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Background: The ability of scientists and clinicians to detect the therapeutic needs of patients with brain damage has increased in recent years. In this sense, many studies have signaled that individuals tend to experience an increase in irritability after suffering brain damage, with some patients even showing sudden aggressive outbursts. This increase in anger expression in these patients could be explained by executive functioning alterations (or executive dysfunctions), given their role in goal-oriented behaviors, along with emotional dysregulations such as alexithymia (e.g., difficulties recognizing and verbalizing feelings) and anger rumination (e.g., tendency to recall thoughts regarding experiences of frustration or anger). Therefore, it is essential to understand the mechanisms that contribute to and/or facilitate anger expression in patients with brain damage. Methods: In this regard, the main objective of this study is to assess whether executive dysfunctions (assessed with the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale) would explain anger expression (measured with the Reactive and Proactive Aggression Questionnaire) in patients with brain damage (n = 23; mean age: 56.61 ± 10.68; 57% men) compared to controls (n = 24; mean age: 60.96 ± 9.25; 33% men), paying special attention to potential moderators of this association such as alexithymia (analyzed with the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20) and anger rumination (assessed with the Anger Rumination Scale). Results: The results of the current investigation led us to conclude that anger expression in patients with brain damage was partly explained by executive dysfunction, especially in those patients who scored high in alexithymia. This model was not significant among controls. Conclusions: Thus, we highlight the importance of targeting certain psychological alterations, such as alexithymia, when implementing psychotherapeutic programs as an adjuvant to cognitive training focused on cognitive deficits (e.g., executive dysfunctions). This, in turn, would support the full recovery of individuals who have experienced brain damage.

Introduction Anger is one of the most basic emotions in human beings. Psychologists regard anger as a normal and typically healthy emotion with evolutionary functions that is occasionally experienced by human beings. The way anger is experienced or expressed is important because uncontrolled anger will negatively impact not only people's social or personal well-being but also their relationships with others. Several factors can influence the way anger is expressed or experienced. Anger experience and its expression are distinct concepts. Anger experience refers to the emotional state that one feels. On the other hand, anger expression refers to the behavioral dimension, which is one's way of dealing with the feeling of anger The aim of this study is discriminant analysis of personality characteristics (the Big Five personality traits) in determining the styles of the experience and expression of anger (State anger, Trait anger, Anger expression-out (AX-O), Anger expression-in (AX-I), Anger control-out (AC-O), and anger control-in (AC-I)). Method Population in the study included people over 18 years old. 241 participants (women = 149, men = 92) were selected using the convenience sampling method. To collect data, the Short Form NEO personality inventory & State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory 2 (STAXI-2) questionnaires were used. Date were analyzed using discriminant analysis and Variance Analysis. Results Results revealed that, among the Big 5 Personality Traits, four traits-- neuroticism (λ=.666), conscientiousness (λ=.715), extroversion (λ=.758), and agreeableness (.795), respectively were able to discriminate individuals significantly on the basis of their anger experience and expression styles. However, Openness to Experience (λ=.928) was not significantly related to the dependent variable. Discussion Based on the results, one can conclude that individual differences in personality characteristics influence the way people experience and express anger. Personality traits are among the factors influencing the way anger is expressed and experienced. As the development of personality traits begins early in childhood and such traits are supposed to remain constant all through the individual's life, it's important for parents and educators to take into account the role personality traits (the Five Big personality factors) can play in the wide negative ramifications brought about by the unhealthy manifestations of anger. Parents and educators are thus recommended to make use of the theoretical knowledge and empirical findings to help develop adaptive personality traits in children and reduce the negative impacts caused by inappropriate ways of experiencing and expressing anger. These findings can help clinical psychologists develop intervention programs based on the Five Big Personality Factors to help prevent the harms created by the unhealthy ways of the manifestation of anger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of the Problem: The parental acceptance rate of the behavior management methods used in pediatric dentistry is influenced by various factors. Purpose: This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between mothers’ anger expression and their acceptance of behavior management methods. Materials and Method: In this cross-sectional study, 110 mothers of children who had less than 12 years of age were recruited. They completed Spielberg’s state-trait anger expression inventory (STAXI). The respondents watched an educational video that included explanations of seven behavior management methods. Then, they reported their acceptance of each of these methods using the visual analog scale (VAS). Results: The acceptance rates of behavior management methods from the highest to lowest included tell-show-do, pre-appointment behavior shaping, mouthpiece, voice control, general anesthesia, active restraint, and passive restraint, respectively. There was only a significant inverse relationship between the acceptance of the tell-show-do method and the anger expression (p< 0.05). There was no significant relationship between the acceptance of behavioral management methods and the previous history of a pediatric dental visit, age, and mothers’ education. Conclusion: There was a significant inverse relationship between acceptance of the tell-show-do behavioral management method and mothers’ anger expression. However, there is no significant relationship between other methods and mothers’ anger expression. According to this study, there was a relation between mothers' ages and their acceptance of using a mouthpiece.

