidic and eroded soils, corresponding to regressive shrubland stages of evergreen oak forests (Fig. 5). DISTRIBUTION. — Portugal. Reported from the NUTS III regions of Alentejo Litoral, Baixo Alentejo, Alentejo Central and Alto Alentejo. MYCOBANK. — MB 845582. INDEX FUNGORUM. — IF 559871. NOTES This taxon corresponds to the Portuguese specimens described in this study. It differs from the autonym by its habitat (on acidic schist soils, with Cistus spp.), the ellipsoid to oblong, infrequently subcylindric basidiospores, and longer basidia (Table 6). Such differences are not considered to be at the rank of form. A species rank is currently not supported, due to the lack of genetic resolution of the nrDNA sequences. Both taxa share, aside from the characters in common with other species of series Amidella, the vernal fruiting season, the medium to small size, and the indistinct odour (Table 6), and can be confirmed with the Aps diagnostic PCR primers described in Table 2. DESCRIPTION To describe the new species, we used fresh materials obtained from sites A and B near Luzianes in spring 2015 (Ode01- 12 except Ode09) and the basidiospores from a collection in the Portel county (P01, near Monte Novo, spring 2010) and another from São Mamede Park near Monte Carvalho, Portalegre county (Ode16, spring 2015). All specimens used in this description were deposited in the PO herbarium (see Material and Methods). Pileus Flat to slightly depressed, convex at the margin, expanding to a diameter of 7.5 cm. Most collections whitish in situ, turning rose/ochre with either aging, handling, or scratching. A pale grey plaque from the universal veil is frequently present. Some collections present brownish scales close to the margin (Fig. 3B, C). Margin thinly appendiculate. Hymenophore Adnexed ascending, white, turning rose/ochre with either aging, bruising or scratching, with lamellulae. Stipe Almost cylindrical,slightly tapering toward the apex,non-bulbous, base obconical. Concolorous with the pileus, with a very fugacious annulus (Fig. 3H). A scale covering can be seen below the annulus region (Fig. 3A; C; E; F). Height not longer than the diameter of the expanded pileus, thickness 2.2 cm at the most. Veil Universal veil leaving a sac-like thick volva with a lobed margin, pale grey, with an internal ridge raised in contact with the stipe (Fig. 3H); often it remains also as a single pale grey plaque on the pileus. Partial veil leaving a fugacious non-membranous annulus at roughly two-thirds of the stipe height, and narrow remnants on the pileus margin. Context Concolorous with the surface, homogeneous, relatively compact, non-putrescent. Odour indistinct. Reaction with 10% FeSO 4 on rehydrated samples from the stipe develops an immediate change to greenish grey that lasts a few minutes. Basidiospores White, amyloid, ellipsoid to oblong, average length 11.78 µm, average width 6.97 µm, average length/width ratio (Q) 1.696 (Table 5), overlapping the A. ponderosa sporograph but not the one for A. curtipes f. pseudovalens (Fig. 4). Due to the lack of spore print, collections Ode01 and Ode16 were not included in the summary calculations. Statistical testing rejected the hypothesis of homogeneity among the collections included in the summary statistics, for all three variables (Appendices 4; 5). Indeed, the heterogeneity among collections was the rule (Table 5; Appendix 8): Ode10 had longer spores and higher Q, bordering on standard A. pseudovalens comb. nov., stat. nov. limits; Ode08 had wider spores and lower Q, even more than A. ponderosa, while Ode11 had spores of average Q values but small size. Nested ANOVA (within and between sites) also suggested heterogeneity within sites for the three variables, but only for length and width between sites.Site A collections have on average significantly higher values (Appendix 6). Basidia Clavate, with 4 sterigmata, base unclamped, average length 56.9 µm (equal to the median), range 41.0-73.4 µm, n = 123. The measurements were obtained from collections Ode02b, Ode05, Ode06a, Ode07, Ode08, Ode10, Ode11 and Ode12, revealing a normal distribution of the global data (Shapiro-Wilk’s W = 0.990, P = 0.555). On average, similar basidia sizes were observed across all collections, although Ode11 had a higher average length of 63.9 ± 5.0 µm (Appendix 7). Universal veil Sagital sections (Ode02, Ode07, Ode11, Ode12) revealed a thin outer layer, 80-100 µm deep, composed of slightly interwoven, longitudinally oriented hyphae, very compact and 10 µm wide (as measured in transversal sections), from which thinner hyphae, very loose, projected outwards (not found in Ode11). Many of the latter hyphae had a slightly widened, bulbous termination. No clamp connections were observed. The remainder of the structure was composed of more loosely packed longitudinal, slightly wavy hyphae, with very conspicuous lacunae interpreted as remnants of larger inflated, ellipsoid to oblong, hyphal elements. Measurement of these lacunae in Congo Red SDS stained sections (Ode02, Ode07, n = 41), under low magnification, gave an estimate of 40-71 µm length (average 54 µm, C. V. 17%) by 20-46 µm width (average 33 µm, C. V. 16%)., Published as part of Arraiano-Castilho, Ricardo, Silva, Ana Cristina, Vila-Viçosa, Carlos, Castro, Mário Rui, Morgado, Luís Neves & Oliveira, Paulo, 2022, The Amidella clade in Europe (Basidiomycota: Amanitaceae): clarification of the contentious Amanita valens (E. - J. Gilbert) Bertault and the importance of taxon-specific PCR primers for identification, pp. 139-157 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (6) on pages 144-146, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2022v43a6, http://zenodo.org/record/7829510, {"references":["TAMURA K. & NEI M. 1993. - Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Molecular Biology and Evolution 10: 512 - 526. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. molbev. a 040023"]}

