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1. Drug quality analysis of isometamidium chloride hydrochloride and diminazene diaceturate used for the treatment of African animal trypanosomosis in West Africa

Author

Zakaria Bengaly, Sèna Hervé Vitouley, Martin Bienvenu Somda, André Zongo, Assiongbon Têko-Agbo, Giuliano Cecchi, Yahaya Adam, Issa Sidibé, Balé Bayala, Adrien Marie Gaston Belem, Jan Van Den Abbeele, and Vincent Delespaux

Subjects
African animal Trypanosomosis, Trypanocides, Drug quality, West Africa, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract

Abstract Background Diminazene diaceturate (DA) and isometamidium chloride hydrochloride (ISM) are with homidium bromide, the main molecules used to treat African Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT). These drugs can be purchased from official suppliers but also from unofficial sources like local food markets or street vendors. The sub-standard quality of some of these trypanocides is jeopardizing the efficacy of treatment of sick livestock, leading thus to economic losses for the low-resource farmers and is contributing to the emergence and spread of drug resistance. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of trypanocidal drugs sold in French speaking countries of West Africa. In total, 308 drug samples including 282 of DA and 26 of ISM were purchased from official and unofficial sources in Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Niger and Togo. All samples were analysed at LACOMEV (Dakar, Senegal), a reference laboratory of the World Organisation for Animal Health, by galenic inspection and high performance liquid chromatography. Results The results showed that 51.90% of the samples were non-compliant compared to the standards and were containing lower quantity of the active ingredient compared to the indications on the packaging. The non-compliances ranged from 63.27% in Togo to 32.65% in Burkina Faso (61.82% in Benin, 53.84% in Mali, 50% in Côte d’Ivoire, 47.36% in Niger). The rates of non-compliance were not statistically different (P = 0.572) from official or unofficial suppliers and ranged from 30 to 75% and from 0 to 65% respectively. However, the non-compliance was significantly higher for ISM compared to DA (P = 0.028). Conclusions The high non-compliance revealed in this study compromises the efficacy of therapeutic strategies against AAT, and is likely to exacerbate chemoresistance in West Africa. Corrective actions against sub-standard trypanocides urgently need to be taken by policy makers and control authorities.

Published
2018
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2. Anti-Trypanosomal Activity of Guiera senegalensis on Trypanosoma brucei Infected Mice

Author

André, Zongo, Hervé, Vitouley Sèna, Zakaria, Bengaly, Adama, Kaboré, Aristide, Traoré, Hamadou, Tamboura Hamidou, Gaston, Belem Adrien Marie, André, Zongo, Hervé, Vitouley Sèna, Zakaria, Bengaly, Adama, Kaboré, Aristide, Traoré, Hamadou, Tamboura Hamidou, and Gaston, Belem Adrien Marie

Abstract

Aqueous decoction of Guiera senegalensis leaves was studied orally and intraperitoneally for its antitrypanosomal activity on mice infected experimentally with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. After a phytochemical screening followed by an acute toxicity study on mice, the extract of plant was administered once daily for 2 days at doses of 60, 120 and 240 mg / kg orally and 15, 30 and 60 mg / kg intraperitoneally after infection. Then, parameters of parasitaemia, packed cell volume (PCV), mean survival time and body weight of the mice treated with the extract were measured and compared with positive (diminazene aceturate) and negative (distilled water) controls for 7 days in a row. Results indicate that the aqueous extract of G. senegalensis leaves contains tannins, flavonoids, saponosides, reducing compounds and anthocyanosides, alkaloids and coumarins. LD50 of the extract are 1264.49 mg / kg by oral route and 316.22 mg / kg by intraperitoneal route. The doses of 240 mg / kg by oral route and 15 and 60 mg / kg by intraperitoneal route of aqueous extract showed a mean survival time (5 days) comparable to the positive control. Parasitaemia level increased in all mice tested except in mice treated with diminazene aceturate during the post-infestation period. During this period, PCV and body weight of all mice decreased by both routes of administration. These results of the study show the pharmacological utility of G. senegalensis leaves in the control of TAA by herders / pastoralists and suggest continuing further bio-guided studies to isolate the active components of the plant in order to improve their efficiency. Keywords: In vivo test; Trypanosoma brucei brucei; Guiera senegalensis leaves; phytochemical screening; acute toxicity.

Published
2019

3. Drug quality analysis of isometamidium chloride hydrochloride and diminazene diaceturate used for the treatment of African animal trypanosomosis in West Africa

Author

André Zongo, Issa Sidibé, V. Delespaux, Sèna Hervé Vitouley, Jan Van Den Abbeele, Yahaya Adam, Giuliano Cecchi, Zakaria Bengaly, Martin Bienvenu Somda, Assiongbon Teko-Agbo, Balé Bayala, and Adrien Marie Gaston Belem

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Quality Control, Drug quality, Livestock, 030231 tropical medicine, Drug resistance, West africa, Toxicology, 03 medical and health sciences, Diminazene, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, West Africa, medicine, Animals, Diminazene diaceturate, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Trypanocides, lcsh:Veterinary medicine, General Veterinary, business.industry, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Trypanocidal Agents, Phenanthridines, Africa, Western, 030104 developmental biology, Trypanosomiasis, African, chemistry, lcsh:SF600-1100, Isometamidium chloride, business, Trypanosomiasis, medicine.drug, Research Article, African animal Trypanosomosis
Abstract

Background Diminazene diaceturate (DA) and isometamidium chloride hydrochloride (ISM) are with homidium bromide, the main molecules used to treat African Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT). These drugs can be purchased from official suppliers but also from unofficial sources like local food markets or street vendors. The sub-standard quality of some of these trypanocides is jeopardizing the efficacy of treatment of sick livestock, leading thus to economic losses for the low-resource farmers and is contributing to the emergence and spread of drug resistance. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of trypanocidal drugs sold in French speaking countries of West Africa. In total, 308 drug samples including 282 of DA and 26 of ISM were purchased from official and unofficial sources in Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Niger and Togo. All samples were analysed at LACOMEV (Dakar, Senegal), a reference laboratory of the World Organisation for Animal Health, by galenic inspection and high performance liquid chromatography. Results The results showed that 51.90% of the samples were non-compliant compared to the standards and were containing lower quantity of the active ingredient compared to the indications on the packaging. The non-compliances ranged from 63.27% in Togo to 32.65% in Burkina Faso (61.82% in Benin, 53.84% in Mali, 50% in Côte d’Ivoire, 47.36% in Niger). The rates of non-compliance were not statistically different (P = 0.572) from official or unofficial suppliers and ranged from 30 to 75% and from 0 to 65% respectively. However, the non-compliance was significantly higher for ISM compared to DA (P = 0.028). Conclusions The high non-compliance revealed in this study compromises the efficacy of therapeutic strategies against AAT, and is likely to exacerbate chemoresistance in West Africa. Corrective actions against sub-standard trypanocides urgently need to be taken by policy makers and control authorities.

Published
2018

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