Introduction: Anger is a basic emotion helping people to achieve goals by preparing the body for action and prompting others to change their behavior but is also associated with health issues and risks. Trait anger, the disposition to experience angry feelings, goes along with an attribution of hostile traits to others. Negative distortions in the interpretation of social information have also been observed in anxiety and depression. The present study examined the associations between components of anger and negative interpretation tendencies in the perception of ambiguous and neutral schematic faces controlling for anxiety, depressed mood, and other variables. Methods: A sample of 150 young adults performed a computer-based perception of facial expressions task and completed the State–Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-2) along with other self-report measures and tests. Results: Trait anger and anger expression correlated with the perception of negative affects in neutral but not in ambiguous faces. More specifically, trait anger was linked to the attribution of anger, sadness, and anxiety to neutral faces. Trait anger predicted perceived negative affects in neutral faces when adjusting for anxiety, depression, and state anger. Discussion: For neutral schematic faces, the present data support an association between trait anger and negatively biased interpretation of facial expression, which is independent of anxiety and depressed mood. The negative interpretation of neutral schematic faces in trait angry individuals seems not only to comprise the attribution of anger but also of negative emotions signaling weakness. Neutral schematic facial expressions might be useful stimuli in the future study of anger-related interpretation biases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to estimate the prevalence of bullying in Greek elementary schools and to study the risk factors that lead to bullying episodes. A structured questionnaire was given to 221 teachers of elementary schools and 71 kindergarten teachers from urban and rural Greek schools. They were asked to note the forms and the frequency of aggressive behaviors that they had witnessed during the school years 2020–2021 and 2021–2022, as well as the sociodemographic characteristics of the aggressive children involved. Statistical analyses of the data were conducted, and the obtained results show that specific forms of aggression are significantly correlated with gender and low academic performance. In addition, there is no form of aggressive behavior that is associated with the perpetrator's age, nationality or family status. Further, the results of the factor analysis revealed four dominant factors in the aggressive behavior observed by teachers. The forms of bullying and the prevailing factors of aggressive behavior that dominate in Greek school settings are reported in the present study. Furthermore, a novel evaluation tool for teachers could potentially be developed based on the results of the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of the Problem: The parental acceptance rate of the behavior management methods used in pediatric dentistry is influenced by various factors. Purpose: This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between mothers’ anger expression and their acceptance of behavior management methods. Materials and Method: In this cross-sectional study, 110 mothers of children who had less than 12 years of age were recruited. They completed Spielberg’s state-trait anger expression inventory (STAXI). The respondents watched an educational video that included explanations of seven behavior management methods. Then, they reported their acceptance of each of these methods using the visual analog scale (VAS). Results: The acceptance rates of behavior management methods from the highest to lowest included tell-show-do, pre-appointment behavior shaping, mouthpiece, voice control, general anesthesia, active restraint, and passive restraint, respectively. There was only a significant inverse relationship between the acceptance of the tell-show-do method and the anger expression (p< 0.05). There was no significant relationship between the acceptance of behavioral management methods and the previous history of a pediatric dental visit, age, and mothers’ education. Conclusion: There was a significant inverse relationship between acceptance of the tellshow-do behavioral management method and mothers’ anger expression. However, there is no significant relationship between other methods and mothers’ anger expression. According to this study, there was a relation between mothers' ages and their acceptance of using a mouthpiece. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionAnger is a basic emotion helping people to achieve goals by preparing the body for action and prompting others to change their behavior but is also associated with health issues and risks. Trait anger, the disposition to experience angry feelings, goes along with an attribution of hostile traits to others. Negative distortions in the interpretation of social information have also been observed in anxiety and depression. The present study examined the associations between components of anger and negative interpretation tendencies in the perception of ambiguous and neutral schematic faces controlling for anxiety, depressed mood, and other variables.MethodsA sample of 150 young adults performed a computer-based perception of facial expressions task and completed the State–Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-2) along with other self-report measures and tests.ResultsTrait anger and anger expression correlated with the perception of negative affects in neutral but not in ambiguous faces. More specifically, trait anger was linked to the attribution of anger, sadness, and anxiety to neutral faces. Trait anger predicted perceived negative affects in neutral faces when adjusting for anxiety, depression, and state anger.DiscussionFor neutral schematic faces, the present data support an association between trait anger and negatively biased interpretation of facial expression, which is independent of anxiety and depressed mood. The negative interpretation of neutral schematic faces in trait angry individuals seems not only to comprise the attribution of anger but also of negative emotions signaling weakness. Neutral schematic facial expressions might be useful stimuli in the future study of anger-related interpretation biases.