Arraiano-Castilho, Ricardo, Silva, Ana Cristina, Vila-Viçosa, Carlos, Castro, Mário Rui, Morgado, Luís Neves, Oliveira, Paulo (2022): The Amidella clade in Europe (Basidiomycota: Amanitaceae): clarification of the contentious Amanita valens (E.-J.Gilbert) Bertault and the importance of taxon-specific PCR primers for identification. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (6): 139-157, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2022v43a6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2022v43a6

IDENTIFICATION KEY TO AMANITA PERS. SERIES AMIDELLA (E.- J.GILBERT) NEVILLE & POUMARAT 1. Pileus remaining convex for most of the development of the basidiome, sometimes with an umbo, diameter notably smaller than the length of the developed stipe, covered at least on the margin with heterogeneous scales from the inner layer of the universal veil, which become brown like the exposed context, stipe base bulbous, margin of the volva leaning towards the stipe, context discoloration moderate to intense. Rare occurrences, widely spaced in time (A. lepiotoides)............................................................................................................ 2 — Pileus becoming flat then depressed at the centre, diameter about the same as the stipe length, generally without scales, stipe slightly or not bulbous, margin of the volva free, pale context discoloration, rose then ochre. Occurrence generally annual........................................................................................................................ 3 2. Context discoloration intense, reddish then dark brown, stipe base distinctly bulbous, basidiospores mostly ellipsoid (Qm A. lepiotoides f. lepiotoides Barla — Context discoloration moderate, rose then ochre, stipe base slightly bulbous, basidiospores mostly oblong and cylindrical (Qm> 1.65).................................................. A. lepiotoides f. subcylindrospora Neville & Poumarat 3. Occurrence in Autumn, on siliceous sandy soil............................................................ A. curtipes E.- J.Gilbert — Occurrence from late winter (rarely in January) to spring, also early summer............................................... 4 4. Heavy habit, semi-hypogeous, typically with an earthy odour, associated with Cistus, basidiospores mostly ellipsoid to oblong (1.60 A. ponderosa f. ponderosa Malençon & R.Heim — Medium-sized (pileus diameter generally less than 10 cm)............................................................................ 5 5. On siliceous sandy soil, associated or not with Cistus, pines, etc., basidia with average length Cistus, basidia with average length> 55 µm............................................................................................................................................ 7 6. Relatively small (pileus diameter usually around 5 to 6 cm and below 8 cm), taste of the context indistinct, basidiospores mostly oblong (1.8 A. curtipes E.- J.Gilbert — Medium-sized (pileus diameter usually between 7 and 10 cm), taste can be slightly of hazelnut, then bitter, basidiospores mostly cylindrical (2.0 A. pseudovalens var. pseudovalens comb. nov., stat. nov. 7. Odour and/or taste typically distinct, semi-hypogeous habit (A. ponderosa).................................................. 8 — Odour indistinct, aftertaste slightly bitter, epigeous habit, pileus margin occasionally with brown scales.................................................................................................................... A. pseudovalens var. tartessiana var. nov. 8. Basidiospores broadly oblong (Qm = 1.60 – 1.80), strictly thermophile......................................................................................................................................................... A. ponderosa f. ponderosa Malençon & R.Heim — Basidiospores long-ellipsoid (Qm = 1.45 – 1.55), also in cooler areas...................................................................................................................................................... A. ponderosa f. valens (Gilbert) Neville & Poumarat Only the European taxa within Amanita series Amidella are considered. Parts of the key are from the work of Neville & Poumarat (2004)., Published as part of Arraiano-Castilho, Ricardo, Silva, Ana Cristina, Vila-Viçosa, Carlos, Castro, Mário Rui, Morgado, Luís Neves & Oliveira, Paulo, 2022, The Amidella clade in Europe (Basidiomycota: Amanitaceae): clarification of the contentious Amanita valens (E. - J. Gilbert) Bertault and the importance of taxon-specific PCR primers for identification, pp. 139-157 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (6) on page 150, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2022v43a6, http://zenodo.org/record/7829510, {"references":["NEVILLE P. & POUMARAT S. 2004. - Amaniteae: Amanita, Limacella & Torrendia. Candusso, Alassio, 1120 p. (Fungi Europaei 9)."]}

