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The article provides an overview of the PMEL Earth-Ocean Interactions (EOI) program and its research on seafloor and subseafloor processes in relation to ocean health, biogeochemical cycles, ecosystem diversity, and climate change. The program has made significant contributions to the study of methane seeps, hydrothermal vents, and submarine volcanoes. It emphasizes the need for better observational data on global ocean processes and highlights the importance of understanding hydrothermal iron sources and transport mechanisms. The article also mentions the discovery of hydrothermal activity on the Australian-Antarctic Ridge and the planned expedition to investigate hydrothermal venting and primary productivity in the Southern Ocean. Overall, the article underscores the significance of deep-sea exploration in understanding seafloor processes and their impact on ocean biogeochemistry, sustainable resources, and greenhouse gas accumulation. [Extracted from the article]

We present 96 new seafloor heat flow determinations, made with a 3.5-m violin-bow probe and collocated with seismic reflection profiles, from the northern Hikurangi margin on the east coast of New Zealand's North Island. Here the Hikurangi Plateau on the Pacific Plate is subducting under the Australian Plate. The background heat flow is 58 ± 8 mW m−2, consistent with and within the variability of globally observed heat flow (56 ± 15 mW m−2) for oceanic crust 90–120 Ma, the age of the Hikurangi Plateau. Seaward of the deformation front, we find evidence for advective fluid flow associated with basement relief. Landward of the deformation front, we use a 2-D steady-state finite-element model to quantify the thermal regime. Despite corrections for the effects of bottom water temperature change, bathymetry and sedimentation, there is considerable scatter in the heat flow data including a local and sharp increase in heat flow of up to 35 mW m−2 observed over the outermost wedge. Variability in the heat flow data is likely due to complex, unmodelled 3-D fluid flow. We augment our heat flow measurements with estimates from a bottom-simulating reflection and continental bottom hole temperatures and conclude that the effective coefficient of friction,  μ*, is approximately 0.06 in the region of observed slow-slip events and increases to 0.18 approximately 50 km landward of the deformation front. This transition in μ* may be marking the downdip edge of overpressures along the subduction thrust, suggesting that slow slip is enabled by overpressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]