ObjectivesAnger expression is assumed to have mostly negative health effects. Yet, evidence is mixed on how anger expression influences African Americans' cardiovascular health. The present research aimed to clarify this link by examining moderating effects of chronic discrimination on the relationship between anger expression and cardiovascular risk among African Americans in experimental (Study 1) and epidemiological (Study 2) studies.MethodStudy 1 examined how African Americans' trait anger expression was linked to (a) physiologic reactivity to acute social rejection during an interracial encounter (Session 1); and (b) total/HDL cholesterol assessed two months later (Session 2). Study 2 examined the relationship between anger expression and total/HDL cholesterol with a larger sample of African Americans from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) survey. Both studies examined perceptions of chronic discrimination as a moderator of the relationships between anger expression and biological responses.ResultsIn Study 1 higher anger expression was associated with quicker cortisol recovery and greater testosterone reactivity following outgroup social rejection in Session 1 and lower total/HDL cholesterol in Session 2. Study 2 replicated the relationship between anger expression and lower total/HDL cholesterol and further showed that this relationship was unique to the expressive aspect of anger. Importantly, in both studies, these potentially beneficial effects of anger expression were only evident among individuals with lower perceptions of chronic discrimination.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that anger expression, when coupled with low levels of chronic discrimination, is associated with adaptive patterns of physiologic responses among African Americans. (PsycINFO Database Record

Copyright of Revista Guillermo de Ockham is the property of Revista Cientifica Guillermo de Ockham, Universidad de San Buenaventura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The question of how leaders’ expressions of anger influence their effectiveness has long intrigued researchers and practitioners. Drawing on emotions as social information theory, we suggest the effects of leaders’ expressions of anger depend on both the type of violation about which anger is expressed and the type of leader who expresses it. We test this in a series of studies using experimental and field methods. Study 1 shows that a leader’s anger expression in response to followers’ integrity-based violations enhances observers’ perceptions of leader effectiveness, whereas anger in response to followers’ competence-based violations diminishes observers’ perceptions of leader effectiveness. Study 2 shows that these divergent effects occur because anger in response to integrity-based violations elicits beneficial inferential reactions among followers who observed the anger, whereas anger in response to competence-based violations provokes harmful affective reactions. Study 3 demonstrates that the negative effects of anger expressed toward competence-based violations are exacerbated, and positive effects of anger expressed toward integrity-based violations weakened, when a leader is perceived as abusive. These findings help reconcile divergent perspectives on the effects of leader anger expression, suggesting that anger can enhance perceived leader effectiveness when expressed in the right situation and by the right person. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in the world. For every person who commits suicide, twenty or more have attempted to take their own lives. The emotional state of anger is often associated with suicidal behavior. However, this association needs to be further clarified. Objectives This study sought to investigate the profiles of traits and expressions of anger in inpatients admitted to a general emergency hospital after surviving a suicide attempt. Methods In this case-control study, a sample of 28 suicide survivors was matched for sex, age, and educational level with 56 controls. The State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 was used to measure anger traits and expression. Results Suicide survivors scored higher for anger traits and expression and lower for anger control than the control group. They also had lower levels of state anger and willingness to express anger verbally than the control group. Conclusions Patients who attempted suicide and had high scores for anger expression (in and out) are inclined to have extreme difficulty in interpersonal relationships and rigidity towards change and are at higher risk of developing psychopathologies.

Differences in the frequency and differentiation of anger expression strategies, such as overt and constructive, and interpersonal contexts, such as parents and peers, were examined by sex and age in a community-based sample of 655 Japanese adolescents aged 9 to 16 years. The results revealed significant age-related differences in overt anger expression among females: 9-10 year-old females showed the least overt anger expression toward parents, while 15-16 year old females expressed their anger more overtly toward parents and more constructively toward peers than males. Moreover, females overtly expressed their anger toward parents and constructively expressed their anger toward peers more than males did, whereas males overtly expressed their anger toward peers more than females did. These results indicate the importance of considering strategies and interpersonal context in developmental research on anger expression.