COMPARISON WITH AMANITA CURTIPES F. PSEUDOVALENS AND AMANITA PONDEROSA When comparing the descriptions of all European taxa of series Amidella, based on Neville & Poumarat (2004), as shown in Table 6, the Portuguese specimens of Amanita pseudovalens comb. nov., stat. nov. did not conform with the description for the genetically indistinct A. curtipes f. pseudovalens (Neville & Poumarat 2004), diverging in their soil and vegetation affinities and in the microscopy. Therefore, we understand them as representing a separate taxon, however at infraspecific level. Moreover, Table 6 shows that the tartessiana variety resembles A. ponderosa in almost every aspect – the obvious difference being the so far unknown occurrence of large and heavy specimens in the former – being, by comparison, much less similar to the conspecific A. pseudovalens comb. nov., stat. nov. collected in France., Published as part of Arraiano-Castilho, Ricardo, Silva, Ana Cristina, Vila-Viçosa, Carlos, Castro, Mário Rui, Morgado, Luís Neves & Oliveira, Paulo, 2022, The Amidella clade in Europe (Basidiomycota: Amanitaceae): clarification of the contentious Amanita valens (E. - J. Gilbert) Bertault and the importance of taxon-specific PCR primers for identification, pp. 139-157 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (6) on page 146, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2022v43a6, http://zenodo.org/record/7829510, {"references":["NEVILLE P. & POUMARAT S. 2004. - Amaniteae: Amanita, Limacella & Torrendia. Candusso, Alassio, 1120 p. (Fungi Europaei 9)."]}

Amanita sculpta Corner & Bas was first collected from Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, Singapore, in 1939 and 1940 and then described as new in 1962. Since then, there have been no sightings or collections of this fungus in Singapore until recently when it was observed and recollected at Bukit Timah Nature Reserve after a hiatus of more than 80 years.

As part of a project to sample tissue from all native vascular plants in Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, we collected material from four species that have not been previously recorded in Singapore. Of these, Nervilia singaporensis Niissalo has already been described as a new species, native to Singapore. Two species, Lepidogyne longifolia (Blume) Blume (Orchidaceae) and Ptyssiglottis kunthiana (Wall. ex Nees) B.Hansen (Acanthaceae), which are reported here, belong to genera that have not previously been recorded in Singapore. Based on their collection history in the region and their habitat in Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, we consider them native to Singapore. The fourth new record, Plectocomiopsis cf. corneri Furtado (Arecaceae), also reported here, is a new species record for Singapore, but based on the collection history of the species and its only known locality in Singapore, we consider it introduced. The nomenclature and history of these species are discussed and we designate lectotypes for several names that are relevant to these species: Neottia longifolia Blume, Lepidogyne sceptrum Schltr., Polytrema aequale Ridl., Polytrema aequale Ridl. var. minor Ridl. and Polytrema vulgare C.B.Clarke. We also designate a neotype for Lepidogyne minor Schltr.