While expressing anger during a negotiation can have positive effects on expressers' economic outcomes (e.g., larger concessions from their counterparts), it can also have adverse effects on their relational outcomes (e.g., decreased trust and a damaged relationship). However, little is known about whether and how the timing of expressed anger may affect expressers' relational outcomes. Because negotiation is a dynamic social interaction that consists of various stages or phases, anger expressed at early vs. late stages of a negotiation may lead to different responses from a counterpart. Drawing on research on the temporal effects of negotiation strategies and tactics, we hypothesized that anger expression (vs. no anger) in negotiation will hurt expressers' relational outcomes, and anger expressed at a late (vs. early) stage will be especially detrimental. Two studies provided consistent empirical support for our hypotheses. Practical implications and directions for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the relationship between anger and personality characteristics in the literature is well-acknowledged for drivers, there is a lack of systematic investigation of pedestrians. The current study aimed to evaluate pedestrian anger expression (PAX) and its contributing factors, including demographics, travel habits, and the big five personality traits. To test the effects of different variables on PAX scales, data from 742 respondents were collected. The data were analyzed through a two-stage approach of clustering and a logistic regression model. Participants were clustered into two groups of low expression and high expression based on their responses to PAX items. An exploratory factor analysis identified significant constructs of PAX, including "Adaptive/Constructive Expression", "Anger Expression-In", and "Anger Expression-out". It was found that males were more likely to show high anger expressions. Public transport usage and previous crash involvement could significantly increase the probability of high anger expression. On the other hand, life satisfaction and intention to avoid traffic were negatively associated with high anger expression. The results revealed that neuroticism, extraversion, and openness to experience could positively contribute to higher anger expression; however, agreeableness and conscientiousness were negatively associated with high anger expression for pedestrians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE The present study explored the relationship between anger expression, self-esteem, and parentchild relationship among adolescents also the mediating role of self-esteem influencing the relationship between anger expression and parent child relationship among adolescents. DESIGN OF STUDY It was a correlational research design. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY The data was collected from four different government schools of Lahore by employing convenient sampling techniques. SUBJECT AND METHOD The sample comprised 479 adolescents of age range 10 to 18 years with mean age 13.87+ 1.53 years including 239 (50%) boys and 240 (50%) girls. The Anger Expression Scale for Adolescents (AESA), Parent-Child Relationship Scale (PCRS), Self Esteem Scale for Children (SESC) were used for assessment. RESULTS The results showed that anger expression is negatively related to self-esteem and closeness in parent-child relationship, while positively related to rejection and distant parent-child relationships. Results also showed that self-esteem is a positively related closeness aspect of the parent child relationship. The results of Mediation through PROCESS macro showed a significant mediating role of self-esteem in determining the relationship between anger expressions and parent-child relationship (closeness, rejection and distant) among adolescents. CONCLUSION The mediating role of self-esteem in anger expression and parent-child relationship highlighted in the present study. This study has a major contribution in the field of counseling psychology, specifically focusing on the adolescent's behavioral problem, highlighting the significant role of parental relationship in their lives and resulting behavioral issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to explore the effects of communication channels and anger intensity as factors determining how the expression of anger affects negotiation outcomes. Based on the "emotions as social information" (EASI) model and media richness theory, we tried to examine how anger expression influences both economic and psychological negotiation outcomes as a function of communication channels and explore its underlying mechanism. In Study 1, 470 participants were randomly assigned to one of the five experimental conditions-neutral, anger expression via text/emoticon/voice/video-and asked to participate in an online negotiation task. The results showed a significant main effect of communication channel; partner's anger expression via communication channels richer in non-verbal cues (voice and video) led participants to make a higher concession and report lower satisfaction with negotiation and lower desire for future interaction with the same partner compared to anger expression via less rich channels (text and emoticon). The anger expression effects on psychological outcomes were partially explained by perceiver's anger experience in response to anger display, which is consistent with the affective mechanism proposed by the EASI model. Study 2 examined whether the results of Study 1 could be attributable to the different levels of anger intensity perceived by the participants across different communication channels. Data analyses from 189 participants showed a significant main effect of anger intensity only with a desire for future interaction, but not with satisfaction and concession. The insignificant findings of the latter imply that the observed channel effect in Study 1 cannot be fully explained by the intensity effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to explore the effects of communication channels and anger intensity as factors determining how the expression of anger affects negotiation outcomes. Based on the “emotions as social information” (EASI) model and media richness theory, we tried to examine how anger expression influences both economic and psychological negotiation outcomes as a function of communication channels and explore its underlying mechanism. In Study 1, 470 participants were randomly assigned to one of the five experimental conditions-neutral, anger expression via text/emoticon/voice/video-and asked to participate in an online negotiation task. The results showed a significant main effect of communication channel; partner’s anger expression via communication channels richer in non-verbal cues (voice and video) led participants to make a higher concession and report lower satisfaction with negotiation and lower desire for future interaction with the same partner compared to anger expression via less rich channels (text and emoticon). The anger expression effects on psychological outcomes were partially explained by perceiver’s anger experience in response to anger display, which is consistent with the affective mechanism proposed by the EASI model. Study 2 examined whether the results of Study 1 could be attributable to the different levels of anger intensity perceived by the participants across different communication channels. Data analyses from 189 participants showed a significant main effect of anger intensity only with a desire for future interaction, but not with satisfaction and concession. The insignificant findings of the latter imply that the observed channel effect in Study 1 cannot be fully explained by the intensity effect.