Amanita muscaria, commonly known as fly agaric, is a basidiomycete. Its main psychoactive constituents are ibotenic acid and muscimol, both involved in ‘pantherina-muscaria’ poisoning syndrome. The rising pharmacological and toxicological interest based on lots of contradictive opinions concerning the use of Amanita muscaria extracts’ neuroprotective role against some neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s, its potent role in the treatment of cerebral ischaemia and other socially significant health conditions gave the basis for this review. Facts about Amanita muscaria’s morphology, chemical content, toxicological and pharmacological characteristics and usage from ancient times to present-day’s opportunities in modern medicine are presented.

Amanita pallidoverruca Yang-Yang Cui, Qing Cai & Zhu L. Yang, sp. nov. Figs. 2–3 MycoBank: MB842861 Etymology: — pallidoverruca refers to the dirty white to greyish warts on the pileus. Diagnosis:— Amanita pallidoverruca is closely related and similar to A. excelsa, but differs from the latter by its more robust basidioma, dirty white to greyish volval remnants on the pileus, and the greyish yellow to olivaceous edge of the annulus. Holotype: — CHINA. Sichuan Province: Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Batang County, Cuopugou National Forest Park, elevation 4250 m, in a subalpine forest with trees of Picea, 6 August 2016, Bang Feng 2055 (HKAS99345!). Description: —Basidioma (Fig. 2) large. Pileus 9–13 cm diam., at first convex, later plano-convex to applanate, without umbo or depression at center, greyish white (1B1, 3B1, 4B1), greyish brown (4C2–4, 5C3–6) to greybrown (4D2–5, 5D2–4), densely covered with dirty white (4A2) to greyish (1B1–3) warts; margin non-striate and non-appendiculate; trama white (1A1), unchanging when cut. Lamellae free, crowded, white (1A1) to cream (1A2); lamellulae attenuate, plentiful. Stipe 10–15 cm long × 1.5–3 cm diam., subcylindric or slightly tapering upwards, with apex slightly expanded, white (1A1) to dirty white (4A2) above annulus, dirty white (4A2), grey (2B1, 2C1) to greyish brown (4B2–3, 4C2–3, 4D2–3) and decorated with grey (2B1, 2C1), grey-brown (4B2–3, 4C2–3, 4D2–3) to dark grey (3E1–3) squamules below annulus; context white (1A1); stipe base slightly inflated, fusiform, 2–4 cm diam., white (1A1) to dirty white (4A2), upper part covered with indistinct whitish warty volval remnants. Annulus present, subapical, pendent from attachment 2–4 cm below apex of stipe, white (1A1) at upper surface, greyish (1B1–3) to grey (1C1–3, 1D1–3) at lower surface, with greyish yellow (2B3–6) to olivaceous (2C3–5, 1C4–6) appendages at edge. Odor slightly pungent. Lamellar trama bilateral. Mediostratum 30–40 μm wide, composed of abundant ellipsoid to clavate inflated cells (15–50 × 10–20 μm); filamentous hyphae abundant, 4–8 μm wide; vascular hyphae scarce. Lateral stratum composed of abundant subfusiform to ellipsoid inflated cells (15–40 × 10–20 μm), diverging at an angle of ca. 30–60 ° to mediostratum; filamentous hyphae abundant and 2–8 μm wide. Subhymenium (Fig. 3a) 20–50 μm thick, with 2–3 layers of subglobose to ellipsoid or irregular cells, 8–20 × 6–12 μm. Basidia (Fig. 3a) 40–70 × 10–12 μm, clavate, 4- spored; sterigmata 3–5 μm long; basal septa without clamps. Basidiospores (Fig. 3b) [40/2/2] 8–10 (–11) × (5.5–) 6–7 (–8) μm, Q = (1.27–) 1.33–1.58 (–1.75), Qm = 1.46 ± 0.12, predominantly ellipsoid, occasionally broadly ellipsoid or elongate, amyloid, colorless, thin-walled, smooth; apiculus small. Lamellar edge appearing as a sterile strip, composed of subglobose to ellipsoid to fusiform inflated cells (20–60 × 10–35 μm), single and terminal or in chains of 2–3, thinwalled, colorless; filamentous hyphae abundant, 2–8 μm wide, irregularly arranged or ± running parallel to lamellar edge. Pileipellis 60–150 μm thick; upper layer (30–50 μm thick) gelatinized, composed of subradially to somewhat interwoven, thin-walled, colorless filamentous hyphae 2–5 μm wide; lower layer (40–100 μm thick) composed of radially and compactly arranged filamentous hyphae 4–8 μm wide, colorless; vascular hyphae scarce. Volval remnants on pileus (Fig. 3c) composed of irregularly to vertically arranged elements: filamentous hyphae abundant, 2–10 μm wide, colorless, yellowish to brownish, thin-walled, branching, anastomosing; inflated cells very abundant, subglobose, fusiform to ellipsoid, 15–90 × 15–80 μm, colorless, yellowish to brownish, thin-walled, terminal or in chains of 2–3; vascular hyphae scarce. Annulus predominantly composed of two parts intergrading into each other. Upper part dominantly composed of radially to interwoven elements: filamentous hyphae scarce to abundant, 2–8 μm wide, brownish to brown, thin-walled; inflated cells very abundant to nearly dominant, subglobose, ellipsoid to fusiform, 25–80 × 10–70 μm, brownish to brown, thin-walled; vascular hyphae scarce. Lower part composed of radially arranged elements: filamentous hyphae very abundant to nearly dominant, 2–6 μm wide, brownish to brown, thin-walled; inflated cells scarce, clavate to long clavate, 30–60 × 10–30 μm, brownish to brown, thin-walled; vascular hyphae scarce. Clamps absent in all parts of basidioma. Habit, habitat and distribution:—Solitary to scattered on soil in subalpine forests with Picea; known from southwestern China. Additional specimen examined:— CHINA. Sichuan Province: Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Batang County, Cuopugou National Forest Park, elevation 4220 m, in a subalpine forest with trees of Picea, 7 August 2014, Kuan Zhao 707 (HKAS89638).