Abstract Background There is evidence for the relevance of attachment style and anger expression for the manifestation of social anxiety disorder (SAD). Method In a cross-sectional study 321 individuals with social anxiety disorder (41% men, age 38.8 ± 13.9) were compared with 94 healthy controls (37% men, age 35.8 ± 15.1) on several questionnaires (Attachment Styles Questionnaire, State Trait Anger Inventory, Social Phobia Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory). Results Individuals with SAD showed moderate-sized reduced levels of secure and large-sized increased levels of fearful and preoccupied attachment style compared to healthy controls (all p

Statement of the Problem: The parental acceptance rate of the behavior management methods used in pediatric dentistry is influenced by various factors. Purpose: This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between mothers’ anger expression and their acceptance of behavior management methods. Materials and Method: In this cross-sectional study, 110 mothers of children who had less than 12 years of age were recruited. They completed Spielberg’s state-trait anger expression inventory (STAXI). The respondents watched an educational video that included explanations of seven behavior management methods. Then, they reported their acceptance of each of these methods using the visual analog scale (VAS). Results: The acceptance rates of behavior management methods from the highest to lowest included tell-show-do, pre-appointment behavior shaping, mouthpiece, voice control, general anesthesia, active restraint, and passive restraint, respectively. There was only a significant inverse relationship between the acceptance of the tell-show-do method and the anger expression (p< 0.05). There was no significant relationship between the acceptance of behavioral management methods and the previous history of a pediatric dental visit, age, and mothers’ education. Conclusion: There was a significant inverse relationship between acceptance of the tell-show-do behavioral management method and mothers’ anger expression. However, there is no significant relationship between other methods and mothers’ anger expression. According to this study, there was a relation between mothers' ages and their acceptance of using a mouthpiece. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in the world. For every person who commits suicide, twenty or more have attempted to take their own lives. The emotional state of anger is often associated with suicidal behavior. However, this association needs to be further clarified. Objectives: This study sought to investigate the profiles of traits and expressions of anger in inpatients admitted to a general emergency hospital after surviving a suicide attempt. Methods: In this case-control study, a sample of 28 suicide survivors was matched for sex, age, and educational level with 56 controls. The State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 was used to measure anger traits and expression. Results: Suicide survivors scored higher for anger traits and expression and lower for anger control than the control group. They also had lower levels of state anger and willingness to express anger verbally than the control group. Conclusions: Patients who attempted suicide and had high scores for anger expression (in and out) are inclined to have extreme difficulty in interpersonal relationships and rigidity towards change and are at higher risk of developing psychopathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of educational games on the anger levels of mentally disabled children. First grade 56 disabled children in age of 8 - 15 who are studying at the Ağrı special education practicing center that is affiliated with directorate of national education located at Ağrı province, participated into the research. Children were randomly selected and divided into two groups as test group and control group. While education game studies were applied on the test group for 3 hours in one day of the week for 8 weeks, the control group only continued its studies in the special education center. Anger scale and anger expression scale were applied on the parents of subjects in the pre-study and post-study process. It was determined that data showed normal distribution by making normality test. Two-paired samples T test was used in intra-group comparisons, independent T test was used in the intergroup comparisons. Margin of error was regarded as 0.05 in this study. When the findings obtained were examined; a statistically significant difference could not be found between the last test results of test and control groups. On the other hand, a statistically significant difference could not be found between the pretest posttest results of the test group, however, when pretest-posttest test results of the control group regarding continuous anger and extrinsic anger state were compared, it is seen that posttest results are significantly higher (P

Background: There is evidence for the relevance of attachment style and anger expression for the manifestation of social anxiety disorder (SAD). Method: In a cross-sectional study 321 individuals with social anxiety disorder (41% men, age 38.8 ± 13.9) were compared with 94 healthy controls (37% men, age 35.8 ± 15.1) on several questionnaires (Attachment Styles Questionnaire, State Trait Anger Inventory, Social Phobia Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory). Results: Individuals with SAD showed moderate-sized reduced levels of secure and large-sized increased levels of fearful and preoccupied attachment style compared to healthy controls (all p < 0.001) as well as small-sized increased levels of trait anger (p = 0.03) and moderate-sized increased levels of anger-in (p < 0.001). Attachment style and anger regulation could predict 21% (R2 = 0.21, p < 0.001) of the extent of social anxiety (SPIN) in SAD; secure (β = − 0.196, p < 0.01) and preoccupied attachment style (β = 0.117, p < 0.05), as well as anger-in (β = 0.199, p < 0.01) were significant cross-sectional predictors. Further analysis revealed that the relationship between preoccupied attachment and social anxiety is partially mediated by anger-in. Conclusion: Study findings confirm the relevance of preoccupied attachment style and anger suppression for social anxiety. Disentangling the role of anger regulation in early attachment patterns has significant therapeutic implications in SAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Military actions and injuries sustained make returning to ordinary life and everyday routine a challenge which soldiers need to face. Research on this subject shows that the consequences of post-traumatic stress extends further, beyond the victim’s everyday life, resulting in health problems and problems with social relationships. Objective The aim was to gather knowledge of the ways of expressing anger in a group of hospitalized Ukrainian post-deployed servicemen. A research study was conducted concentrating on the two forms of managing anger, i.e. releasing or suppressing anger, and posing the following question: ‘How are they manifested in the hospitalized Ukrainian combat veterans? Materials and method The study included 35 hospitalized soldiers who had taken part in military operations in Ukraine (age: 34.61±9.23; age range: 21–56 years of age). The research was conducted in the hospitals in Lutsk. Measurements were conducted with the use of certified psychological tests, i.e. Anger Expression Scale (AES), medical documentation and oral reports given by the persons conducting the study. Results The average value of the suppressed anger indicator was 31.57±6.23 (p