Amanita orientisororia T. Bau & Zhu L. Yang, sp. nov. (Figs. 2, 3) MycoBank number:841290 Diagnosis:���Basidiomata small. Pileus 20���60 mm in diam, surface white (1A1) to greyish white (1B1); white (1A1) volval remnants on pileal surface conical to subconical to pyramidal. Stipe 40���70 mm long, 7���12 mm diam., subcylindrical, densely covered with concentrically arranged appressed to recurved greyish white (1B1) somewhat milk white (1A2) squamules. Annulus superior, membranous, white (1A1) to greyish white (1B1). Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, amyloid, 9���13 (15) �� (6) 7���9.5 (10) ��m. Clamps common. Etymology:��� orientisororius, referring to its smaller basidiomata occurring in East Asia in comparison with those of A. vittadinii, a putatively related species found in Europe and North Africa. Types:��� CHINA. Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region: Xarmoron Park, Tongliao City, 43�� 38��� 15��� N, 122�� 16��� 2��� E, elev. 183m, 10 Aug. 2018, Tolgor Bau, HMJAU59015 (holotype!), same location, 43�� 37��� 52��� N, 122�� 15��� 33��� E, elev. 180m, 18 Aug. 2018, Tolgor Bau, HMJAU59016 (paratype!). Description:���Basidiomata (Fig. 2, 3) small, rarely medium-sized. Pileus 20���60 mm in diam., convex to applanate, surface white (1A1) to greyish white (1B1); volval remnants on pileal surface conical to subconical to pyramidal, up to 2���3 mm in height and 3���4 mm in diam., white (1A1) to milk white (1A2), upper half often pale to yellowish white (2A2); margin non-striate, appendiculate; trama white (1A1), unchanging when injured. Lamellae free or nearly free, white, milk white (1A2) to yellowish white (2A2), lamellulae attenuate. Stipe 40���70 mm long, 7���12 mm diam., subcylindrical, white (1A1) to pale yellowish white (2A2), densely covered with concentrically arranged appressed to recurved pale yellowish white (2A2) squamules; context white (1A1), unchanging when injured; stipe base nearly cylindrical or attenuate downwards, 7���14 mm diam., upper half covered with floccose, white (1A1) to greyish white (1B1) to yellowish white (2A2) squamules. Annulus superior, membranous, white (1A1) to greyish white (1B1), upper surface striate, lower surface often with floccose, greyish white (1B1) to milk white (1A2) warts. Odor unknown. Lamellar trama bilateral. Mediostratum composed of abundant fusiform to clavate inflated cells (16���23 ��m wide), mixed with abundant filamentous hyphae (5���10 ��m wide), lateral stratum made up of abundant clavate to subclavate inflated cells (14���25 ��m wide), mixed with 4���11 ��m wide filamentous hyphae. Basidia (Fig.4) 35���47 �� 9���12.5 ��m, clavate, 4��� or 2��� spored; sterigmata 4���6 ��m long. Basidiospores (Fig.4) [80/4/3] (8.5) 9���13 (15) �� (6) 7���9.5 (10) ��m, Q = (1.20) 1.22���1.54 (1.60), Qm = 1.38 �� 0.10, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, amyloid, slightly thickwalled, colorless and hyaline, smooth. Lamellar edge appearing as a sterile strip, composed of numerous subglobose to clavate or broadly clavate inflated cells, usually single and terminal or in chains of 2���3, thin���walled, colorless, hyaline; filamentous hyphae rare, thin���walled, hyaline or with yellowish contents. Volval remnants on pileus (Fig. 4) composed of vertically arranged elements: inflated cells very abundant to dominant, subfusiform to elongate-ellipsoid, occasionally subglobose, 35���110 �� 15���30 ��m, colorless and hyaline; filamentous hyphae scattered to locally abundant, 3���6 ��m wide; vascular hyphae rare 3���7��m wide. Pileipellis composed of subradially arranged cylindrical hyphae 4���13 ��m wide, barely gelatinized. Stipe trama composed of longitudinally arranged elements: inflated cells dominant, often in short chains, sometimes terminal, 150���250 �� 10���30 ��m; filamentous hyphae 3���7 ��m wide, scattered, branching and anastomosing, occasionally clamped; vascular hyphae rare, 3���10 ��m wide. Clamps present in all parts of basidiomata, but more common in lamellae. Habitat and distribution:���Solitary or scattered on grass lawn or sand dunes; occurring in summer and fall; known from Northeastern China. Additional specimen examined:��� CHINA. Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region: Xarmoron Park, Tongliao City, 43�� 38��� 21��� N, 122�� 16��� 7��� E, elev. 188m, 5 Sep. 2021, Tolgor Bau, HMJAU59017., Published as part of Liu, Xiaoliang, Bau, Tolgor & Yang, Zhu L., 2021, A new saprotrophic species of Amanita (Amanitaceae, Agaricales) from Inner Mongolia, China, pp. 284-292 in Phytotaxa 527 (4) on pages 287-290, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.527.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/5766259

Two new species found in Northwestern Pakistan in the mushroom genus Amanita are described and illustrated. Phylogenetic data derived from nuclear ribosomal ITS and LSU regions along with morphological characterizations indicate that these species are novel. Amanita cinis is a member of section Roanokenses, while A. olivovaginata is representative of the section Vaginatae. Amanita emodotrygon, recently described from the state of Uttarakhand, India, is new to Pakistan.

A new species from coniferous forests in Pakistan, Amanitaahmadii, is described on the basis of morpho-anatomy and molecular data set analyses. This species is characterized by its medium-sized to large basidiomata, grayish brown to brown pileal surface and rimose pileus margin with gray to dark brown verrucose veil remnants, a cream stipe with bulbous base having grayish brown or brown longitudinal striations above the annulus, a scaly surface towards the base, globose to broadly ellipsoid and amyloid basidiospores, and the absence of clamped septa in all tissues. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on ITS and LSU sequences confirmed its identity as a new taxon nested within subgen. Amanitinasect.Validae.

The effects of synthetic muscimol and an extract from Amanita muscaria, containing this compound on the activity of human recombinant MAOB enzyme (hMAOB) were studied. Muscimol had statistically significant inducing effect on hMAOB at concentrations 0.25–5 μM, while A. muscaria extract did not influence the enzyme activity at all.

Amanita arenicola O. K. Miller & Lodge Material studied. MEXICO - Quintana Roo • J. I. de la Fuente 427 (ITCV); Chetumal; 18°31′N, 088°18′W; alt. 8 m; 14 Oct. 2018. Habit and habitat. Scattered under Coccoloba uvifera in coastal vegetation. Identification. This species can be recognized by the grey pileus with white patches that are the remains of the volva, white and free lamellulae, a whitish pileus sometimes with conspicuous white scales on the base, the small saccate volva, which sometimes remains underground, and the ellipsoid basidiospores of 8–10 × 6–8 µm. Our specimen from Quintana Roo agrees with the description provided by Miller et al. (2000), but it presents slightly shorter spores. Amanita agluttinata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Lloyd is a similar species but differs by the presence of a ring on the stipe (Pegler 1983)., Published as part of de la Fuente, Javier Isaac, García-Jiménez, Jesús, López, Caribell Yuridia, Oros-Ortega, Iván, Vela-Hernández, Reyna Yazuly, Guevara-Guerrero, Gonzalo, Garza Ocañas, Fortunato, Chay Casanova, Jesús Antonio, Ibarra Garibay, León Esteban & Bandala, Victor Manuel, 2020, An annotated checklist of the macrofungi (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Glomeromycota) from Quintana Roo, Mexico, pp. 627-648 in Check List 16 (3) on page 643, DOI: 10.15560/16.3.627, {"references":["Miller Jr OK, Lodge DJ, Baroni TJ (2000) New and interesting ectomycorrhizal fungi from Puerto Rico, Mona, and Guana Islands. Mycologia 92: 558 - 570.","Pegler DN (1983) Agaric flora of the Lesser Antilles. Marston Book Services, London, 721 pp."]}

During the course of investigation of macrofungi of Uttarakhand Himalaya, India, authors collected several macrofungi from this region. After thorough examination of some of these macrofungal collections identified them as Amanita farinosa, A. sepiacea (family Amanitaceae); Hypomyces lateritius (family Hypocreaceae); Lactarius horakii, L. laeticolor, Lactifluus pilosus, Russula olivobrunnea (family Russulaceae) and Sparassis latifolia (family Sparassidaceae). Critical literature survey established that the present species are taxonomically investigated and reported for the first time from India. Detailed morphological descriptions and photo-illustrations of these species are provided along with taxonomic observations.

Macrofungi are considered as a group of high-value forest resources worldwide. In this paper, we report species richness and composition of macrofungi in three different forest patches (Schima-Castanopsis, Pinus and Alnus forest) of mid-hill, central Nepal, which were managed under Boshan Community Forest. A Systematic random sampling was applied where 20 rectangular plots of size 10 m x 10 m were laid at 1500 m to 1600 m elevation in each forest type. Species richness and composition of macrofungi were accessed in each forest type. Schima-Castanopsis forest was the richest in terms of macrofungal diversity (70 species), followed by Alnus forest (64) and Pinus forest (56). Polyporaceae was the largest family, followed by Amanitaceae. Agaricales (Rusulla and Amanita) were dominant in Schima-wallichi and Alnus forests, whereas Boletales were dominant in Pine forest. Macrofungal species richness increased with increasing canopy, soil moisture and soil pH. The species richness, however, had weak relationships with litter cover and disturbance. Based on the present study it can be concluded that the study area is rich in macrofungal diversity. Moist soil followed by litter and decaying wood assist the higher diversity of macrofungi. Species diversity is higher in moist and dense canopy forests (like, Schima-Castanopsis and alder) than in open and dry pine forest. Soil moisture, soil pH and tree canopy cover are the most important variables affecting macrofungal diversity. Botanica Orientalis – Journal of Plant Science (2017) 11: 43–48