Objective: Parental rejection, poor self-concept, anger expression, and negative body investment have often been associated with non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). However, research has investigated each factor separately. To address this shortcoming, the main aim of the study was to integrate these factors and test a hierarchical regression to examine the impact of each factor above and beyond the others. Method: A cross-sectional sample of 481 Italian high school students aged 13-19 (Mage=15.48; SD=1.46) were screened by self-report measures that assess parental rejection, self-concept, anger expression, body emotional investment, and NSSI. A semi-structured interview was administered in order to assess the characteristics of self-injurious behaviors. Results: After the interview, twenty-three (4.8%) students reported having engaged in NSSI (Mage =12.63; SD=1.58). Neither gender nor age differences were found. The hierarchical regression revealed the NSSI was associated with the inward expression of anger (ORs=1.1-1.7) and the negative body investment (ORs=.037-.281). Conclusions: These findings point out that the expression of anger inwardly and the emotional investment in the body may be salient factors to consider in understanding the occurrence of NSSI among adolescents. The clinical relevance of these findings was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of International Social Research is the property of Journal of International Social Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to compare anger and anxiety levels in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) before and after methylphenidate treatment and investigate the relation of anger levels with anxiety levels of participants. The study sample consisted of patients who were admitted to the child and adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinic consecutively, diagnosed with ADHD for the first time and planned for prescription of long-acting osmotic release (OROS) methylphenidate. Trait Anger and Anger Expression Style Scale and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children were applied to patients before the treatment and 3-months after the treatment. Disease severity was evaluated by using the Clinical Global Impression Scale. The average age of 30 patients in the study was 12.23 ± 1.59 years, and the mean dose of methylphenidate treatment was 36 ± 12.28 mg/day. Levels of trait anxiety and disease severity was significantly decreased in the posttreatment evaluation. There was a negative correlation between state anxiety level and anger control in both pre-treatment and post-treatment evaluation. The results of this study showed that trait anger levels and anger expression styles of patients with ADHD did not improve with methylphenidate treatment, but it may be difficult for them to control their anger if state anxiety level is high. It may be assumed that identification of other factors that may affect the anger levels in ADHD patients, addressing their anxiety levels, and implementing other non-drug treatment approaches for anger are important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anger is a natural emotion that activates self-defense mechanisms to protect oneself in stressful situations. However, if stress level is excessive, or the intensity, frequency, or duration of anger expression is not controlled, it can have negative effects on one's physical health and cause emotional problems like depression, anxiety, lowered quality of life, and interpersonal problems. The purpose of the present study is to forecast the anger expression from the anger state and trait using the developed model based on support vector machine (SVM) in a group of nonclinical individuals. To this end, 3,443 participants including students (60%), university staff (20%) and hospital staff (20%) are examined. After removing the missing data (443 participants), 3,000 data were considered in the analysis. The distribution of gender in the present study was 48% males and 52% females. The mean age of participants was 35.42 years (SD = 8.41, range 18-60 years). The proposed model is a discriminative classifier formally defined by a separating hyperplane. In other words, given labeled training data (supervised learning), the algorithm outputs an optimal hyperplane which categorizes new examples. In the developed model, the training step is performed using a series of data through the known input and output data, and after the validation and testing steps, unknown output data corresponding to the known input data are predicted. The state, feeling, verbal, physical, trait, temperament, and reaction of anger are the inputs of the developed model. The anger expression scales including anger expression-out, anger expression-in, anger control-out, anger control-in, and anger index are forecasted as the output data from the developed model. Results indicate that the developed model based on SVM forecasts anger expression with acceptable accuracy. Therefore, it can be used as an appropriate model to predict how to express people's anger with acceptable accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Exercise is well known to enhance a variety of mood states, but few studies have been specifically designed to investigate whether acute aerobic exercise alters feelings of anger. The goal of this study was to determine the magnitude of the effects of acute exercise on both angry mood and angry emotions. Methods: Angry mood and angry emotions were assessed in 16 men with elevated trait anger who viewed a variety of emotionally evocative scenic pictures before and after 30 min of moderate- to vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise. Angry mood, captured by self-reports of state anger, angry emotions, as indexed by event-related brain activity (e.g., early posterior negativity and late positive potential), and self-reports of anger intensity were measured. Results: The results indicate that acute exercise both 1) reduces angry mood and 2) mitigates angry mood induction but does not change the intensity of angry emotions or the associated event-related potential responses to anger-inducing pictures in college-age men who have elevated trait anger. Conclusion: Future studies should explore the mechanisms underlying the effect of exercise on preventing angry mood induction, consider alternative anger induction methods that might induce higher levels of angry emotions, and test the effects of chronic exercise training on anger and its expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bu araştırmada yaşamın ilk dönemlerinde anneyle/bakımverenle kurulan ilk ilişkilerin ileriki yaşlardaki kişilik gelişimi ve kişiliğin şekillenmesinde büyük önem taşıdığı düşünülerek, üniversite öğrencilerinin bağlanma stilleri (güvenli, kayıtsız, saplantılı, korkulu) ile sürekli öfke ve öfke ifade tarzları arasındaki ilişkinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bulgular, kişilerin bağlanma stillerinin, genel öfke düzeyleri, öfkeyi bastırma, dışa vurma ve kontrol etme ile ilişkili olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Sonuçlar, güvenli bağlanan üniversite öğrencilerinin sürekli öfke ve öfkeyi dışa vurma düzeylerinin anlamlı derecede düşük, öfkeyi kontrol etme düzeylerinin ise anlamlı derecede yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. Kayıtsız ve saplantılı bağlananların sürekli öfke ve öfkeyi bastırma düzeyleri anlamlı derecede yüksekken, kayıtsız bağlananların öfkeyi dışa vurma düzeyleri de yüksek bulunmuştur. Çalışmada korkulu bağlanmayla sürekli öfke ve öfke ifade tarzları arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunamamıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Bağlanma, Bağlanma Stilleri, Sürekli Öfke, Öfke İfade Tarzı, Üniversite Öğrencileri.

This study has been conducted in order to identify the trait angerand the manner of expressing anger of extreme sport participants. “Trait Anger and Anger Expression Scale” that was developed by Spielberger et al. (1983) and adapted to our language by Özer (1994) has been used in the study. The questionnaires have been applied to a total of 175 participants as 121 people doing extreme sport and 54 people doing any sport except for the extreme ones. When the data have been investigated, it is seen that there is a meaningful difference between the participants doing extreme sport and the ones doing team sports in terms of trait anger, control of anger and anger - in. Moreover, it has been observed that there is a meaningful difference between age groups in terms of trait anger and control of anger and also a difference between genders in terms of trait anger levels. When the results of the participants doing extreme sports and doing any other sports have been compared, it is seen that the level of trait anger is lower in the participants doing extreme sport and that they do not bottle up their angers and they can control it easily. Also, it is seen that the level of trait anger is lower between the ages of 22 to 27 and the level of anger is higher in females.

The imbalance between testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) levels has been proposed as a possible marker of risk for intimate partner violence (IPV). Moreover, it could be related to a high probability of adopting risky behaviors such as alcohol abuse which, in turn, promotes the onset of IPV. This study tested the potential mediating effect of alcohol consumption on the relationship between baseline T/C ratio and anger expression in IPV perpetrators and non-violent controls. Alcohol consumption was higher in the former than controls. A high baseline T/C ratio was only associated with high anger expression in IPV perpetrators, and this association was mediated by high alcohol consumption. Thus, alcohol abuse may act as a catalytic factor in this relationship, high consumption promoting the onset of IPV. These findings contribute to the development of effective treatment and prevention programs, which could introduce the use of biological markers for preventing the onset, development and recidivism of IPV.

Background/Objectives: This study is a descriptive study conducted to identify the association between the childhood emotional trauma of nursing students and their depression, anger expression and interpersonal ability. Method/Statistical Analysis: Data were collected from freshman and sophomore students majoring in nursing studies at three universities in the C region. A total of 205 copies of the questionnaire were analyzed. Finding: An analysis of the difference according to whether the subject had emotional abuse showed no statistically significant difference in anger expression or interpersonal ability, but there was statistically significant difference in depression. An analysis of the difference according to whether they had experienced emotional neglect showed no statistically significant difference in anger expression, depression or interpersonal ability, but when subjects had experienced emotional neglect, their interpersonal ability had decreased. Improvements/Applications: This study will help identify the degree of emotional trauma, depression, anger expression and interpersonal ability in university students to provide for more interest in and programs for emotional stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of the current study was to examine the role of co-occurring emotions and their interactive effects with the Big Five personality traits in anger expression. Everyday anger expression (“anger-in” and “anger-out” behavior) was studied with the experience-sampling method in a group of 110 participants for 14 consecutive days on 7 random occasions per day. Our results showed that the simultaneously co-occurring emotions that buffer against anger expression are sadness, surprise, disgust, disappointment, and irritation for anger-in behavior, and fear, sadness and disappointment for anger-out reactions. While previous studies have shown that differentiating one's current affect into discrete emotion categories buffers against anger expression (Pond et al., 2012), our study further demonstrated the existence of specific interactive effects between the experience of momentary emotions and personality traits that lead to higher levels of either suppression or expression of anger behavior (or both). For example, the interaction between the trait Openness and co-occurring surprise, in predicting anger-in behavior, indicates that less open people hold their anger back more, and more open people use less anger-in behavior. Co-occurring disgust increases anger-out reactions in people low in Conscientiousness, but decreases anger-out reactions in people high in Conscientiousness. People high in Neuroticism are less likely to engage in anger-in behavior when experiencing disgust, surprise, or irritation alongside anger, but show more anger out in the case of co-occurring contempt. The results of the current study help to further clarify the interactions between the basic personality traits and the experience of momentary co-occurring emotions in determining anger behavior.

Previous research has shown strong connections of anger experience and expression with obsessive–compulsive (OC) symptoms. Additionally, studies have demonstrated links between family environment variables and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Our study aims to integrate the perspectives from these two literatures by exploring the moderating roles of family cohesion and family adaptability in the relationship between anger proneness and suppression and OCD symptoms. A total of 2008 college students were recruited from a comprehensive university in Shanghai, China between February and May 2016. The subjects completed self-report inventories, including the Symptom Check List-90, State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory 2 (Chinese version), and Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale, second edition (Chinese Version). Controlling for age, one-child family status, ethnicity, family income, current depression, and anxiety, our analyses showed that the association between anger proneness and OC symptoms was moderated by family cohesion among men and that family adaptability moderated the connection between anger suppression and OC complaints among women. The findings imply that a more cohesive and empathic family environment may protect male students with high levels of anger proneness from developing OC behaviors or thoughts. The results suggest that for female subjects who are accustomed to suppressing angry feelings, flexible family coping strategies and communication atmospheres would reduce their vulnerability to OC symptoms. The findings are somewhat consistent with those of previous studies on psychotherapy outcomes that showed that OCD patients benefitted from psychotherapeutic interventions that cultivated the clients’ family cohesion and adaptability.

Introduction. Military actions and injuries sustained make returning to ordinary life and everyday routine a challenge which soldiers need to face. Research on this subject shows that the consequences of post-traumatic stress extends further, beyond the victim's everyday life, resulting in health problems and problems with social relationships. Objective. The aim was to gather knowledge of the ways of expressing anger in a group of hospitalized Ukrainian postdeployed servicemen. A research study was conducted concentrating on the two forms of managing anger, i.e. releasing or suppressing anger, and posing the following question: 'How are they manifested in the hospitalized Ukrainian combat veterans? Materials and method. The study included 35 hospitalized soldiers who had taken part in military operations in Ukraine (age: 34.61±9.23; age range: 21-56 years of age). The research was conducted in the hospitals in Lutsk. Measurements were conducted with the use of certified psychological tests, i.e. Anger Expression Scale (AES), medical documentation and oral reports given by the persons conducting the study. Results. The average value of the suppressed anger indicator was 31.57±6.23 (p<0.05); respective value of the released anger 24.37 ±6.34 (p<0.05). For released anger, results at the level of the upper quartile (Q3=28) and above were obtained by 28.57 % of the soldiers in the study, while in the case of repressed anger, the results obtained at the level of the upper quartile (Q3 = 36) and above that value were obtained by 34.27% of the soldiers/patients. Conclusions. The results obtained show that in the group of hospitalized patients/soldiers there is a higher level of repressed anger intensity than in the case of released anger. The study survey suggests that in their case expressing anger is usually a reaction to somebody's inappropriate-in-their-eyes behaviour. Curbing anger takes on various forms, from trying not to express annoyance and/or rage, to trying to keep calm in spite of growing anger caused by other people's behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies show relation between anger expression styles and problem solving skills of adolescents. This study aims to investigate factors effecting anger expression styles and problem solving skills of high school age male adolescents. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional design and was implemented with 653 male students attending high school. Sample size in the research was calculated as 653 persons by using 99% power and 95% significance interval and multi-sampling method was used in sample selection. Data for the study were collected with the help of Personal Information Questionnaire, Multidimensional Anger Scale (MAS) and Problem Solving Inventory(PSI). Results: It was found that students who defined their school achievement as low obtained higher indifferent reactions subscale from MAS and PSI scores compared to students who defined their achievement as high and this difference was observed to be statistically significant. Students who perceived parental attitudes as dominating, inconsistent, indifferent and authoritarian were found to have higher scores in MAS indifferent reactions subscale, aggressive reactions subscale, revenge based reactions subscale, passive-aggressive reactions subscale, anxious behaviors subscale and calm behaviors subscale and in PSI. Students who perceived parental attitudes as democratic were found to have better scores in MAS calm behaviors subscale(x±Sd:32.85±7.42) and PSI scores (x±Sd:97.31±20.61)and the difference was found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: These study results showed a relationship between factors effecting anger expression styles and problem solving skills of high school age male adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]